PER CURIAM:
This action involves a single maritime negligence claim. Plaintiff Gracita Chang alleged that she slipped and fell on Defendant Carnival Corporation's cruise ship. More than a year after the incident, Plaintiff filed suit in federal court. Defendant moved for summary judgment based on the one-year limitation period for filing such suits set out in Plaintiff's cruise ticket. Plaintiff acknowledged that she missed this deadline, but argues that this limitation period should be extended based on the doctrine of equitable tolling. The district court rejected this argument and agreed with Defendant that Plaintiff had
For purposes of this appeal, the undisputed facts of this action are as follows. On December 9, 2012, while aboard Defendant's cruise ship, Plaintiff slipped and fell. Plaintiff's cruise ticket contains several restrictions governing Plaintiff's right to sue Defendant. Most importantly, the ticket contains a time limitation within which to file suit and a forum-selection clause. The time-limitation provision disallows a suit filed more than one year after the date of the injury. The forum-selection clause requires Plaintiff to file suit in federal court — and specifically in the Southern District of Florida — so long as there is subject matter jurisdiction in federal court over Plaintiff's claim. Only if subject matter jurisdiction is lacking in federal court may Plaintiff file suit in state court, and then suit can be filed only in a court located in Miami-Dade County, Florida.
Plaintiff retained a California attorney to litigate her slip-and-fall claim against Defendant. Aware of the impending litigation, Defendant twice informed Plaintiff's attorney (both on September 4, 2013, and on October 22, 2013) that it would not waive its rights under the forum-selection clause.
On January 28, 2014, Defendant moved to dismiss the state-court action, asserting Plaintiff's violation of the forum-selection clause. While this motion to dismiss was pending in state court, Plaintiff switched gears, and on March 4, 2014, before the state court resolved Defendant's motion, Plaintiff filed this parallel federal action. The federal action, however, was filed almost three months after the one-year limitations period had elapsed.
Defendant moved for summary judgment in federal court based on Plaintiff's failure to file suit within the time limitation set out on the cruise ticket. Plaintiff agreed that the one-year limitation binds her, but argued that, by filing the state court action within a year of her injury, the limitation period had been equitably tolled. The district court concluded that Plaintiff had failed to justify any equitable tolling and therefore had run afoul of the limitation period. The court entered summary judgment for Defendant. Plaintiff appeals that ruling.
Plaintiff agrees that the one-year limitation binds her and that more than a year elapsed between her injury and the filing of this action.
As to Plaintiff's effort to excuse her untimely filing by invoking equitable tolling, "[t]he Supreme Court has made clear that tolling is an extraordinary remedy which should be extended only sparingly." Justice v. United States, 6 F.3d 1474, 1479 (11th Cir. 1993). To be in a position to advance a tolling argument, due diligence is a necessary, though not sufficient, prerequisite that a plaintiff must satisfy. Id. Further, a late filing based on "garden-variety" negligence is not sufficient to warrant tolling. Id. at 1480. In addition, the interests of justice on which a tardy plaintiff relies do not support a plaintiff who has "not file[d] her action in a timely fashion despite knowing or being in a position reasonably to know that the limitations period is running." Id. at 1479. Finally, it is the plaintiff's burden to show that equitable tolling is warranted. Id.
Notwithstanding the above, we have on, at least one occasion, found equitable tolling where a plaintiff subject to a forum-selection clause filed a federal suit late, having earlier filed, in the wrong forum, a timely state court action. In Booth v. Carnival Corporation, 522 F.3d 1148 (11th Cir. 2008), a cruise passenger who was subject to the same forum selection clause present here timely filed his negligence action in state court (sixteen days prior to expiration of the limitations period) before later filing an action in the federal court dictated by the forum-selection clause; the federal action was filed past the one-year deadline. Id. at 1149-50.
The district court denied the defendant's motion to dismiss. Booth, 522 F.3d at 1149. We affirmed that court's ruling, finding applicable equitable tolling on the particular facts before us. Id. at 1150-53. In doing so, we focused on a combination of four factors. First, the "state court ... possessed subject matter jurisdiction concurrently with the federal courts." Id. at 1153. Second, "the state suit was dismissed solely on grounds of improper venue." Id. Third, the defendant was aware prior to
From all of the above, Booth concluded that the plaintiff had prosecuted his claim with the diligence necessary to warrant consideration of an equitable tolling claim and therefore the limitations period was properly tolled from the date on which he filed his state-court action. Id. at 1158. Although the parties seemingly agree that the first three factors identified above are present here, clearly the fourth factor is not. That is, prior to expiration of the limitations period, Defendant twice notified Plaintiff of its insistence that Plaintiff adhere to the forum-selection clause — that is, that Plaintiff file suit in the federal district court in the Southern District of Florida. Instead of complying with a provision of the contract that Defendant had explicitly and timely brought to Plaintiff's attention, Plaintiff instead chose to file her suit in the wrong forum. This was not the conduct of the plaintiff in Booth. And, unlike in Booth, Plaintiff here could have been under no misapprehension that Defendant would decline to hold her feet to the fire.
Specifically, before the district court, Defendant submitted an affidavit from its Senior Claims Representative, who averred (1) that "[o]n September 4, 2013, [he] drafted and mailed" the first communication to Plaintiff's California attorney and (2) that "[o]n October 22, 2013, [he] drafted, telefaxed and mailed" the second, similar communication to Plaintiff's California attorney. Defendant attached to the affidavit both communications, which clearly explain that Defendant would not waive its forum-selection defense. There is no evidence that the letters were not mailed to the proper address.
In response to the above evidence, Plaintiff provided nothing other than unsupported assertions suggesting the possibility that her California attorney might have failed to receive the communications or might have failed to advise Plaintiff or her Florida counsel of Defendant's warning. But such assertions are not evidence. Travaglio v. Am. Exp. Co., 735 F.3d 1266, 1270 (11th Cir. 2013) ("Statements by counsel in briefs are not evidence....").
Here, Plaintiff was specifically warned by Defendant that the latter intended to enforce the forum-selection clause, but Plaintiff chose to ignore that warning by filing suit in an incorrect forum, which decision directly led to the need to file suit late in the correct forum. If, on these facts, a plaintiff could circumvent the forum-selection clause, the forum-selection clause would lose much of its force, leading to the unnecessary expenditure of resources by courts and litigants. See Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc. v. Shute, 499 U.S. 585, 593-94, 111 S.Ct. 1522, 113 L.Ed.2d 622 (1991) ("[A] clause establishing ex ante the forum for dispute resolution has the salutary effect of dispelling any confusion about where suits arising from the contract must be brought and defended, sparing litigants the time and expense of pretrial motions to determine the correct forum and conserving judicial resources that otherwise would be devoted to deciding those motions.")
After having been warned by Defendant that it intended to enforce the forum-selection clause, Plaintiff nonetheless sued Defendant in the wrong forum. Plaintiff finally sued Defendant in the correct forum, but did so after expiration of the limitations period. We find that equitable tolling does not apply under these circumstances. Accordingly, we
706 F.2d at 1178 (citation omitted).