Case: 15-12605   Date Filed: 10/07/2016   Page: 1 of 7


                                                        [DO NOT PUBLISH]



            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                      ________________________

                            No. 15-12605
                        Non-Argument Calendar
                      ________________________

                 D.C. Docket No. 1:14-cr-20017-KMW-7

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                            Plaintiff-Appellee,


                                  versus


CHRISTIAN RAMIREZ,
a.k.a. Joker,

                                                         Defendant-Appellant.

                      ________________________

               Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Southern District of Florida
                     ________________________

                            (October 7, 2016)

Before ED CARNES, Chief Judge, TJOFLAT, and WILLIAM PRYOR, Circuit
Judges.

PER CURIAM:
              Case: 15-12605     Date Filed: 10/07/2016   Page: 2 of 7


      Christian Ramirez pleaded guilty to conspiring to possess with intent to

distribute 28 grams or more of crack cocaine and detectable amounts of marijuana

and Methylenedioxymethcathinone (MDMC), in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846, and

was sentenced to 121 months imprisonment. He contends that his guilty plea was

not knowing and voluntary, that the government breached its plea agreement, and

that the sentence is substantively unreasonable.

                                         I.

      A second superseding indictment charged Ramirez with conspiracy to

possess with intent to distribute 280 grams or more of crack cocaine and detectable

amounts of marijuana and MDMC, substantive possession with intent to distribute

crack cocaine, and possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking

crime. Four months later, without a written plea agreement, he entered into a plea

deal with the government. Under the terms of the deal, the government dismissed

the second superseding indictment and filed a superseding information charging

Ramirez with a single offense: conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute 28

grams or more of crack cocaine and detectable amounts of marijuana and MDMC.

Ramirez agreed to and signed the government’s factual proffer, stipulating that he

distributed “over 28 grams” of crack cocaine and was “responsible [for] up to 840




                                         2
               Case: 15-12605       Date Filed: 10/07/2016     Page: 3 of 7


grams of cocaine base, based on the reasonably foreseeable actions of his co-

conspirators.” He pleaded guilty that same day.

       The presentence investigation report (PSR) calculated Ramirez’s guidelines

range as 121 to 151 months imprisonment, finding him responsible for 280 grams

or more of crack cocaine for sentencing purposes. Ramirez objected to that

finding, arguing that he should be responsible for only 28 to 112 grams. The

government opposed Ramirez’s objection, and the district court overruled it. If the

court had attributed 28 grams to Ramirez, instead of 280, it would have reduced his

base offense level by four levels.

                                             II.

       Ramirez contends that the district court plainly erred by finding that his

guilty plea was knowing and voluntary because he did not understand the

sentencing consequences of the plea. Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11

requires that the judge ascertain in open court that the defendant’s plea is knowing

and voluntary before accepting the plea. Because Ramirez did not raise a Rule 11

challenge or move to withdraw his guilty plea in district court, we review only for

plain error.

       “An appellate court may not correct an error the defendant failed to raise in

district court unless there is: (1) error, (2) that is plain, and (3) that affects


                                             3
               Case: 15-12605      Date Filed: 10/07/2016    Page: 4 of 7


substantial rights.” United States v. Rodriguez, 

, 1298 (11th Cir.

2005) (quoting United States v. Cotton, 

, 631, 

, 1785

(2002)). Even if all three of those conditions are met, we may consider a forfeited

error only if it “seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of

judicial proceedings.” 

535 U.S. at 

).

      Ramirez contends that he did not understand the consequences of his plea

because the district court never explained to him that he could be accountable for

the conduct of his co-conspirators. That is simply not true. During the plea

colloquy the court told him that the superseding information he was pleading guilty

to charged him with possession of 28 grams or more “as a result of [his] own

conduct, as well as the conduct of other co-conspirators or conspirators reasonably

foreseeable to the defendant.” And in the factual proffer Ramirez stipulated that he

was “responsible [for] up to 840 grams of cocaine base, based on the reasonably

foreseeable actions of his co-conspirators.” The district court did not err by

accepting Ramirez’s plea as knowing and voluntary.

                                           III.

      Ramirez also contends that the government breached its plea deal when it

opposed his objection to the PSR. Because he did not raise this issue in district

court, it too is reviewed only for plain error. 

.


                                            4
              Case: 15-12605     Date Filed: 10/07/2016   Page: 5 of 7


Ramirez asserts that the factual proffer submitted with his plea established that he

was responsible for only 28 grams of crack cocaine. He argues that the

government, by accepting that plea deal, was bound to support — or at least not

oppose — his objection to the PSR finding that he was responsible for 280 grams

or more. This argument fails because the factual proffer actually stipulated that

Ramirez was responsible for “over 28 grams” and “up to 840 grams, based on the

reasonably foreseeable actions of his co-conspirators.”

      Along the same lines, he asserts that he received no benefit from his bargain

because at sentencing the government argued that he was responsible for 280

grams of crack cocaine — the same amount charged in the second superseding

indictment. Not so. First of all, when the government dismissed that indictment

and charged him by information, his mandatory minimum sentence was lowered.

That is because the crime charged in the superseding information, conspiracy to

possess 28 grams or more of crack cocaine, has a mandatory minimum of only five

years, compared to a mandatory minimum of ten years for conspiracy to possess

280 grams or more. Second, by dismissing the second superseding indictment the

government dropped an 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) charge that carried the possibility of a

life sentence. Because the government’s actions complied with the plea deal and




                                          5
                Case: 15-12605        Date Filed: 10/07/2016       Page: 6 of 7


Ramirez did receive significant benefits from the deal, he has not shown that the

district court erred, plainly or otherwise. 1

                                               IV.

       Ramirez’s final contention is that his sentence is substantively unreasonable.

We review the substantive reasonableness of a sentence for abuse of discretion.

United States v. Irey, 

, 1188–89 (11th Cir. 2010) (en banc). We will

vacate a sentence as substantively unreasonable “if, but only if, we are left with the

definite and firm conviction that the district court committed a clear error of

judgment in weighing the [18 U.S.C.] § 3553(a) factors by arriving at a sentence

that lies outside the range of reasonable sentences dictated by the facts of the case.”

(quoting United States v. Pugh, 

, 1191 (11th Cir. 2008)).

       In determining Ramirez’s sentence, the court reasonably considered the

§ 3553(a) factors. The court noted that Ramirez had a history of violent crime,

including attempted murder, and firearms offenses. As part of the factual proffer,

Ramirez admitted to being a member of a violent drug-dealing gang. And even


       1
          Ramirez filed a Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 28(j) letter brief contending that
our recent decision in United States v. Hunter, — F.3d —, No. 15-12640, 

(11th Cir. Aug. 26, 2016), supports his claim that the government breached its plea deal.
Although we did hold in Hunter that the government breached its plea deal, that case is factually
distinct because the government had promised to request on specific grounds a two-level
reduction in the applicable sentencing guidelines range, and then at sentencing moved for an
upward variance instead. By contrast, the government here fulfilled its promises by dropping
two charges and reducing the mandatory minimum applicable to Ramirez.
                                                 6
                Case: 15-12605        Date Filed: 10/07/2016       Page: 7 of 7


though he took steps to become employed, selling crack cocaine remained his

principal occupation until his arrest. Ramirez asserts that it was unreasonable for

the district court to take into account the conduct of his co-conspirators when

determining his sentence. But Ramirez himself stipulated that he was responsible

for “over 28 grams” and “up to 840 grams of cocaine base, based on the reasonably

foreseeable actions of his co-conspirators.” It was not a clear error of judgment for

the district court to determine that 121 months imprisonment, which was at the

bottom of Ramirez’s guidelines range, was an appropriate sentence. The district

court did not abuse its discretion.2

       AFFIRMED.




       2
          Nearly five months after filing his reply brief, Ramirez requested leave to file a
supplemental brief. In this brief Ramirez would argue that he is entitled to a “mitigating role
adjustment” under Amendment 794 to the sentencing guidelines. A party abandons a claim if he
does not “plainly and prominently” raise it in his briefs. Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Ins. Co.,

, 680–81 (11th Cir. 2014) (quoting Cole v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 

, 530
(11th Cir. 2013)). Amendment 794 became effective in November 2015, well before Ramirez
filed his opening brief, and he made no mention of this argument in either his opening brief or
his reply brief. It is therefore abandoned and we will not consider it. Ramirez’s motion to file a
supplemental brief is DENIED.
                                                  7