Case: 14-15143   Date Filed: 08/11/2015   Page: 1 of 9


                                                        [DO NOT PUBLISH]



            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                      ________________________

                            No. 14-15143
                        Non-Argument Calendar
                      ________________________

                  D.C. Docket No. 4:13-cr-10039-JEM-1



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                             Plaintiff - Appellee,

versus

GERMAN ARIAS-UCETA,

                                             Defendant - Appellant.

                      ________________________

               Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Southern District of Florida
                     ________________________

                            (August 11, 2015)

Before MARTIN, JORDAN, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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      German Arias-Uceta appeals his 30-month sentence for illegal reentry into the

United States after having been previously removed and deported, in violation of 8

U.S.C. § 1326(a), (b)(1). He argues that the district court erred in applying a 12-level

enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(B) for having been previously deported

after having been convicted of a drug trafficking offense, because there was not

sufficient reliable evidence for the district court to have concluded that his prior

narcotics conviction was a drug trafficking offense. He also argues that the district

court erred in applying a preponderance of evidence standard to determine whether his

prior narcotics conviction constituted a drug trafficking offense under §

2L1.2(b)(1)(B). He asserts that the district court should have applied a clear and

convincing evidence standard because the enhancement had an extreme

disproportionate effect on his sentence. After reviewing the parties’ briefs and the

record, we affirm.

                                           I

      In December of 2013, a federal grand jury charged Mr. Arias-Uceta with

knowingly and unlawfully reentering the United States after having been previously

removed in violation of 8 U.S.C.§ 1326(a) and (b)(1). Mr. Arias-Uceta pled guilty to

the charge. He was given a base offense level of 8, and criminal history category of IV

based on his prior convictions.




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       The probation office recommended a 12-level enhancement under U.S.S.G. §

2L1.2(b)(1)(B), because Mr. Arias-Uceta had been previously convicted of a “felony

drug trafficking offense for which the sentence imposed was 13 months or less.”1 That

conviction was described in the presentence investigation report as “[a]ttempted

[c]riminal [p]ossession [of a] [c]controlled [s]ubstance in the [t]hird [d]egree [w]ith

the [i]ntent to [d]istribute [o]xycodone.” The report further explained that,

“[a]ccording to records maintained by the Supreme Court of the State of New York, . .

. [Mr. Arias-Uceta’s] co-conspirators fraudulently obtained numerous prescriptions of

oxycodone from a CVS pharmacy. [Mr. Arias-Uceta] paid his co-defendant $11,070

cash to purchase the oxycodone from the pharmacy, and she was delivering the pills to

[Mr. Arias-Uceta].” After applying a two-level reduction for acceptance of

responsibility and a one-level reduction for assisting authorities in the investigation of

his own misconduct the probation officer set the total offense level at 17. With a

criminal history category of IV, Mr. Arias-Uceta had an                    advisory guideline

imprisonment range of 37 to 46 months.




       1
          The initial presentence report added an 8-level enhancement under U.S.S.G. §
2L1.2(b)(1)(C), instead of a 12-level enhancement under § 2L1.2(b)(1)(B), because the probation
officer had concluded that Mr. Arias-Uceta’s New York narcotics conviction was an aggravated
felony. Mr. Arias-Uceta filed an objection to the report in writing before the sentencing hearing,
arguing that the government had failed to establish that the crime of which he had been previously
convicted constituted an aggravated felony, because the report failed to cite the statute and
subsection under which he was convicted or any underlying details of the conviction. The amended
presentence investigation report recommended a 12-level enhancement under § 2L1.2(b)(1)(B).
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       At the initial sentencing hearing in July of 2014, Mr. Arias-Uceta argued that

the government failed to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that he had

been previously convicted of a “felony drug trafficking offense” under                   §

2L1.2(b)(1)(B) because neither the charging document nor the judgment for his prior

offense supported such a finding. The two documents, Mr. Arias-Uceta asserted, were

ambiguous as to whether he had been convicted of mere possession of oxycodone or

possession with intent to sell, as they did not specify the subsection of the New York

statute under which he was convicted. In light of the ambiguity, the district court

continued the hearing to allow the government to obtain a certified copy of the New

York conviction.

       In November of 2014, at the continuation of the sentencing hearing, the

government introduced into evidence a certificate of disposition from the clerk of the

New York Supreme Court, which stated that “from an examination of the records on

file . . . [Mr. Arias Uceta] entered a plea of guilty to the crime[ ] of attempted criminal

possession of a controlled substance [in the] 3rd degree [under N.Y.] PL 110-220.16

01 CF (dangerous drug)” which involves “criminal possession of a controlled

substance in the third degree [for] knowingly and unlawfully possess[ing] . . . a

narcotic drug with intent to sell it.” Mr. Arias-Uceta argued, however, that the

certificate of disposition was not a Shepard-approved document, and, as such, the




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district court could not consider the document when determining whether the 12-level

enhancement was proper.2

       The district court ultimately determined that “[it] th[ought] [it] had[d] sufficient

[sic] to determine that [Mr. Arias-Uceta] was convicted of a crime which qualifies for

the 12 level enhancement,” and applied § 2L1.2(b)(1)(B), which gave Mr. Arias-Uceta

an advisory guideline range of 37 to 46 months. 3 Mr. Arias-Uceta requested a

sentence below that range, and the district court granted the request, sentencing him to

30 months.

       On appeal, Mr. Arias-Uceta argues the district court erred in applying §

2L1.2(b)(1)(B)’s 12-level enhancement, because the charging document and judgment

were ambiguous as to whether his previous narcotics offense involved an “intent to

sell,” and the court improperly considered the certificate of disposition to support the

enhancement. He also claims that the district court erred in applying a preponderance

of the evidence standard to determine the predicate facts relating to his prior

conviction. The district court, in his view, should have used a clear and convincing

evidence standard because the enhancement caused an extremely disparate effect on

his overall sentence.


       2
         See generally Shepard v. United States, 

(2005).
3
 The district court also observed, before determining whether to apply the enhancement, that “the
problem is that he’s been deported . . . three times already,” and then stated that “[e]ven with a lower
guideline [range], [it] might be inclined to give him the same sentence.”


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                                           II

      We “review[ ] the district court’s sentencing hearing findings of fact for clear

error and its application of the sentencing guidelines to those facts de novo.” United

States v. Williams, 

, 1235 (11th Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks and

citations omitted). When determining whether a prior conviction under a divisible

statute—one setting out one or more elements of the offense in the alternative—is a

qualifying offense for enhancement purposes, we apply a “modified categorical

approach.” See United States v. Ramirez-Flores, 

, 820-21 (11th Cir.

2014). “If at least one of the alternative elements [of the statute] matches the [ ]

definition, we may ‘consult a limited class of documents . . . to determine which

alternative element formed the basis of the defendant’s prior conviction.’” 

(citing United States v. Descamps, 

, 2285 (2013)). The Supreme Court,

in Shepard v. United States, 

(2005), limited the set of materials that a

district court may consider to “to the terms of the charging document, the terms of a

plea agreement or transcript of colloquy between judge and defendant in which the

factual basis for the plea was confirmed by the defendant, or to some comparable

judicial record of this information.” 

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                                             A

          A certificate of disposition in New York “is a judicial record of the offense of

which the defendant has been convicted.” United States v. Green, 

, 632

(2d Cir. 2007). Specifically, New York law provides that:

     A certificate issued by a criminal court, or the clerk thereof, certifying
     that a judgment of conviction against a designated defendant has been
     entered in such court, constitutes presumptive evidence of the facts
     stated in such certificate.
N.Y. Crim. Proc. Law § 60.60(1). Although we have never determined whether a

certificate of disposition is a type of “comparable judicial record” under Shepard, we

agree with the Second Circuit, which is more familiar with New York law, that it is.

The Second Circuit considers “a New York Certificate of Disposition as the type of

judicial record that the Shepard Court indicated a federal district court may consider

in an effort to determine the nature of the New York offense to which a federal

defendant has previously pleaded guilty.” 

. So does the Fifth

Circuit. United States v. Neri-Hernandes, 

, 592 (5th Cir. 2007) (holding

that “a Certificate of Disposition is admissible to determine the nature of a prior

conviction and has sufficient indicia of reliability for the court to rely on it to establish

fact”).

          We, therefore, hold, like the Second and Fifth Circuits, that a New York

certificate of disposition is admissible to determine the nature of a defendant’s

predicate conviction, but “is not conclusive.” See 

. A defendant

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may present evidence to rebut the certificate’s veracity or persuasiveness, and the

burden remains with the government to prove that an enhancement is applicable. 

See also 

(“However, the Certificate, is not

conclusive and may be rebutted. For example, where the defendant shows a likelihood

of human error in preparation of the Certificate, the court may decline to rely on it.”).

      Here, the district court properly considered the New York charging document,

the judgment, and the certificate of disposition when determining whether Mr. Arias-

Uceta’s prior narcotics conviction qualified as a drug trafficking conviction under §

2L1.2(b)(1)(B). Based on its review of these documents, the district court determined

it had sufficient evidence to determine that Mr. Arias-Uceta was convicted of §

2L1.2(b)(1)(B) a qualifying offense. This finding was not clearly erroneous.

                                           B

      Mr. Arias-Uceta next argues, relying on a Ninth Circuit case, that the district

court erred by not applying a clear and convincing evidence standard to determine

whether § 2L1.2(b)(1)(B) applied, because the enhancement had an “extremely

disproportionate effect on [his] sentence.” See United States v. Mezas de Jesus, 

, 642 (9th Cir. 2000). Although Mr. Arias-Uceta’s argument may be

supported by Mezas de Jesus, our binding precedent forecloses it. We have repeatedly

held that a preponderance of evidence standard is sufficient to establish the predicate

facts for a sentencing adjustment or enhancement. See United States v. Woodard, 459

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, 1088 n.9 (11th Cir. 2006); Unites States v. Rodriguez, 

, 1296

(11th Cir. 2005); United States v. Agis-Meza, 

, 1055 (11th Cir. 1996).

And we have specifically rejected the use of the clear and convincing evidence

standard. See United States v. Whitesell, 

, 1255 (11th Cir. 2002).



                                         III

      We affirm Mr. Arias-Uceta’s sentence.



      AFFIRMED.




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