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                                                          [DO NOT PUBLISH]



             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                      ________________________

                             No. 16-17081
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                       ________________________

                   D.C. Docket No. 1:16-cv-20517-JAL

CYNTHIA DAVIS,
LESLIE MAYBERRY,
DIANE TUCKER,
ANA SANTA ANA,
CARMEL TAYLOR, et al.,

                                                         Plaintiffs - Appellants,

versus

VALSAMIS, INC.,

                                                          Defendant - Appellee.

                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Southern District of Florida
                      ________________________

                             (August 30, 2018)

Before WILSON, HULL, and JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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      In this maritime tort action, Plaintiffs, a group of more than 100 former co-

passengers on an ill-fated sailing of the cruise ship Carnival Triumph, appeal the

district court’s grant of Defendant Valsamis, Inc.’s motion for summary judgment.

The district court held that Plaintiffs’ failure to notify Defendant of their personal

injury claims within 185 days, as required by a notice provision in their ticket

contract, barred Plaintiffs’ claims that Defendant’s negligence caused a fire,

resulting in harm to Plaintiffs. After careful review, we affirm.

I.    BACKGROUND

      A.     Factual Background
             1.     The Ill-Fated Sailing of the Carnival Triumph

      On February 7, 2013, Plaintiffs embarked on a cruise aboard the Carnival

Triumph, a ship owned by Carnival Cruise Lines (“Carnival”). Carnival hired

Defendant to maintain the ship’s engines and generators.

      During Plaintiffs’ voyage, a fire in the ship’s engine room disabled the ship,

stranding its passengers and crew in the Gulf of Mexico. The fire caused a power

outage. The power outage prevented toilets, refrigerators, air conditioners, and

other electrical systems from working. The failure of those electrical systems

caused living conditions aboard the ship to deteriorate. The unsatisfactory living

conditions caused passengers discomfort and distress.




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             2.      The Carnival Ticket Contract

      Each Carnival Triumph passenger is bound by a Carnival ticket contract.

Carnival’s ticket contract contains provisions limiting passenger rights to assert

claims arising from injuries sustained as a Carnival guest. The ticket contract

alerts passengers of those restrictions on the first page in bold, capital letters:

      IMPORTANT NOTICE TO GUESTS THIS DOCUMENT IS A
      LEGALLY BINDING CONTRACT ISSUED BY CARNIVAL
      CRUISE LINES TO, AND ACCEPTED BY, GUEST SUBJECT
      TO THE IMPORTANT TERMS AND CONDITIONS
      APPEARING BELOW.
      NOTICE: THE ATTENTION OF GUESTS IS ESPECIALLY
      DIRECTED TO CLAUSES 1, 4 AND 10 THROUGH 13, WHICH
      CONTAIN IMPORTANT LIMITATIONS ON THE RIGHTS OF
      GUESTS TO ASSERT CLAIMS AGAINST CARNIVAL
      CRUISE LINES, THE VESSEL, THEIR AGENTS AND
      EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS, INCLUDING FORUM
      SELECTION, ARBITRATION AND WAIVER OF JURY
      TRIAL FOR CERTAIN CLAIMS.
One such limitation on the rights of guests to assert claims against Carnival is a

requirement to give timely notice of their personal injury claims. As stated in

Clause 12(a):

      Carnival shall not be liable for any claims whatsoever for personal
      injury, illness or death of the guest, unless full particulars in writing
      are given to Carnival within 185 days after the date of the injury,
      event illness or death giving rise to the claim. Suit to recover on any
      such claim shall not be maintainable unless filed within one year after
      the date of the injury, event, illness or death, and unless served on
      Carnival within 120 days after filing. Guest expressly waives all other
      potentially applicable state or federal limitations periods.


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       Clause 1(f) is a “Himalaya” Clause1 that extends Carnival’s rights, like the

185-day notice requirement of Clause 12(a), to certain other potential defendants:

       All rights, exemptions from liability, defenses and immunities of
       Carnival under this contract shall also inure to the benefit of
       Carnival’s facilities, whether at sea or ashore, servants, agents,
       managers, affiliated or related companies, suppliers, shipbuilders and
       manufacturers of component parts and independent contractors,
       including, but not limited to, shore excursion or tour operations, ship’s
       physician, ship’s nurse, retail shop personnel, health and beauty staff,
       fitness staff, video diary staff, and other concessionaires, who shall
       have no liability to the Guest, either in contract or in tort, which is
       greater than or different from that of Carnival.

       B.      Procedural History
       On July 24, 2013, within the 185-day notice period of Clause 12(a), 31

passengers notified Carnival of their personal injury claims arising from their

experience aboard the Carnival Triumph. None of the current Plaintiffs notified

Defendant of their claim at that time.

       Having failed to provide the required advance notice, Plaintiffs filed suit

against Defendant on February 9, 2014, nearly one year after their return to port

aboard the Carnival Triumph.2 Plaintiffs allege that Defendant: (1) negligently

maintained the ship’s engines and generators; and (2) negligently designed,


1
  Himalaya Clauses extend liability limitations to downstream parties and take their name from
an English case involving a steamship called Himalaya. Norfolk S. Ry. Co. v. Kirby, 

, 20 n.2 (2004).
2
  Plaintiffs filed suit in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas. The
court transferred the case to the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida
on Defendant’s motion to enforce the forum-selection clause in the ticket contract.
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manufactured and/or constructed insulation panels, fuel pipe covers, T-shaped

structures, and other apparatuses installed on the diesel generators to reduce the

temperature of existing hot spots on the ship’s engines. Plaintiffs claim that

Defendant’s negligence caused the fire which disabled the ship and left them

stranded at sea for days in undesirable conditions, causing them physical and

emotional injuries.

      Defendant moved for summary judgment, asserting that Clause 12(a) of the

ticket contract barred Plaintiffs’ claims because they failed to notify Defendant of

their claims within the required 185 days. The court found that Defendant

qualified as a “manufacturer of component parts” or an “independent contractor”

within the meaning of the Himalaya Clause and was, therefore, entitled to receive

notice of Plaintiffs’ claims as specified in Clause 12(a). The court further found

that: (1) Plaintiffs did not provide the required notice to Defendant; (2) notice to

Carnival was insufficient under Clause 12(a) as properly interpreted; and (3) 46

U.S.C. § 30508 did not excuse their failure to provide notice because Plaintiffs

produced no evidence that Defendant knew of their claims or was not prejudiced

by their failure to give notice within 185 days. The court granted summary

judgment for Defendant, holding that Plaintiffs’ claims are barred by Clause 12 of

the ticket contract.




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      Plaintiffs appeal, arguing that they satisfied their contractual obligations by

providing notice of their claims to Carnival and that 46 U.S.C. § 30508 excuses

any failure to provide sufficient notice.

II.   DISCUSSION
      A.     Standard of Review
      This Court reviews a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo,

applying the same legal standards as the district court. Chapman v. AI Transp.,

, 1023 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc). A grant of summary judgment is

appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material

fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(a). In making this determination, we view all evidence and make all reasonable

inferences in favor of the non-moving party. 

.

      “[C]ontract interpretation is generally a question of law.” Underwriters at

Lloyds Subscribing to Cover Note B0753PC1308275000 v. Expeditors Korea Ltd.,

, 1039 (11th Cir. 2018) (quoting Lawyers Title Ins. Corp. v. JDC

(Am.) Corp., 

, 1580 (11th Cir. 1995)). “The question of whether a

contract is ambiguous is a question of law that we review de novo.” 

Da Cunha v. Standard Fire Ins. Co./Aetna Flood Ins. Program, 

, 584–85 (11th Cir. 1997)).




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      B.     Federal Maritime Law: Rules of Contract Interpretation
      Plaintiffs’ ticket constitutes a maritime contract because its primary

objective is to accomplish the transportation of passengers by sea. Norfolk S. 

. “Drawn from state and federal sources, the general maritime law is

an amalgam of traditional common-law rules, modifications of those rules, and

newly created rules.” E. River S.S. Corp. v. Transamerica Delaval, Inc., 

, 864–65 (1986) (citations omitted). “When a contract is a maritime one, and

the dispute is not inherently local, federal law controls the contract interpretation.”

Norfolk S. 

–23; Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc. v. Shute, 

, 590 (1991) (enforceability of forum-selection clause in cruise ticket presented

a case in admiralty governed by federal law). “Specifically, our interpretation of

maritime contracts sounds in federal common law, so we look to the general

common law of contracts.” Internaves de Mexico s.a. de C.V. v. Andromeda

Steamship Corp., --F.3d--, --, 

, at *3 (11th Cir. Aug. 1, 2018).

      Maritime contracts “must be construed like any other contracts: by their

terms and consistent with the intent of the parties.” Norfolk S. Ry. 

. Under general principles of contract interpretation, “[t]he plain meaning of a

contract’s language governs its interpretation.” In re FFS Data, Inc., 

, 1305 (11th Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[A] document

should be read to give effect to all its provisions and to render them consistent with


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each other.” 

marks omitted) (citing Restatement (Second) of

Contracts § 203(a) (Am. Law. Inst. 1981)). “The elementary canon of

interpretation is, not that particular words may be isolatedly considered, but that

the whole contract must be brought into view and interpreted with reference to the

nature of the obligations between the parties, and the intention which they have

manifested in forming them.” O’Brien v. Miller, 

, 297 (1897). Thus,

courts look to “the contract as a whole to determine whether it unambiguously

states the parties’ intentions.” Sander v. Alexander Richardson Invs., 

, 716 (8th Cir. 2003); Feaz v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 

, 1104

(11th Cir. 2014) (“Traditional contract-interpretation principles make contract

interpretation a question of law, decided by reading the words of a contract in the

context of the entire contract and construing the contract to effectuate the parties’

intent.”). A contract provision is ambiguous if it “is susceptible to two or more

reasonable interpretations that can fairly be made.” Dahl-Eimers v. Mut. of Omaha

Life Ins. Co., 

, 1381 (11th Cir. 1993); Sompo Japan Ins. Co. of Am.

v. Norfolk S. Ry. Co., 

, 179 (2d Cir. 2014) (maritime contract is

ambiguous “where it is susceptible of two reasonable and practical

interpretations”) (internal quotation marks omitted). An ambiguous provision in a

maritime contract is interpreted against the drafter. Edward Leasing Corp. v. Uhlig

& Assoc. Inc., 

, 889 (11th Cir. 1986).


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      C.     The District Court Properly Granted Summary Judgment for
             Defendant
      Plaintiffs assert the district court erroneously granted summary judgment on

the legally flawed conclusion that the ticket contract entitled Defendant to receive

notice of Plaintiffs’ injuries within 185 days. This case warrants summary

judgment only if: (1) Defendant qualifies to exercise the protections afforded by

the Himalaya Clause; (2) Clause 12(a) requires Plaintiffs to provide notice of their

claims to Defendant, as opposed to Carnival; and (3) 46 U.S.C. § 30508 does not

excuse Plaintiffs’ failure to provide such notice to Defendant. We address each

issue in turn.

             1.       Defendant Qualifies to Exercise the Rights Conferred by the
                      Himalaya Clause
      The ticket contract permits Defendant to assert the right to notice under

Clause 12(a) only if the Himalaya Clause extends that right to Defendant. The

Himalaya Clause states that “[a]ll rights, exemptions from liability, defenses and

immunities of Carnival under this contract shall also inure to the benefit of

Carnival’s . . . suppliers, shipbuilders and manufacturers of component parts and

independent contractors.” Plaintiffs maintain that “Defendant was hired, retained

and otherwise authorized by Carnival to perform maintenance on the [Carnival

Triumph], in particular its engines and diesel generators, and equipment

appurtenant thereto.” Plaintiffs further contend that Defendant “designed,


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manufactured, and/or constructed insulation panels fuel pipe covers, T-shaped

structures and other apparatuses that the company installed on diesel generators

and in other places in order to reduce the temperature of existing hot spots on the

[ship’s] engines.” The services performed by Defendant indisputably make

Defendant a supplier, manufacturer of component parts, or an independent

contractor, as those terms are ordinarily defined.

      We find Plaintiffs’ argument that the Himalaya Clause is ambiguous because

it fails to define the term “independent contractor” unpersuasive. First, Defendant

qualifies to receive the rights conferred by the Himalaya Clause as a “supplier” or

“manufacturer of component parts” for the Carnival Triumph. Our holding is not

dependent on characterizing Defendant as an independent contractor.

      Second, unlike the bill of ladings in the cases cited by Plaintiffs, the ticket

contract here unambiguously defines the independent contractors receiving

extended rights—those contractors employed by Carnival. See La Salle Mach.

Tool, Inc. v. Maher Terminals, Inc., 

, 60 (4th Cir. 1979) (finding

provision of bill of lading extending liability limitation to independent contractor

“ambiguous because it does not indicate Whose agents and independent

contractors are meant” and holding terminal operator not covered by that provision

where terminal operator was “not clearly acting as an independent contractor of the

carrier”); Caterpillar Overseas, S.A. v. Farrell Lines, Inc., 

,


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2895 (E.D. Va. Apr. 28, 1988), aff’d sub nom., Caterpillar Overseas, S.A. v.

Marine Transp. Inc., 

(4th Cir. 1990) (relying on La Salle Machine

Tool and holding that Himalaya Clause extending ocean carrier’s liability

limitations to “all independent contractors” did not unambiguously apply to an

interstate trucking company not engaged in normal maritime operations). This is

not a case like those cited where defendant’s relationship to the contracting party

was tangential or uncertain or defendant was engaged in non-maritime activity that

one would not reasonably expect to be covered by the contract. Plaintiffs

acknowledge that “Defendant was hired, retained and otherwise authorized by

Carnival to perform maintenance on the [Carnival Triumph].” That Defendant is

an independent contractor of Carnival engaged in normal maritime activity

requires no speculation. Defendant is squarely within the reasonable scope of the

Himalaya Clause.

      Plaintiffs contend that the Himalaya Clause should be strictly construed to

exclude Defendant because “Carnival’s passenger ticket is plainly intended to

govern the carriage of passengers on holiday cruises and protect those providing

services to Carnival with respect [to] matters immediately affecting the cruise,” i.e.

ship personnel and shore excursion or tour operators. But the second paragraph in

the ticket contract boldly declares in all capital letters that the contract imposes

“IMPORTANT LIMITATIONS ON THE RIGHTS OF GUESTS TO


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ASSERT CLAIMS AGAINST CARNIVAL CRUISE LINES, THE VESSEL,

THEIR AGENTS AND EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS” (underline added).

That same bolded and capitalized paragraph specifically directs passengers to

Clause 1, containing the Himalaya Clause, and Clause 12, containing the notice

provision. The Himalaya Clause extends rights to suppliers, shipbuilders, and

manufacturers of component parts, as well as independent contractors. Thus, the

ticket contract expressly and conspicuously limits the liability of those not directly

providing services to passengers while on the cruise. See Estate of Myhra v. Royal

Caribbean Cruises, Ltd., 

, 1246 (11th Cir. 2012) (concluding that

the physical characteristics of the warning in ticket contract were sufficient to

reasonably communicate a forum-selection clause to passengers). Moreover, if

Plaintiffs’ allegations prove true, one can hardly imagine how Defendant’s conduct

did not “immediately affect[] the cruise,” the ambiguous standard Plaintiffs urge us

to adopt.

      We also reject Plaintiffs’ argument that extending notice rights to Defendant

“is poor public policy because it disrupts the uniformity of maritime law reflected

in the uniform three-year statute of limitations for maritime tort.” Section 30106

of Title 46 of the United States Code establishes a three-year statute of limitations

for bringing a civil action for damages for personal injury arising out of a maritime

tort. It does not prohibit parties from contractually shortening that limitations


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period. Instead, 46 U.S.C. § 30508 permits a shipowner to contractually require

notice of personal injury in as little as six months and to require an action be

brought in one year. 46 U.S.C. § 30508(b). The provisions at issue here comply

with the notice and filing limitations permitted by § 305083 and do not “contravene

an act of Congress” or “prejudice the characteristic features of maritime law.”

Whether these congressionally sanctioned limitations constitute “poor public

policy,” as Plaintiffs contend, is not for us to decide.

       The ticket contract here differs markedly from the contracts evaluated in

Plaintiffs’ cited district court cases declining to extend contractual liability

limitations to others. In Sharpe v. West Indian Company, Ltd., the district court

held that a clause purporting to extend a cruise line’s exclusions and limitations to

owners of shoreside properties was overbroad and ambiguous because it extended

to shoreline properties that have no connection to the cruise line. Sharpe v. W.

Indian Co., Ltd., 

, 653 (D.V.I. 2000). The Himalaya Clause

here, however, is expressly limited to “Carnival’s . . . independent contractors.”

Likewise, in Stotesbury v. Pirate Duck Adventure, LLC, the district court held that

a ticket contract did not reasonably communicate that suits against independent

contractors are subject to a one-year limitations period because the language


3
  Plaintiff concedes that “this statute allows a vessel transporting passengers . . . between ports
in the U.S. and a port in a foreign country to limit its liability through clauses such as used by
Carnival’s ticket.”
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extending the limitations period was buried in fine print in a section not

highlighted by the contract. Stotesbury v. Pirate Duck Adventure, LLC, No. 3:11-

CV-00018, 

, at *3 (D.V.I. June 25, 2013). The ticket contract

here alerts passengers to the specific provisions limiting independent contractor

liability in bolded capitalized letters in the second paragraph of the contract.

      Even when strictly construed, the ticket contract unambiguously extends the

rights afforded Carnival to Carnival’s suppliers, manufacturers, and independent

contractors, like Defendant, and reasonably communicates that fact to passengers.

In particular, the ticket contract entitles Defendant to the notice rights provided in

Clause 12(a).

             2.     The Notice Provision of the Ticket Contract Entitles Defendant
                    to Receive Notice of Plaintiffs’ Claims within 185 Days
      Having concluded that the Himalaya Clause extends the notice rights of

Clause 12(a) to Defendant, we now endeavor to discern what right the notice

provision actually confers: the right for the alleged offending party to receive

notice of claims, or the right to have Carnival notified of claims? Plaintiffs argue

that Clause 12(a) requires only that Carnival be notified of Plaintiffs’ claims, even

when Carnival is not accused of wrongdoing and is not a party to the suit. We

disagree.

      The application of general principles of contract interpretation yields the

conclusion that the ticket contract requires Plaintiffs to provide notice of their

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claims to the alleged offending party. The notice provision states: “Carnival shall

not be liable for any claims whatsoever for personal injury, illness or death of the

guest, unless full particulars in writing are given to Carnival within 185 days after

the date of the injury, event illness or death giving rise to the claim.” Clause 12(a)

grants Carnival the right to be notified of the full particulars of claims against them

within 185 days of the date of injury. The Himalaya Clause grants Defendant that

same right: “[a]ll rights, exemptions from liability, defenses and immunities of

Carnival under this contract shall also inure to the benefit of [Defendant].”

Viewing the contract as a whole, as we must, Clause 12(a) clearly expresses the

intent to bar suit unless notice of a claim is timely provided to the offending party.

Since the clause defines Carnival’s rights, the clause identifies Carnival as the

offending party. But when Carnival’s right is extended to others, the clear intent is

for that party to receive notice of the claim. The specific recitation in the

Himalaya Clause that Defendant shall have all of Carnival’s rights and shall not

have any liability different from that of Carnival renders unreasonable any

interpretation of the notice provision that holds Defendant liable without receiving

notice of Plaintiffs’ claims within the allotted time. 4



4
  We note that, even if we held that notice to Carnival complied with the ticket contract, the only
evidence cited by Plaintiff to establish notice to Carnival is a letter from Carnival acknowledging
receipt of a letter from counsel on behalf of 31 Carnival Triumph passengers. Plaintiffs
submitted no evidence of an attempt to notify Carnival of injuries sustained by any of the
remainder of the more than 100 Plaintiffs in this case, much less evidence demonstrating that
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       Plaintiffs’ argument that the right conferred by the notice provision of

Clause 12(a) is merely the right to have Carnival receive notice does not provide

Defendant “[a]ll rights” Carnival has under the contract, as required by the

Himalaya Clause. Plaintiffs’ construction results in a different right being afforded

Defendant (i.e. the right for a third-party to receive notice of claims) than that

possessed by Carnival (i.e. the right to actually receive notice of claims). Under

Plaintiffs’ construction, Defendant faces liability without receiving timely notice of

claims against it where Carnival would be exempt from liability absent receiving

notice. Plaintiffs’ construction does not give full effect to the Himalaya Clause,

which extends “all rights” of Carnival to Defendant and expressly states that

Defendant “shall have no liability to the Guest, either in contract or in tort, which

is greater than or different from that of Carnival.” “[A contract] should be read to

give effect to all its provisions and to render them consistent with each other.” In

re FFS Data, 

(quoting Mastrobuono v. Shearson Lehman

Hutton, Inc., 

, 63 (1995)). Accordingly, we find that the notice

provision unambiguously requires notice be provided to Defendant.

       That Clause 12(a) also bars liability for any suit “unless served on Carnival

within 120 days after filing” provides another indication that “Carnival” as used in

Clause 12(a) refers to the offending party. Reading that provision to require

each Plaintiff submitted the “full particulars” of their claims to Carnival. That said, for purposes
of this ruling, we assume that Carnival received notice that was compliant with the contract.

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service of a suit on Carnival when it is not a party to that suit is neither reasonable

nor sensible. See Golden Door Jewelry Creations, Inc. v. Lloyds Underwriters

Non-Marine Ass’n, 

, 1338 (11th Cir. 1997) (“[A]n interpretation

which gives a reasonable meaning to all provisions of a contract is preferred to one

which leaves a part useless or inexplicable.”) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Moreover, nothing in the ticket contract suggests that “Carnival” as used in the

notice provision should be read differently from “Carnival” as used in other parts

of Clause 12, and other provisions exempting Carnival from liability. The only

reasonable consistent interpretation is that “Carnival” in Clause 12(a) refers to the

offending party when the relevant liability limiting rights are being exercised by

those extended protection under the Himalaya Clause.

       Plaintiffs argue that Clause 12(a) of the ticket contract fails to reasonably

communicate that the 185-day pre-suit written notice provision must be given to

Defendant and not to Carnival. We are unpersuaded. As we see it, Clause 12(a)

clearly expresses the intent that notice of claims be provided to the offending party

and no reason exists to contravene the Himalaya Clause’s express grant of that

right to Defendant. 5 Norfolk S. Ry. 

–32 (citing Green v. Biddle,

, 89–90, 

(1823) (“[W]here the words of a . . . contract, have

5
  That Defendant’s “claims contact information is absent from the passenger ticket” does not
compel a different conclusion. The ticket contract does not contain “claims contact information”
for Carnival either. Moreover, such information is available through the exercise of ordinary
diligence, as Plaintiffs demonstrated in filing this action.
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a plain and obvious meaning, all construction, in hostility with such meaning, is

excluded”)).

      The only reasonable interpretation of the notice provision consistent with the

entirety of Clause 12(a), and the ticket contract as a whole, is that it requires notice

of claims be provided to those being sued. Any ambiguity caused by the reference

to “Carnival” when reading the notice provision of Clause 12(a) in isolation cannot

undermine the manifest intent to provide all of Carnival’s rights, exemptions from

liability, defenses and immunities, including the right to receive notice of claims,

to those extended protections by the Himalaya Clause. Internaves de Mexico s.a.

de C.V., --F.3d at --, 

, at *3.

               3.   Plaintiffs Failed to Demonstrate that 46 U.S.C. § 30508
                    Excuses Their Non-Compliance with the Notice Provision
      Plaintiffs argue that under § 30508(c) Defendant must prove prejudice from

lack of notice for the notice provision of the ticket contract to bar their claims.

Section 30508(c) states: “When notice of a claim for personal injury or death is

required by a contract, the failure to give the notice is not a bar to recovery if—(1)

the court finds that the owner, master, or agent of the vessel had knowledge of the

injury or death and the owner has not been prejudiced by the failure . . . .”

      Plaintiffs offered no evidence to prove that Defendant had knowledge of

their injuries. Defendant, however, submitted the Declaration of Dimitrios

Valsamis, Defendant’s President, stating that “[Defendant] had no knowledge of

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Plaintiffs’ alleged injuries/illnesses until Plaintiffs filed their Original Complaint

. . . on February 9, 2014.” Plaintiffs failed to rebut this declaration or otherwise

offer admissible evidence raising a genuine issue of material fact concerning

Defendant’s knowledge of Plaintiffs’ injuries. 6 Consequently, Plaintiffs’ failure to

comply with the notice requirement cannot be excused.7 See Shankles v. Costa

Armatori, S.P.A., 

, 867–68 (1st Cir. 1983) (declining to excuse

plaintiff’s failure to provide contractually required notice where plaintiff did not

controvert affidavit accompanying defendant’s motion for summary judgment,

which stated that defendant had never received notice of her claim for personal

injuries).



6
   Contrary to Plaintiffs’ argument, Defendant’s knowledge of Plaintiffs’ injuries via news
accounts of what Plaintiffs deem the “CARNIVAL TRIUMPH 2013 cruise debacle” is not an
adjudicative fact of which we can take judicial notice. Fed. R. Evid. 201. “Judicial notice is a
means by which adjudicative facts not seriously open to dispute are established as true without
the normal requirement of proof by evidence.” Dippin’ Dots, Inc. v. Frosty Bites Distribution,
LLC, 

, 1204 (11th Cir. 2004). What Defendant knew and when are not generally
known and cannot accurately and readily be determined from reliable sources. See United States
v. Jones, 

, 1553 (11th Cir. 1994) (stating that judicial notice is appropriate if the fact
is “one that only an unreasonable person would insist on disputing” and declining to take judicial
notice that a defendant “refused to come to work.”) Moreover, Plaintiffs submitted no evidence
of the “widely known and exhaustive” news coverage that would permit us to authoritatively
conclude that such coverage existed, much less that Defendant indisputably received knowledge
of these particular Plaintiffs’ injuries through the news.
7
  Plaintiffs’ argument that notice to Carnival is sufficient under § 30508(c) fails for the reasons
already expressed in rejecting this same argument in connection with the notice provision.
Defendant is entitled to the same rights as Carnival and Plaintiffs failure to provide notice of
their injuries to Defendant may be excused under § 30508 only if Defendant had knowledge of
their injuries and was not prejudiced from the lack of notice. Applying 46 U.S.C. § 30508 in the
manner suggested by Plaintiffs would result in the illogical evaluation of whether a party not
being sued was prejudiced by Plaintiffs’ failure to notify them of injuries caused by another.
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III.     CONCLUSION
         For the reasons explained above, we AFFIRM the decision of the district

court.




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