Case: 13-14769     Date Filed: 05/12/2014   Page: 1 of 7


                                                             [DO NOT PUBLISH]



                IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                         FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                           ________________________

                                 No. 13-14769
                             Non-Argument Calendar
                           ________________________

                       D.C. Docket No. 1:12-cv-23609-JLK

ALFREDO OCAMPO PINO,
and all others similarly situated under
29 U.S.C. 216(B),

                                                            Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                          versus

PAINTED TO PERFECTION CORP.,
NOEL NAZARIO,

                                                            Defendants-Appellees.

                           ________________________

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Southern District of Florida
                          ________________________

                                   (May 12, 2014)

Before WILSON, KRAVITCH and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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       Alfredo Pino appeals from the district court’s order granting summary

judgment to his employer Painted to Perfection Corp. and its owner Noel Nazario

in this action for overtime wages under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), 29

U.S.C. §§ 201 et seq.1 We must decide whether Pino was an individual “engaged

in commerce,” and thus entitled to overtime, under § 207(a)(1). Because we

conclude that he was not, we affirm.

       Painted to Perfection is a yacht refinishing and painting business owned by

Nazario in south Florida. In the relevant time period, Pino worked at Painted to

Perfection, first as a prep person and later as a painter and supervisor. He was paid

hourly until 2012, when he became salaried. While an hourly employee, he

averaged 63 hours a week at $15 per hour, with no overtime compensation.

       In 2012, Pino filed the instant complaint seeking overtime wages under the

FLSA. 2 He alleged that Painted to Perfection was an “enterprise” grossing

$500,000 or more a year, and that both his work and the business itself affected

interstate commerce.

       Painted to Perfection moved for summary judgment, explaining that the

business did not gross more than $500,000 a year in any of the relevant years, and

1
  The FLSA mandates that an “employee[ ]” who is “engaged in interstate commerce” must be
paid time-and-a-half for all hours he works in excess of forty hours per week. 29 U.S.C. §
207(a). The FLSA creates a private cause of action by the employee for the recovery of unpaid
overtime wages and back pay. 

2
  Although Pino captioned his complaint as “on behalf of others similarly situated,” he did not
make any class allegations or seek class certification. See, e.g., Fed. R. Civ. P. 23 (addressing
class actions). Thus, we will consider Pino’s allegations as they apply to him individually.
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thus it was not an “enterprise” under the FLSA. It also argued that Pino’s work did

not affect interstate commerce because he painted pleasure boats for local

customers.

      In Nazario’s attached deposition, Nazario confirmed that his business did not

gross the minimum amount to qualify as an “enterprise.” And although he

conceded that he had done work on boats from Italy, he stated that to his

knowledge, the boats Pino worked on all belonged to local customers. In his

affidavit, Nazario stated that he owned a local business that painted pleasure boats

for local customers. He explained that the boats were not of a commercial nature

and not intended for interstate commerce.

      In his affidavit, Pino stated that many of the boats he worked on were

“destined for interstate commerce,” and had foreign or out-of-state registries. He

explained that, although he did not speak with the yachts’ owners, he often spoke

to the captains and learned the boats would travel out of state.

      The district court granted summary judgment to Nazario and Painted to

Perfection, finding that the business was not an enterprise under the FLSA. The

court further found that Pino was not entitled to individual coverage under the

FLSA because he did not use instrumentalities of commerce. The court explained

that working on boats with foreign registries did not change his intrastate activity

to one involving interstate commerce. Pino now appeals.


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       We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment.

Robinson v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 

, 1273 (11th Cir. 2010). Summary

judgment is proper “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any

material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R.

Civ. P. 56(a). “We draw all factual inferences in a light most favorable to the

nonmoving party.” Shiver v. Chertoff, 

, 1343 (11th Cir. 2008).

       The FLSA requires employers to pay covered employees at an overtime rate

if they work more than 40 hours in a workweek. 29 U.S.C. § 207(a)(1). To be

entitled to the Act’s protections, however, Pino must first show that he is covered

by the Act by establishing either that his employer is an “enterprise engaged in

commerce” or that he is entitled to individual coverage. Josendis v. Wall to Wall

Residence Repairs, Inc., 

, 1298 (11th Cir. 2011). At issue in this

case is whether Pino can establish individual coverage. 3

       To be eligible for “individual coverage,” Pino must show that he was

“engaged in” commerce; that is, he regularly and “directly participat[ed] in the

actual movement of persons or things in interstate commerce” by “working for an

instrumentality of interstate commerce, e.g., transportation or communication

industry employees . . . .” Thorne v. All Restoration Servs., Inc., 

,


3
  Pino has abandoned his argument that Painted to Perfection was an “enterprise” under the
FLSA. Holland v. Gee, 

, 1066 (11th Cir. 2012) (explaining that issues not raised
in the initial brief are abandoned).
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1266 (11th Cir. 2006) (citing McLeod v. Threlkeld, 

, 493–98 (1943);

29 C.F.R. § 776.23(d)(2) (2005); 29 C.F.R. § 776.24 (2005)); see also 29 U.S.C. §

207(a)(1) (mandating time-and-a-half for “employees . . . engaged in [interstate]

commerce or in the production of goods for [interstate] commerce”); 29 C.F.R.

§ 776.1 (addressing the requirement that the employee be engaged in commerce).

      “Commerce” is defined to include transportation between states and is “very

broadly defined.” See 29 C.F.R. § 776.8. In determining what activities qualify as

“in commerce,”

      [o]ne practical question to be asked is whether, without the particular
      service, interstate or foreign commerce would be impeded, impaired,
      or abated; others are whether the service contributes materially to the
      consummation of transactions in interstate or foreign commerce or
      makes it possible for existing instrumentalities of commerce to
      accomplish the movement of such commerce effectively and to free it
      from burdens or obstructions.

29 C.F.R. § 776.9.

      In McLeod, which involved a cook for a railroad company, the Supreme

Court explained that employees must be in the “channels of interstate commerce,”

such as operating or maintaining transportation facilities, to be covered under the

FLSA. But “those who merely affected that commerce” were not entitled to

coverage under the “engaged in commerce” provision of the FLSA. 

–94; see also 29 C.F.R. § 776.11(c) (stating that in McLeod the cook’s

work was “too remote from interstate commerce or foreign commerce to establish


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coverage on the ground that the employee performing it is ‘engaged in

commerce’”).

      Pino argues that he was “engaged in commerce” because he worked on boats

with foreign registries, he spoke with captains of boats with foreign registries, and

Nazario traveled out of state to work on boats. The district court found these

insufficient to establish FLSA coverage. We agree.

      There is no dispute that Pino never traveled outside Florida to work on any

boats, and the fact that Nazario did is irrelevant. 

.

Moreover, the fact that the boats at some point moved in interstate commerce is

also insufficient. Instead, Pino must show that he “directly participated in the

actual movement of persons or things in interstate commerce.” 

448 F.3d at 1266) (emphasis omitted). The interstate nature of the boats Pino

worked on ended when the boats reached their ultimate consumer. See 

(“When goods reach the customer for whom they were intended,

the interstate journey ends and employees engaged in any further intrastate

movement of the goods are not covered under the Act.”). Moreover, the act of

painting the boats is a purely intrastate activity. See e.g., Navarro v. Broney Auto

Repairs, Inc., 314 F. App’x 179, 180 (11th Cir. 2008) (installation of motor parts

into foreign and domestic cars was intrastate activity). There is nothing about

painting pleasure boats that directly moves the boats into interstate commerce.


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      Finally, Pino alleged that he worked on boats with foreign registries. But

painting such boats does not have the type of “close and immediate” connection

with interstate commerce that would trigger individual coverage. Cf. Kirschbaum

v. Walling, 

, 518-26 (1942) (holding that maintenance workers of

clothing manufacturer were covered under the FLSA). Painting pleasure boats is

not work that, if absent, would “impede[], impair[], or abate[]” interstate

commerce. See 29 C.F.R. § 776.9. Nor is it the type of “service [that] contributes

materially to the consummation of transactions in interstate or foreign commerce

or makes it possible for existing instrumentalities of commerce to accomplish the

movement of such commerce effectively and to free it from burdens or

obstructions.” 

the foregoing reasons, we conclude that Pino was not

engaged in commerce in such a way as to be eligible for individual coverage.

      AFFIRMED.




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