Case: 13-15290   Date Filed: 07/31/2014   Page: 1 of 7


                                                          [DO NOT PUBLISH]



             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                       ________________________

                             No. 13-15290
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                       ________________________

                    D.C. Docket No. 1:13-cv-22111-UU


RICHARD RALPH MALCOLM,

                                                             Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                   versus

CITY OF MIAMI POLICE, et al.,
                                                                     Defendants,

SABINE RAMONVIL,
                                                           Defendant-Appellee.

                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Southern District of Florida
                      ________________________

                              (July 31, 2014)



Before TJOFLAT, WILSON, and EDMONDSON, Circuit Judges.
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PER CURIAM:



       Richard Malcolm, a non-prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals the district

court’s dismissal of his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 complaint on the ground that Defendant

Officers Sabine Raymonvil and Glenda Perez were entitled to qualified immunity. 1

Malcolm contends that Raymonvil and Perez violated clear federal constitutional

rights when they searched and arrested him and, thus, the two officers are

unentitled to qualified immunity. Considering the amended complaint’s alleged

facts, the law does not support Malcolm’s claims; we affirm. 2

       We review de novo a district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss under

Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim, accepting the complaint’s factual

allegations as true and construing them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.

Leib v. Hillsborough Cnty. Pub. Transp. Comm’n, 

, 1305 (11th Cir.

2009). “[A] complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to

‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 

, 1949 (2009). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads

factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the

1
 Malcolm does not appeal the district court’s dismissal of Defendants Charles Clark and the City
of Miami.
2
  “Because qualified immunity is ‘an immunity from suit rather than a mere defense to liability . .
. it is effectively lost if a case is erroneously permitted to go to trial.’” Pearson v. Callahan, 

, 815 (2009). As a result, the Supreme Court has “repeatedly . . . stressed the
importance of resolving immunity questions at the earliest possible stage in litigation.” 

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defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” 

liberally a pro se

litigant’s pleadings. Tannenbaum v. United States, 

, 1263 (11th Cir.

1998).

      “[Q]ualified immunity offers complete protection for government officials

sued in their individual capacities as long as their conduct violates no clearly

established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would

have known.” Mathews v. Crosby, 

, 1269 (11th Cir. 2007). “For a

constitutional right to be clearly established, its contours must be sufficiently clear

that a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that

right.” Hope v. Pelzer, 

, 2515 (2002) (emphasis added) (quotations

omitted). Considering what the official was doing and when, the federal violation

must have been beyond debate at the time; otherwise qualified immunity applies.

Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 

, 2083 (2011); Lane v. Franks, No. 13-483,

, at *25 (U.S. June 19, 2014) (applying qualified immunity,

where Supreme Court concluded “no doubt” that Constitution protected certain

conduct by plaintiff, when the federal law question was not “beyond debate” at

time defendant acted). “When properly applied, [qualified immunity] protects ‘all

but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.’” 

.




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      Malcolm does not dispute that he was violating Fla. Stat. Ann. § 316.2065,

which required having a visible light on his bicycle between sunset and sunrise, on

the evening of his arrest. Because Defendant Officers had probable cause to

believe that Malcolm was committing a traffic offense in their presence, stopping

and detaining him was no Fourth Amendment violation. See Whren v. United

States, 

, 1777 (1996) (a stop is reasonable under the Fourth

Amendment when police officers have probable cause to believe a person has

committed a civil traffic violation).

      Traffic stops carry with them a risk of a violent encounter, largely because

evidence of a more serious crime might be uncovered. See Maryland v. Wilson,

, 886 (1997). When officers conduct a lawful traffic stop (as

Defendants did here), that the officers conduct a limited patdown search for

weapons is not per se unlawful, but depends on the circumstances of the particular

case. See Arizona v. Johnson, 

, 784 (2009). “The purpose of this

limited search is not to discover evidence of crime, but to allow the officer to

pursue his investigation without fear of violence.” Minnesota v. Dickerson, 

, 2136 (1993). If, during the course of a lawful patdown search of a

person’s outer clothing, an officer “feels an object whose contour or mass makes

its identity [as contraband] immediately apparent,” the officer can seize the




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contraband without a warrant consistent with the Fourth Amendment. See 

        In his amended complaint, Malcolm broadly alleges that, during the traffic

stop, 3 Officer Raymonvil searched him illegally. During the search, Malcolm says

that Officer Raymonvil “reached deep into [Malcolm’s] pockets and removed all of

[his] personal possessions that were not visible to the naked eye,” including an

unspecified quantity of marijuana. Malcolm was later charged with felony

possession of marijuana with intent to distribute.

        Construing Malcolm’s factual allegations in the light most favorable to him,

Malcolm has not alleged facts that demonstrate Defendants’ search violated an

already clearly established federal constitutional right. Defendants have contended

-- more important, Malcolm does not allege otherwise -- that they “patted

[Malcolm] down for weapons.” Malcolm does say in his amended complaint that,

throughout his encounter with Defendant Officers, he asked the officers repeatedly

what they were doing, insisted repeatedly that he had no weapons, and “refused to

be illegally searched.” “Traffic stops are especially fraught with danger to police


3
 Malcolm alleges that the officers drew their weapons and ultimately handcuffed him during the
temporary detention triggered by the lack-of-a-light-on-his-bicycle violation. The Supreme
Court has written that the risk of harm to everyone involved in a traffic stop “is minimized if the
officers routinely exercise unquestioned command of the situation.” See 

. Neither handcuffing nor an officer’s drawing his weapon necessarily converts an
investigative stop into a custodial arrest. See United States v. Hastamorir, 

, 1556-
57 (11th Cir. 1989). Malcolm does not allege that his being held at gunpoint or his being
handcuffed amounted to a full custodial arrest.


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officers.” 

(quotations omitted). And given Malcolm’s

own selected statement of the facts, an objective officer might reasonably suspect -

- in the context, including Malcolm’s statements at the scene and active refusal to

cooperate -- that Malcolm posed a sufficient threat to the officers that would have

warranted a protective patdown search. Thus, Malcolm has failed to allege facts

that a patdown search by Defendants -- in the context of the lawful traffic stop --

constituted a federal constitutional violation that was “beyond debate” at the time.

          Malcolm has also failed to allege facts that demonstrate that Defendants’

conduct was inconsistent with a permissible search of Malcolm’s pockets.

Defendants would have been entitled to reach into Malcolm’s pockets and retrieve

what they could readily identify -- based on patdown search of the outside of

Malcolm’s clothing -- as contraband. See 

. Thus,

Malcolm’s contention that Defendant Raymonvil reached deep into his pockets and

removed the contents (which included a bag of marijuana), in and of itself, is not

enough to allege that Defendants violated clearly the Fourth Amendment. After

discovering marijuana in Malcolm’s possession, Defendants had probable cause to

arrest Malcolm. 4

          Accepting Malcolm’s factual allegations as true and construing them in the

light most favorable to him, he has not alleged facts that, if true, show that


4
    Malcolm says the marijuana charges were dropped later.


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Defendants violated a federal right that, before his arrest, was already clearly

established: “beyond debate.” Defendants are entitled to qualified immunity. The

district court dismissed properly Malcolm’s complaint.

       AFFIRMED. 5




5
  In his appellate brief, Malcolm lists several issues he wants considered on appeal, including,
among other things: (1) whether a violation of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure occurred; (2)
whether Defendants are subject to default judgment; (3) whether collateral estoppel applies; and
(4) whether the district court violated his due process rights. Because Malcolm’s brief, construed
liberally, presents no substantive arguments about these issues, they are abandoned. See Timson
v. Sampson, 

, 874 (11th Cir. 2008).


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