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                                                                      [PUBLISH]

              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                      FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                        ________________________

                              No. 14-14514
                        ________________________

         D.C. Docket Nos. 1:13-cv-00209-JRH-BKE; 11-bkc-10218-SDB

In Re: THOMAS J. MCFARLAND,

                                                                         Debtor.
___________________________________________________

THOMAS J. MCFARLAND,

                                                           Plaintiff - Appellant,

versus

A. STEPHENSON WALLACE,

                                                          Defendant - Appellee.

                        ________________________

                 Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Southern District of Georgia
                       ________________________

                               (June 22, 2015)
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Before TJOFLAT, WILLIAM PRYOR, and BALDOCK, * Circuit Judges.

BALDOCK, Circuit Judge:

       After filing for bankruptcy in 2011, Thomas McFarland claimed a number of

exemptions from his bankruptcy estate. This appeal concerns two such claims,

which are opposed by Trustee A. Stephenson Wallace. Before us, McFarland

requests exemption for: (1) an annuity worth well over $150,000; and (2) the

nearly $15,000 cash surrender value of a whole life insurance policy. The

bankruptcy and district courts denied McFarland both exemptions. Exercising

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158(d), we affirm.

                                    I. BACKGROUND

A. Bankruptcy law

       Under federal law, when a debtor files for bankruptcy his property becomes

part of the bankruptcy estate and is thereby exposed to creditors. See 11 U.S.C.

§ 541(a)(1). The debtor, however, may exempt certain types of property from this

exposure. See 

Rousey v. Jacoway, 

, 325, 

,

1565–66 (2005). That said, the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978 permitted states to

opt out of the exemptions in 11 U.S.C. § 522(d). See 11 U.S.C. § 522(b)(2). If a

state opts out, debtors in that state cannot utilize the § 522(d) exemptions, though


*
  Honorable Bobby R. Baldock, United States Circuit Judge for the Tenth Circuit, sitting by
designation.


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they may take advantage of “any exemptions available under state or local law and

federal, non-bankruptcy law.” Sheehan v. Peveich, 

, 251 (4th Cir.

2009); 

In general, courts may not refuse to honor an exemption—

state or federal—“absent a valid statutory basis for doing so.” Law v. Siegel,

___U.S.___, 

, 1196 (2014).

      Back in 1980, Georgia opted out and created its own exemptions “for

purposes of bankruptcy.” Ga. Code Ann. § 44-13-100; Silliman v. Cassell, 

, 609 (Ga. 2013). Two Georgia exemptions are at issue here. First,

under Georgia Code § 44-13-100(a)(2)(E), a bankruptcy debtor may exempt

      [a] payment under a pension, annuity, or similar plan or contract on
      account of illness, disability, death, age, or length of service, to the
      extent reasonably necessary for the support of the debtor and any
      dependent of the debtor[.]

Ga. Code Ann. § 44-13-100(a)(2)(E) (emphases added). Under § 44-13-100(a)(9),

a bankruptcy debtor may exempt

      [t]he debtor’s aggregate interest, not to exceed $2,000.00 in value, . . .
      in any accrued dividend or interest under, or loan or cash value of, any
      unmatured life insurance contract owned by the debtor under which
      the insured is the debtor or an individual of whom the debtor is a
      dependent[.]

(emphases added). Also key here is a non-bankruptcy

provision from the Georgia Code—section 33-25-11(c)—which states that

      [t]he cash surrender values of life insurance policies issued upon the
      lives of citizens or residents of this state, upon whatever form, shall
      not in any case be liable to attachment, garnishment, or legal process
      in favor of any creditor of the person whose life is so insured . . . .
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(emphases added). Title 33 contains the Georgia Insurance

Code, which “extensively and exhaustively regulates, at the state level, all aspects

of the insurance industry in Georgia.” Cotton States Mut. Ins. Co. v. DeKalb Cnty.,

, 389 (Ga. 1983).

B. Facts

      Many years ago, while serving in the United States Army, Thomas

McFarland obtained a mutual fund. Then, in 1984, McFarland took out a $30,000

whole life insurance policy. In 2006, at the age of 64, McFarland transferred

$150,000 from his mutual fund into a newly created annuity from The Hartford

company (hereinafter the “Annuity”). The Annuity contract designated

McFarland’s wife as the sole beneficiary, and it stated that the Annuity’s

“Commencement Date”—i.e., the date the Annuity would begin disbursing

payments—was January 15, 2032.

      In February 2011, McFarland declared Chapter 7 bankruptcy. He eventually

claimed, inter alia, the following two exemptions under the law of Georgia, where

he was domiciled. First, McFarland claimed the full cash surrender value

(approximately $13,445) of his whole life insurance policy was exempt under

Georgia Code § 33-25-11(c). Second, McFarland claimed his Annuity (by then

worth around $170,000) was exempt under § 44-13-100(a)(2)(E). A. Stephenson

Wallace, the Trustee, objected. The bankruptcy court restricted McFarland’s life

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insurance exemption to the $2,000 limit found in § 44-13-100(a)(9), In re

McFarland, 

(Bankr. S.D. Ga. 2012), and it denied the Annuity

exemption in its entirety, Wallace v. McFarland (In re McFarland), 

(Bankr. S.D. Ga. 2013). The district court affirmed. McFarland v. Wallace, 

(S.D. Ga. 2014).

                                II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

         “We review the district court’s decision to affirm the bankruptcy court de

novo, which allows us to assess the bankruptcy court’s judgment anew, employing

the same standard of review the district court itself used.” In re Globe Mfg. Corp.,

, 1296 (11th Cir. 2009). “Thus, we review the bankruptcy court’s

factual findings for clear error, and its legal conclusions de novo.” 

courts construe bankruptcy exemption statutes—both

state and federal—liberally in favor of bankruptcy debtors. See, e.g., Lampe v.

Williamson (In re Lampe), 

, 754 (10th Cir. 2003); Caron v.

Farmington Nat’l Bank (In re Caron), 

, 10 (1st Cir. 1996); Silliman v.

Cassell (In re Cassell), 

, 203 (Bankr. N.D. Ga. 2010). 1 And under

Rule 4003(c) of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, the burden is on the

party objecting to exemptions to prove, by a preponderance of evidence, “that the

exemptions are not properly claimed.” Thus, we will construe the exemptions here


1
    We assume, without deciding, that this is the correct position.

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liberally in favor of McFarland, and we will look to Wallace for a demonstration

that the exemptions are inapplicable.

                           III. ANNUITY EXEMPTION

      McFarland contends there is no valid statutory basis for ruling that Georgia

intended to limit the relevant exemption statutes in ways unfavorable to him. Our

analysis of his arguments begins with the Hartford Annuity.

      To review, Georgia Code § 44-13-100(a)(2)(E) allows a debtor to exempt,

from the bankruptcy estate, a payment under an “annuity” or a “similar plan or

contract.” McFarland argues his Annuity qualifies under this statute. The

bankruptcy and district courts disagreed. Thus, we must first determine whether

McFarland’s Annuity falls within the statutory definition of the term “annuity.” In

our view, it does not.

      Helpfully, the Supreme Court of Georgia recently defined “annuity” as the

word is used in § 44-13-100(a)(2)(E). See 

–10;

Silliman v. Cassell (In re Cassell), 

(11th Cir. 2012) (certifying this

issue to the Georgia Supreme Court). The court concluded that an “annuity” under

§ 44-13-100(a)(2)(E) “is an obligation to pay an amount at regular intervals for a

certain or uncertain period of time.” 

(emphasis added);

see also 

, 125 S.Ct. at 1569 (“[A]n annuity is ‘an amount

payable yearly or at other regular intervals . . . .’” (citation omitted)). Moreover,

the court explained, “in deciding whether a particular annuity is of the type
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intended to come within the . . . § 44-13-100(a)(2)(E) exemption, the pertinent

question is whether it provides income as a substitute for wages.” 

(emphasis added). A trustee must therefore show “that the payments

were not intended to substitute for wages.” 

Wallace has easily done so.

      The bankruptcy court found (and the district court affirmed) that

McFarland’s Annuity did not qualify under § 44-13-100(a)(2)(E) because it was

structured more like a future investment than a substitute for wages. See In re

. The bankruptcy court emphasized that McFarland

had never—not once—drawn money from the Annuity, and that he did not intend

to withdraw any funds during his lifetime. See 

285–86.

      This reasoning is sound, and the bankruptcy court’s findings of fact are not

clearly erroneous. Indeed, McFarland concedes on appeal that he has never drawn

money from the Annuity and says he was not planning on doing so until 2032 at

the earliest—when he would be 90 years old. At a hearing before the bankruptcy

court in September 2011, McFarland made similar admissions:

      [Wallace:] Have you taken any payments out from the annuity?

      [McFarland:] No, sir. I got that annuity mainly for my wife when I
      passed.

      [Wallace:] In fact, you don’t intend to take any payments out of that
      annuity, do you?

      [McFarland:] I hope not. I’m trying to save it for my wife. I’m seven
      years older than she is and according to the Vietnam mortality tables,
      my [life] expectancy is only 2017.
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Aplt’s App., Exhibit 7, at 15. As if that was not enough, earlier in 2011 McFarland

made similar statements at three separate examinations. See Aple’s App., Exhibit

1-32, at 45–46 (June 2011 bankruptcy examination) (“[Wallace:] Do you intend to

withdraw any money from this [Annuity] in your lifetime? [McFarland:] No,

sir.”); 

at 26 (August 2011 deposition) (“[McFarland:] “I

considered the annuity to be critical to [my wife’s] future.”); 

at

25–26 (March/April 2011 creditor meeting) (“[Bell:] But [the Annuity is] just the

way you chose to invest your money for retirement? [McFarland:] Yes.

[Wallace:] Have you started drawing funds down from the annuity? [McFarland:]

No.”). 2 These multiple, explicit concessions plainly preclude McFarland from this

exemption, as they make it impossible for him to claim with any believability that

his Annuity was operating as, or truly intended to be, a wage substitute distributed

at “regular intervals” to him and his wife during his retirement. 3

       Other courts have adhered to this logic when dealing with Georgia law. For

example, a different bankruptcy court in the Southern District of Georgia recently
2
  Interestingly, at this creditor meeting, McFarland claimed he had planned on drawing money
from the Annuity when he turned 70 the next year. Aple’s App., Exhibit 1-34, at 26. McFarland
contradicted this assertion at subsequent hearings, however, and he has not raised the assertion
on appeal or provided any evidence to support such a claim.
3
  Courts typically review a variety of factors in deciding whether an annuity qualifies for
exemption. See 

(referencing factors listed in Andersen v. Ries (In re
Andersen), 

, 691–92 (8th Cir. BAP 2001)). We will not sift through these factors
point-by-point here, as the above concessions clearly answer Silliman’s “pertinent question.”
The bankruptcy court, however, did an admirable job of applying these factors to McFarland’s
Annuity. See In re 

–87.

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ruled that a debtor could not exempt her annuity under § 44-13-100(a)(2)(E). See

Boudreaux v. Sheffield (In re Sheffield), 

(Bankr. S.D. Ga. 2014).

Sheffield’s “choice to defer any and all payments under the Annuity until she is

ninety years old,” the court wrote, “shows that the Annuity was intended to be

more like an investment and less like an exemptible contract to provide retirement

funds.” 

A Northern District of Georgia bankruptcy court spoke

similarly in 2005. See In re Michael, 

(Bankr. N.D. Ga. 2005).

There, the annuity in question deferred payments until 2050—when the debtor

would turn 85—and the debtor had yet to receive any payments whatsoever. 

For reasons that included the following logic, the Michael court declined to

exempt the annuity:

      Allowing an annuity contract established by a debtor to be exempt
      without some requirements that it be similar to other qualified
      retirement plans would provide debtors with a means of shielding
      assets from creditors prebankruptcy by purchasing annuities under the
      facade of retirement planning. The Annuity Contract in this case is
      no different than a savings account created on the premise that the
      funds placed in the account are to provide Debtor with future income
      ....

(emphases added).

      McFarland attempts to avoid this obvious conclusion by arguing the Annuity

was actually structured and intended to supplement his income. For starters, he

contends we should not go beyond the plain language of his Annuity contract,

which (he says) clearly meets Silliman’s definition of an annuity. This argument

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misses the mark. Unquestionably, Silliman held that a debtor’s annuity qualified

for exemption, and the court indicated we should look at the “nature of the

contract” for guidance. 

–11. That said, McFarland’s

contract here clearly states he will not begin to receive payments until 2032, when

McFarland would turn 90 years old. This confirms, rather than undermines, our

belief that McFarland’s Annuity was obviously not intended to be, or operating as,

a wage replacement. See In re 

. It also greatly

distinguishes Silliman, where the qualifying annuity contract stated payments

would begin within one month of the contract’s creation. 

.

       In any event, rather than strictly limiting us to the contract’s text, Silliman

says we must also look to the “facts and circumstances surrounding the purchase of

the annuity.” 

And the facts here doom McFarland’s claim. As

discussed, McFarland has never withdrawn any money from his Annuity and had

no real plans to do so. The Silliman debtor, in contrast, “purchased the annuity to

replace her income . . . at the time of purchase,” and she had already begun

receiving payments when she filed for bankruptcy. 

4


4
  The facts here also distinguish Rousey, which is the Supreme Court decision most on point.
Rousey held that two debtors’ IRA accounts qualified as “similar plan[s] or contract[s]” under 11
U.S.C. § 522(d)(10)(E), which parallels Georgia Code § 44-13-100(a)(2)(E). 

–24, 125 S.Ct. at 1564–65. To be precise, the Court determined that “the income the
Rouseys will derive from their IRAs is . . . income that substitutes for wages.” 

125
S.Ct. at 1569 (emphasis added). In reaching this conclusion, the Court found that distribution
from the IRAs was scheduled “to begin at the latest in the calendar year after the year in which
the accountholder turns 70 ½” and that tax penalties were in place “to ensure that the beneficiary

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       In an alternative vein, McFarland insists we should rely on additional

testimony from all the hearings cited above to exempt his Annuity. For example,

McFarland’s son, who was also his financial advisor, testified that the Annuity was

originally intended to “provide a lifetime income stream.” See Aplt’s App.,

Exhibit 7, at 53–54. And McFarland testified the Annuity was intended both for

his wife after he died and as a backup source of funds while he lived “if we needed

it.” 

McFarland’s testimony is easily dismissed, as the copious

concessions above demonstrate that McFarland never “needed” to use the Annuity,

nor did he ever plan on “need[ing]” to use the Annuity. Moreover, his son’s

testimony is taken out of context. Soon after making the above statement, his son

clarified that the Annuity was mostly meant to provide for McFarland’s wife after

he died. See 

(“[Wallace:] So did he purchase this annuity to cover his

future income or to . . . leave an inheritance for your mother? [Son:] It was more

for protecting my mother.”); 

(“[Bell:] And that [Annuity] was not for

wage replacement. It was for other purposes? [Son:] Yeah. [Bell:] That’s correct,

isn’t it? . . . [Son:] Yes. . . . [Bell:] And he has not withdrawn any funds from that

to this point? [Son:] No, he has not.” ). McFarland is sunk—not rescued—by the




use[d] the IRA in his retirement years” and did not allow funds to “improperly remain[] in the
account.” 

125 S.Ct. at 1569 (emphases added). Thus, the Court noted, the Rousey
debtors (unlike McFarland) “must begin to withdraw funds when they are likely to be retired and
lack wage income.” 

125 S.Ct. at 1569 (emphasis added).

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full testimony in this case. At minimum, given the above, we could not possibly

find that the district court’s factual findings were clearly erroneous here.

       Finally, McFarland argues that even if his Annuity does not qualify as an

“annuity” under the statute, it should at least qualify as a “similar plan or contract.”

McFarland did not raise this argument in the bankruptcy court, so we need not

consider it here. See Irving v. Mazda Motor Corp., 

, 769 (11th Cir.

1998). 5 Regardless, “the common factor among exempt plans is that they provide

a substitute for wages.” 

(emphasis added); see also

, 125 S.Ct. at 1568 (“We agree with the Rouseys that IRAs

are similar to the plans specified in [11 U.S.C. § 522(d)(10)(E)] . Those plans, like

the Rouseys’ IRAs, provide a substitute for wages . . . and are not mere savings

accounts.” (emphasis added)). Thus, McFarland would likely fare no better

relying on the “similar plan or contract” language.

                        IV. LIFE INSURANCE EXEMPTION

A. Statutory analysis

       Georgia Code § 44-13-100(a)(9) explicitly limits—at $2,000—a bankruptcy

debtor’s ability to exempt the “cash value” of his “unmatured life insurance

contract.” Nevertheless, McFarland contends he should be permitted to rely on
5
  We also need not decide whether McFarland’s Annuity was “reasonably necessary” for
support for him and his wife. It seems unlikely, however, that the Annuity would qualify under
this prong. See, e.g., Aplt’s App., Exhibit 7, at 60–63 (testimony from McFarland’s son that
McFarland is apparently able to meet his financial obligations without help from the Annuity,
and that his wife has a separate, similarly sized and structured annuity in her own name).

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Georgia Code § 33-25-11(c)—a non-bankruptcy provision—to exempt the entire

cash value of his whole life insurance policy. (This would allow him to exempt an

additional $11,000 or so from the bankruptcy estate.) The bankruptcy court

disagreed and capped McFarland’s life insurance exemption at $2,000. Thus, we

must decide whether McFarland was stuck with § 44-13-100(a)(9) or whether he

could use a provision protecting debtors more generally. In our view, he was

restricted to $2,000 under Georgia’s explicit bankruptcy provision.

      According to McFarland, federal law allows him to exempt property beyond

that which is covered by explicit Georgia bankruptcy statutes. See 11 U.S.C.

§§ 522(b)(3)(B) & 541(c)(2) (allowing bankruptcy debtors to exempt property that

is protected “under applicable non-bankruptcy law”); see also Meehan v. Wallace

(In re Meehan), 

(11th Cir. 1997) (allowing bankruptcy debtor to

rely on non-bankruptcy Georgia statute to exclude IRA from bankruptcy estate).

McFarland also contends nothing in the text or immediate context of Georgia Code

§ 33-25-11(c) indicates it cannot be utilized by a bankruptcy debtor.

      Even assuming McFarland is correct on these two points, it is well-settled

that “[f]or purposes of statutory interpretation, a specific statute will prevail over a

general statute, absent any indication of a contrary legislative intent.” Vines v.

State, 

, 632 (Ga. 1998). So, regardless of the lack of limiting

language in § 33-25-11, McFarland can only use § 44-13-100(a)(9) because that

statute specifically restricts bankruptcy debtors to a cash value life insurance
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exemption of $2,000. Put differently, although Georgia allows debtors, in general,

to utilize § 33-25-11(c), Georgia restricts bankruptcy debtors to $2,000 with § 44-

13-100(a)(9). The specific trumps the general, plain and simple. 6

       To be sure, one could argue—although McFarland does not do so—that by

enacting § 33-25-11 in 2006 Georgia intended to amend, clarify, or repeal § 44-13-

100(a)(9), which had been on the books since 1980. This argument, though, would

require textual evidence of the Georgia Legislature’s intent. See 

. And again, McFarland does not attempt to prove such intent.7 Instead,

McFarland asserts that §§ 33-25-11(c) and 44-13-100 do not entirely overlap.

Most significantly, he points out, § 33-25-11(c) applies to Georgia residents and

citizens, whereas § 44-13-100(a)(9) applies regardless of residency or citizenship.8

Therefore, McFarland claims, it is perfectly plausible that Georgia intended for the

two statutes to coexist in a manner different than what we have described above:



6
 Eleven U.S.C. §§ 522(b)(3)(B) and 541(c)(2) do not help McFarland because Georgia has
made Ga. Code Ann. § 33-25-11(c) inapplicable to him through § 44-13-100(a)(9).
7
  Several bankruptcy courts have concluded that Georgia did not intend to repeal or amend § 44-
13-100(a)(9). See In re Dean, 

, 648 (Bankr. M.D. Ga. 2012) (“[N]othing in the
history or language of § 33–25–11(c) indicates the legislature intended it to apply in
bankruptcy.”); Roach v. Ryan (In re Ryan), No. 11-40712, 

, at *2 (Bankr. S.D.
Ga. Jan. 19, 2012) (similar); In re Allen, No. 10-50827, 

, at *4 (Bankr. M.D.
Ga. Oct. 4, 2010) (similar). We need not reach this issue.
8
  He gives other examples, as well. For instance, § 33-25-11(c) applies to the “cash surrender
value[]” of the life insurance policy, whereas § 44-13-100(a)(9) applies to the “loan or cash
value.” Moreover, § 33-25-11(c) does not apply to dependents, whereas § 44-13-100(a)(9) does.


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      [T]he two statutory provisions are not identical, do not apply to
      identical classes of individuals, and apply to different interests in life
      insurance policies. These distinctions are not merely semantic, and
      provide a rational basis for Georgia to enact two different provisions,
      either or both of which may, or may not, be available to a bankruptcy
      debtor if the debtor and the asset qualify under each statute.

Aplt’s Br., at 8–9. Applying this argument to his situation, McFarland contends

Georgia intended for bankruptcy debtors who are residents to have access to § 33-

25-11(c)’s broad policy and for non-resident bankruptcy debtors to be limited to

$2,000 by § 44-13-100(a)(9). At minimum, McFarland protests, we must adopt

this view because of our duty to construe exemptions liberally.

      In liberally construing exemption statutes, though, we cannot ignore a

statute’s plain language. See Carter v. Progressive Mountain Ins., 

,

264 (Ga. 2014) (“When we consider the meaning of a statute, we look first to the

text of the statute, and if the text is clear and unambiguous, we look no further,

attributing to the statute its plain meaning.” (citation and internal marks omitted)).

Again, § 44-13-100(a)(9) says a bankruptcy debtor’s life insurance exemption is

“not to exceed $2,000.00.” Put simply, “not to exceed” means not to exceed.

Georgia has explicitly declared that bankruptcy debtors in this situation—residents

or not—may exempt $2,000 at most, and no more. For a bankruptcy debtor

seeking this life insurance exemption in Georgia, the explicit language in § 44-13-

100(a)(9) governs over the more general debtor language in § 33-25-11(c).



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       This helps distinguish In re Meehan and other similar cases relied upon by

McFarland. In Meehan, in particular, we held pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 541(c)(2)

that a bankruptcy debtor could exclude his IRA from the bankruptcy estate by

using an “applicable” non-bankruptcy Georgia statute. In re 

–12. Meehan, however, made no mention of any Georgia statute specifically

barring bankruptcy debtors from doing what the non-bankruptcy statute allowed

debtors to do, more generally. Id.; see also Matter of Geise, 

, 657

(7th Cir. 1993) (“[A] brief glance at a collection of the state exemption statutes

confirms, even in those states that have enacted specific statutory listings of

exempt property, other statutory sections also have been considered exemptions.”).

McFarland, on the other hand, is restricted to § 44-13-100(a)(9) because (at risk of

sounding like a broken record) that statute specifically limits what bankruptcy

debtors can exempt.

      McFarland tries other arguments, none of which fare better. For instance, he

asserts Georgia Code § 44-13-100 “lacks any language prohibiting the Debtor from

utilizing any state law exemptions outside of § 44-13-100.” Indeed, he points out,

§ 44-13-100(a) states a bankruptcy debtor “may” utilize its exemptions—not

“must.” But this (once again) misses the point. Even if Georgia, broadly speaking,

does not prohibit a bankruptcy debtor from going outside Georgia’s bankruptcy

exemptions, the specific statute at issue here—§ 44-13-100(a)(9)—explicitly limits

bankruptcy debtors in this particular life insurance situation to its provisions. True,
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a bankruptcy debtor in Georgia “may” decide not to utilize § 44-13-100(a)(9)—no

one, after all, is going to force a bankruptcy debtor to exempt anything. If a

bankruptcy debtor decides to exempt the cash value of a life insurance policy,

though, we believe Georgia intended for that exemption “not to exceed $2,000.00.”

B. Constitutional analysis

       We now address McFarland’s alternative view that restricting bankruptcy

debtors to § 44-13-100(a)(9) violates: (1) the Georgia Constitution’s Equal

Protection Clause; 9 and (2) the United States Constitution’s Bankruptcy Clause.10

1. Section § 44-13-100(a)(9) does not violate equal protection

       In Georgia, “Protection to person and property is the paramount duty of

government and shall be impartial and complete. No person shall be denied the

equal protection of the laws.” Ga. Const. Art. I, § 1, para. 2. Where “no

fundamental right or suspect class is involved, . . . statutory classifications are

permitted when the classification is based on rational distinctions and bears a

direct relationship to the purpose of the legislation.” Grissom v. Gleason, 

, 30 (Ga. 1992) (emphasis added); see also Wood v. United States (In re


9
  McFarland does not challenge Georgia’s statutory scheme under the Equal Protection Clause
found in the United States Constitution.
10
   McFarland also mentions a Supremacy Clause violation. His brief, however, fails to develop a
preemption argument to any meaningful extent. Thus, we will not consider it here. See United
States v. Woods, 

, 1064 n.23 (11th Cir. 2012) (“[A]n issue [is] abandoned when a
defendant merely makes a passing reference to an alleged error in his brief.” (citing United States
v. Jernigan, 

, 1283 n.8 (11th Cir. 2003))).

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Wood), 

, 1370 (11th Cir. 1989) (“Under the ‘rational relationship’

test, a court reviewing the constitutionality of a classification only may strike down

the classification if the classification is without any reasonable justification.”

(emphasis in original)). Ordinarily, we assume that “Legislatures . . . have acted

constitutionally.” Melton v. Gunter, 

, 1551 (11th Cir. 1985)

(quoting Clements v. Fashing, 

, 963, 

, 2843 (1982)).

      Although Georgia treats bankruptcy debtors differently than other debtors,

this distinction does not violate Georgia’s Equal Protection Clause because it is

rational and relates directly to the purpose of bankruptcy legislation. After all, one

of the primary functions of bankruptcy is to “give the debtor a fresh start,”

Menchise v. Akerman Senterfitt, 

, 1151 (11th Cir. 2008), and doing

so quite obviously requires a different legal scheme than that which applies to non-

bankruptcy debtors. See In re Shumaker, 

, 827 (Bankr. D. Mont.

1991) (“[T]he Ohio Legislature treated bankrupt and non-bankrupt debtors

differently. The [permissible] rationale for the distinction is to provide the former

with the requisite ‘fresh start’. Being fully aware of the unique problems

confronting the bankrupt debtors’ quest for financial rehabilitation, the Legislature

employed reasonable classification of persons to accomplish this end.” (quoting

Matter of Bloom, 

, 453 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 1980))). Thus, broadly

speaking, state statutes do not violate equal protection when they deal with

bankruptcy debtors differently than non-bankruptcy debtors.
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       In our present scenario, however, Georgia has imposed a greater burden on

bankruptcy debtors than non-bankruptcy debtors by restricting them to $2,000.

This twist makes our case somewhat unique in the annals of case law, but it does

not mean Georgia acted irrationally. This is because giving debtors a “fresh

start”—while important—is not the sole purpose of bankruptcy law. Rather,

bankruptcy law is also designed “to collect all of the assets and liabilities of an

entity [and] to pay the creditors of the bankrupt to the fullest extent possible.”

. In other words, states must balance the interests of

both debtors and creditors when creating bankruptcy exemptions. This is no easy

task. And because bankruptcy allows debtors to wipe their financial slate entirely

clean, it is plausible that Georgia requires bankruptcy debtors to sacrifice more of

their penumbral property (e.g., a life insurance policy) in order to obtain greater

relief on property more central to a “fresh start” (e.g., a homestead exemption).

Compare Ga. Code Ann. § 44-13-1 (Debtor, married or not, allowed residential

exemption of $21,500), with Ga. Code Ann. § 44-13-100(a)(1) (Married

bankruptcy debtor allowed residential exemption of $43,000). 11 Cf. Taylor v. Age

Fed. Credit Union (In re Taylor), 

, 1516 (11th Cir. 1993) (“Allowing a




11
  This contrast was even starker when McFarland filed for bankruptcy in 2011. Prior to 2012,
Georgia allowed a regular debtor a $5,000 residential exemption, whereas a bankruptcy debtor
could exempt $10,000 and a married bankruptcy debtor could exempt $20,000.

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[bankruptcy] debtor to retain property without reaffirming or redeeming gives the

debtor not a ‘fresh start’ but a ‘head start’ . . . .”).

       To hold otherwise, on the scant evidence presented here, would essentially

mean banning opt-out states from treating bankruptcy debtors worse than regular

debtors on any specific issue. This, ironically, would be irrational on our part, as it

would unduly interfere with a state’s prerogative to create its own bankruptcy

exemptions. In the end, because Georgia has at least rationally balanced the needs

of creditors and bankruptcy debtors, it has not transgressed equal protection by

treating bankruptcy debtors differently from non-bankruptcy debtors.

2. Section 44-13-100(a)(9) does not violate the Bankruptcy Clause

       The United States Constitution vests Congress with the power to establish

“uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States.” U.S.

Const. Art. I, § 8, cl. 4. This Bankruptcy Clause is “the supreme Law of the Land .

. . any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary

notwithstanding.” U.S. Const. Art. VI , cl. 2.

       McFarland argues that restricting bankruptcy debtors to § 44-13-100(a)(9)

creates a non-uniform application of bankruptcy law in violation of the

Constitution. So, whereas for equal protection McFarland argued Georgia’s

scheme was irrational, here he contends Georgia’s scheme was not authorized—

under the Bankruptcy Clause or, by extension, 11 U.S.C. § 522.


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      This issue is one of first impression in this circuit. And it intrigues us, in no

small part because the other circuits addressing the subject appear to have done so

in the inverse context, where a trustee was claiming that a state could not

constitutionally distinguish between a bankruptcy debtor and a non-bankruptcy

debtor. See, e.g., Richardson v. Schafer (In re Schafer), 

(6th Cir.

2012); Sheehan, 

; Kulp v. Zeman (In re Kulp), 

, 1109

n.3 (10th Cir. 1991); see also Sticka v. Applebaum (In re Applebaum), 

(9th Cir. BAP 2009). Though the posture is reversed here, we nevertheless

reach the same result as our sister circuits. We believe states are authorized by

statute and permitted by the Constitution to distinguish between bankruptcy and

non-bankruptcy debtors in crafting bankruptcy exemptions.

      First, with 11 U.S.C. § 522 Congress has permitted states to create, define,

and implement bankruptcy exemptions and to restrict bankruptcy debtors to those

exemptions. Section 522(b)(3)(A), for instance, says bankruptcy debtors in opt-out

states are restricted to “any property that is exempt . . . under State or local law that

is applicable.” (emphasis added). Absent specific federal guidance to the contrary,

states are obviously the sole authorities in determining whether state law is

“applicable” to a class of debtors. See Butner v. United States, 

, 55, 

, 918 (1979) (“Property interests are created and defined by state law.

Unless some federal interest requires a different result, there is no reason why such

interests should be analyzed differently simply because an interested party is
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involved in a bankruptcy proceeding.”). And § 522 contains no explicit

restrictions indicating states must treat all debtors alike. The Fourth Circuit has

summarized this well, holding that § 522

      affords the states the authority to restrict their respective residents to
      exemptions promulgated by the state legislatures, if they so choose.
      This statutory provision is an express delegation to the states of the
      power to create state exemptions in lieu of the federal bankruptcy
      exemption scheme. Congress has not seen fit to restrict the authority
      delegated to the states by requiring that state exemptions apply
      equally to bankruptcy and non-bankruptcy cases . . . .

(emphasis added) (internal citation omitted); see also In

re 

(“The plain language of § 522(b) demonstrates

[Sheehan’s above proposition] unambiguously . . . .” (emphasis added)); In re

n.3 (“[Eleven] U.S.C. § 522 expressly delegates to states

the power to create bankruptcy exemptions.”).

      And this statutory scheme is constitutionally valid. Like our sister circuits,

we do not believe the Constitution’s call for bankruptcy uniformity somehow

requires states to treat bankruptcy and non-bankruptcy debtors exactly alike. See

In re 

(“[A]n interpretation of § 522 that permits states to

enact bankruptcy-specific exemptions schemes does not run afoul of either the

Bankruptcy or Supremacy Clauses . . . .”); 

(“[W]e are

without authority to impose such a [uniformity] requirement.”); In re 

n.3 (“Defendants argue in the alternative that Colo. Rev. Stat. § 13–

54–104 violates the constitution’s uniformity requirement for bankruptcy laws
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because it creates a bankruptcy exemption which is not available to other Colorado

debtors. This argument is meritless.” (internal citations omitted)). 12 See also In re

(“California’s bankruptcy-only exemption statute . . .

does not violate the Uniformity Clause.”).

       Binding precedent counsels in this direction, as well. The most striking

language is contained in In re Wood, 

. There, quoting the Supreme

Court, we emphasized that the Bankruptcy Clause “is not a straightjacket that

forbids Congress to distinguish among classes of debtors.” 

(quoting

Ry. Labor Execs.’ Ass’n v. Gibbons, 

, 469, 

, 1176

(1982)). Instead, we wrote, the Clause “only requires that bankruptcy laws apply

uniformly among classes of debtors.” 

Court has charted a

similar path to ours. Gibbons, after all, was the first (ever!) opinion enforcing

bankruptcy uniformity against Congress, yet the Supreme Court still deployed the

“not a straightjacket” language we quoted in Wood. See 

,

102 S.Ct. at 1176. Nearly a decade later, the Court added that the “Bankruptcy

Code allows the States to define what property a debtor may exempt from the

bankruptcy estate . . . . Nothing in [11 U.S.C. § 522(b)] (or elsewhere in the Code)

limits a State’s power to restrict the scope of its exemptions; indeed, it could

12
   The Tenth Circuit recently reaffirmed the viability of In re Kulp in a thorough (albeit
unpublished) decision. See Williamson v. Murray (In re Murray), 586 F. App’x 477, 481 (10th
Cir. 2014) (observing that there is now a “consensus that bankruptcy-specific exemptions are
constitutional”).

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theoretically accord no exemptions at all.” Owen v. Owen, 

, 306,

308, 

, 1834–35 (1991) (emphases added). This language strongly

suggests and supports the decision we reach today. 13

       McFarland fails to interact with this case law or the compelling arguments

contained therein. Instead, he cites (without much explanation) a smattering of

bankruptcy court decisions, along with several older appellate decisions, that

supposedly favor his position. See, e.g., In re Regevig, 

(Bankr. D.

Ariz. 2008); In re Cross, 

(Bankr. N.D. Ind. 2000); Matter of Reynolds,

(Bankr. S.D. Ohio 1982); Kanter v. Moneymaker (In re Kanter), 

(9th Cir. 1974); Hanover Nat’l Bank v. Moyses, 

, 

(1902). In recent years, none of our sister circuits have found these cases

compelling. See, e.g., Williamson v. Murray (In re Murray), 586 F. App’x. 477,

481 (10th Cir. 2014) (unpublished) (“Rather than directing us to intervening

countervailing authority, Williamson’s briefing offers this court a dog’s breakfast

of inapposite cases [and] overruled district court cases . . . .”). Neither do we. The




13
   True, the Owen Court indicated that a state’s exemption power under “the opt-out policy [is
not] 

, 111 S.Ct. at 1838. The Court, however, said this power could
be limited by “whatever other competing or limiting policies the statute [i.e., § 522] contains.”

In other words, the state’s power will be limited if § 522 can be shown to
require this outcome in a specific area. Here, no such demonstration has been made.


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clear weight of authority supports our position, and McFarland has not persuaded

us otherwise.14

       In summary, Georgia has not violated the Bankruptcy Clause. A plain

reading of § 522 does not, as McFarland alleges, allow a bankruptcy debtor to use

a state exemption statute where the state itself has rendered the statute inapplicable.

Rather, very near the opposite is true; states have been authorized to define and

restrict the applicability of their bankruptcy exemptions. And this authorization

does not “fail to provide a uniform application of the Bankruptcy Code in violation

of the Bankruptcy Clause,” as McFarland asserts. Although the authorization is

not absolute, its boundaries have not been overstepped here.

                                    IV. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, McFarland is not entitled to the bankruptcy

exemptions he claims on appeal. The bankruptcy court did not clearly error with

its factual findings, and we agree with its legal conclusions.

       AFFIRMED.



14
   The Supreme Court’s decision in Moyses is perhaps the most intriguing case cited by
McFarland. The Sixth Circuit has explained in copious detail, however, why Moyses does not
compel the result desired by McFarland here. See In re 

–11. In short,
although Moyses contains one sentence arguably favorable to McFarland, the decision itself was
addressing a different issue than the one facing us here, and the Supreme Court actually upheld
the constitutionality of the 1898 Bankruptcy Act. 

Moreover, the Sixth Circuit noted,
the language in question would prove too much if interpreted as broadly as McFarland urges.
See 

to the language in Moyses on which the Trustee relies would call into
doubt the constitutionality of the federal exemptions set forth in § 522(d).” (emphasis added)).

                                               25