Case: 14-15201   Date Filed: 06/11/2015   Page: 1 of 4


                                                        [DO NOT PUBLISH]



            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                      ________________________

                            No. 14-15201
                        Non-Argument Calendar
                      ________________________

                 D.C. Docket No. 1:13-cr-00287-CG-C-1



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                              Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                 versus

RUBYN GENE SMITH,

                                                         Defendant-Appellant.

                      ________________________

               Appeal from the United States District Court
                  for the Southern District of Alabama
                      ________________________

                             (June 11, 2015)

Before HULL, MARCUS and WILLIAM PRYOR, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
                 Case: 14-15201        Date Filed: 06/11/2015        Page: 2 of 4


       After pleading guilty, Rubyn Gene Smith appeals his concurrent 115-month

sentences imposed for robbery of a mail custodian, in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§ 2114(a), and illegal possession of mail matter pursuant to § 2114(b). On appeal,

Smith argues that, in calculating the advisory guidelines range, the district court

misapplied the dangerous-weapon increase to his offense level, pursuant to

U.S.S.G § 2B3.1(b)(2)(E). After review, we affirm. 1

       Under § 2B3.1, a robbery defendant’s offense level is increased by three

levels if he brandished or possessed a dangerous weapon in the course of the

robbery. U.S.S.G. § 2B3.1(b)(2)(E). The defendant need not have actually

possessed the dangerous weapon, however, in order to receive the increase, so long

as the defendant used an “object in a manner that created the impression that the

object was an instrument capable of inflicting death or serious bodily injury.” 

cmt. n.2(B).

       “[T]he critical factor for the application of § 2B3.1(b)(2)(E) is whether the

defendant intended the appearance of a dangerous weapon.” United States v.

Bates, 

, 1338 (11th Cir. 2000) (upholding application where the

defendant reached into his waistband, implying the presence of a weapon, and the

victim perceived the defendant to possess a gun). Therefore § 2B3.1(b)(2)(E)’s


       1
        We review the district court’s findings of fact for clear error and its application of the
guidelines to the facts de novo. United States v. Martikainen, 

, 1193 (11th Cir.
2011).
                                                      2
              Case: 14-15201     Date Filed: 06/11/2015    Page: 3 of 4


three-level increase is proper when a defendant uses “a concealed body part,” such

as a finger, “to cause the victim to believe that it is a dangerous weapon.” United

States v. Vincent, 

, 1455 (11th Cir. 1997).

      Here, the district court did not err in applying the three-level increase for

possession of a dangerous weapon. At the sentencing hearing, the victim, Jessica

Payne, a postal employee who was working the counter during Smith’s robbery,

testified that when Smith entered the post office, he had his right hand inside his

jacket pocket. Smith told Payne, “This is a robbery, give me what you got,” and

nudged his concealed hand towards her. While Smith gave Payne orders to give

him all of the money and then to give him money orders and the money order

machine, he continued to nudge his concealed hand at her. Payne testified that it

“looked like something was in there pointing at [her],” and she believed it was a

gun. Smith never removed his right hand from his pocket while he was in the post

office.

      Although Smith objects to the district court’s finding that he nudged his

hand towards Payne while his hand was inside his jacket, the district court did not

clearly err in crediting Payne’s testimony that he did so. Furthermore, based on

both Payne’s subjective perception that Smith was pointing a gun at her and the

objective circumstances of the robbery to which Payne testified, the district court

did not clearly err in finding that Smith intended the appearance of a dangerous


                                              3
              Case: 14-15201     Date Filed: 06/11/2015   Page: 4 of 4


weapon in his concealed hand. Therefore, the district court did not err in applying

§ 2B3.1(b)(2)(E)’s three-level increase to Smith’s offense level.

      AFFIRMED.




                                             4