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                                                                     [PUBLISH]



              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                       ________________________

                             No. 19-12088
                       ________________________

                   D.C. Docket No. 5:18-cv-00449-TES



In re: PAUL L. CUMBESS,


                                                                        Debtor.

__________________________________________________________________

MICROF LLC,

                                                          Plaintiff - Appellant,

                                 versus

PAUL L. CUMBESS,
CAMILLE HOPE,

                                                       Defendants - Appellees.

                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Middle District of Georgia
                      ________________________

                              (June 3, 2020)
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Before MARTIN, NEWSOM and JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judges.

NEWSOM, Circuit Judge:

      Stripped to its bare essence, this bankruptcy appeal presents the question

whether the word “trustee” means “trustee.” We hold that it does.

                                         I

      In June 2015, Paul Cumbess began leasing an HVAC unit from Microf LLC

for use at his residence. Somewhere during the ensuing two years, however,

Cumbess found himself unable to meet all of his financial obligations—including

the lease payments he owed to Microf—and in August 2017, he filed a Chapter 13

bankruptcy petition in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Middle District of

Georgia. Cumbess’s Chapter 13 reorganization plan stated that his “pre-petition

arrears” on the Microf lease—i.e., the money he already owed on it—would be

“disbursed by the [Chapter 13] trustee pro rata.” (If you’re already confused, don’t

worry, a Chapter 13 primer is just around the corner.) Importantly, Cumbess’s

plan also provided (1) that “[t]he lease to Microf is assumed”—which, as we’ll

explain, is just a fancy way of saying that Cumbess intended to continue to perform

his obligations under the lease—and (2) that Cumbess would “be the disbursing

agent” on the Microf lease going forward—which, effectively, meant that Cumbess

intended to handle the future lease payments himself. Also importantly,

however—and for reasons that will become clear it’s a big “however”—the



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Chapter 13 trustee assigned to Cumbess’s case did not separately “assume” the

Microf lease before the bankruptcy court confirmed Cumbess’s plan.

      Following his plan’s confirmation, Cumbess consistently failed to make the

required monthly payments on his Microf lease, and by July 2018, he owed Microf

$1,763.95. Microf turned to the bankruptcy court for help, asking it to deem the

missed payments “necessary costs and expenses of preserving the estate,” and thus

“administrative expenses” within the meaning of 11 U.S.C. § 503(b)(1)(A), and to

authorize that they be paid with second priority under 11 U.S.C. § 507(a)(2).

(Again, we’ll explain this in due course, but essentially Microf asked to have its

claim bumped up the creditor food chain). The Chapter 13 trustee opposed

Microf’s motion on the ground that the missed lease payments weren’t “necessary

costs and expenses of preserving the estate”—and therefore couldn’t be considered

administrative expenses within the meaning of § 503(b)(1)(A).

      After conducting a hearing on the issue, the bankruptcy court denied

Microf’s motion. The court first held, contrary to Microf’s assertion, that an

administrative claim “d[id] not arise automatically from [Cumbess’s] default” on

the Microf lease. Central to the bankruptcy court’s decision in that respect was 11

U.S.C. § 365(p)(1), which states that “[i]f a lease of personal property is rejected or

not timely assumed by the trustee . . . the leased property is no longer property of

the estate.” Because the Chapter 13 trustee had not assumed the Microf lease, the



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court reasoned, the lease was “exclu[ded] from the bankruptcy estate” by dint of §

365(p)(1). Accordingly, the bankruptcy court held, Microf was not automatically

entitled to an administrative-expense claim because there was “no reason to

presume a benefit to the estate by a debtor’s assumption of a lease of property

explicitly determined not to be property of the estate.” Second, and separately, the

bankruptcy court held that, even setting aside the lease’s exclusion from the estate,

Microf hadn’t met its burden of proving that the lease payments were “actual,

necessary costs and expenses of preserving the estate” and thus “administrative

expenses” within the meaning of § 503(b)(1)(A). In particular, the court stated that

although Cumbess admitted that he had personally benefitted from the ongoing use

of the HVAC unit, there was no evidence that the equipment provided “an actual,

concrete benefit” to the estate. The bankruptcy court thus denied Microf’s claim,

and Microf appealed to the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Georgia.

      The district court affirmed. Like the bankruptcy court, the district court

relied principally on the plain language of 11 U.S.C. § 365(p)(1). The district

court held that “the only reasonable interpretation” of § 365(p)(1) is that it “vests

the trustee—not the debtor—with the sole power to obligate the bankruptcy estate

on an unexpired lease in chapter 13 cases.” Thus, the district court held that

because it is “undisputed in this case the [t]rustee did not timely assume

[Cumbess’s] HVAC lease with Microf,” the HVAC unit was “excluded from the



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bankruptcy estate on the day [Cumbess’s] plan was confirmed by the bankruptcy

court.” Finding that Microf’s administrative-expense claim “depend[ed] solely

upon a finding that the HVAC unit did not exit the estate,” the district court

rejected it.

       Microf then appealed to this Court.

                                           II

                                           A

       Before we dive into the details of this case, a bit of Chapter 13 background

is in order. First, let’s talk mechanics. A Chapter 13 bankruptcy—sometimes

called a “wage earners plan”—enables a debtor with a regular income to repay all

or part of his debts, typically over a three- to five-year period. After the debtor

initiates a Chapter 13 case by filing a petition, he must then—within 14 days—file

a proposed plan of reorganization, which provides that he will make certain fixed

payments over time. The bankruptcy court then determines whether the proposed

plan conforms to the Bankruptcy Code. If it does, the court confirms the plan,

which then becomes binding on the debtor, the creditors, and the Chapter 13

trustee, whose job it is to assist with the plan’s administration. In a Chapter 13

proceeding, the bankruptcy estate—the pool of property from which the debtor’s

creditors are paid—comprises all of the debtor’s legal and equitable interests in

property at the time of the filing of the case, as well as those that he acquires after



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the filing. See 11 U.S.C. §§ 541, 1306(a). Unlike in a Chapter 7 “liquidation”

proceeding, however, a Chapter 13 debtor can maintain possession of some or all

of his assets throughout the bankruptcy; the debtor’s plan payments (and thus the

payments to his creditors) typically come from his future earnings.

      Generally speaking, there are two types of claims in a Chapter 13 case:

secured and unsecured. Importantly for our purposes, the Bankruptcy Code treats

different kinds of unsecured claims, well, differently. A typical unsecured claim—

also called a “general unsecured claim”—needn’t be paid in full. The Code

requires only that creditors holding general unsecured claims receive what they

would under a Chapter 7 liquidation. 11 U.S.C. § 1325(a)(4). The Code also

provides, though, that some unsecured claims are entitled to “priority,” such that

they have to be paid in full unless the creditor agrees otherwise. 11 U.S.C.

§ 1322(a)(2). Examples of claims entitled to priority include domestic-support

obligations, certain taxes, and—as particularly relevant here—“administrative

expenses” associated with the proceeding, including the “actual, necessary costs

and expenses of preserving the estate.” 11 U.S.C. §§ 503(b)(1)(A), 507.

      Now, the players. First, of course, there’s the debtor—he initiates the

Chapter 13 proceeding, proposes the reorganization plan, and (if all goes well)

makes payments in accordance with it. Within the Chapter 13 process, the debtor’s

objective is to “obtain court approval . . . of a plan that provides for the payment of



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as little as possible to creditors and to emerge at the end of the process with as

much property and as little debt as possible.” Hon. W. Homer Drake, Jr., et al.,

Chapter 13 Practice and Procedure § 1:1 (2019). Then, there are the creditors—the

people or entities who have claims against the debtor. Predictably, the creditors’

incentives run counter to the debtor’s: Their aim is to “maximize their recoveries

by having the debtor pay as much as possible.”

the trustee,

who is appointed by the bankruptcy court after the debtor files a Chapter 13

petition to assist with the case’s administration. The Chapter 13 trustee is a

“representative of the bankruptcy estate,”

17:1, and her “primary purpose . .

. is . . . to serve the interests of all the creditors,” Hope v. Acorn Fin., Inc., 

, 1193 (11th Cir. 2013). Although a Chapter 13 trustee has many statutory

rights and responsibilities, see 11 U.S.C. § 1302(b), she plays a particularly

important role in connection with the debtor’s plan: She must appear and be heard

at any hearing regarding plan confirmation or modification, advise and assist the

debtor in his performance under the plan, ensure that the debtor makes timely

payments under the plan, and disburse those payments to creditors in accordance

with the plan. See Hon. W. Homer Drake, Jr., et 

, at § 17:3.

       There’s one last piece of introductory ground we need to cover: executory

contracts. At the time a debtor files a Chapter 13 petition, he may be subject to the

ongoing benefits and burdens of an unexpired executory contract—such as, in this



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case, a lease. When this happens, the debtor has three choices going forward: he

can “assume” the contract (i.e., commit to performing its obligations), “reject” the

contract (i.e., commit to breaching its obligations), or “assign” the contract (i.e.,

provide that a third party will perform its obligations). 11 U.S.C. § 1322(b). Less

clear, however—and the issue at the center of this appeal—is the effect that the

debtor’s assumption-rejection-assignment election has on the bankruptcy estate

and whether, for instance, the debtor’s decision to assume a lease obligates the

bankruptcy estate independent of any action by the Chapter 13 trustee.

                                           B

      With the benefit of that background, we’re ready to confront the issue

presented in this appeal. Microf, again, contends that it is entitled to an

administrative-expense claim on Cumbess’s unpaid post-petition lease payments.

Essentially, Microf wants to re-classify the missed payments from the general

unsecured-debt category to the administrative-expense category, and thereby gain

the benefits of the priority provided by 11 U.S.C. § 507.

      Under 11 U.S.C. § 503(b)(1)(A), administrative expenses include the

“actual, necessary costs and expenses of preserving the estate.” Microf argues that

when Cumbess “assumed” the HVAC lease in his Chapter 13 plan, he did so on

behalf of the estate—such that the lease remained property of the estate after his

Chapter 13 plan was confirmed. And, Microf contends, because the lease



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remained part of the estate, the post-petition lease payments are automatically

“actual, necessary costs and expenses of preserving the estate” within the meaning

of § 503(b)(1)(A). The bankruptcy court and the district court both disagreed,

finding it dispositive that because the trustee never “assumed” the lease in

accordance with 11 U.S.C. § 365(p)(1), the Microf lease dropped out of the estate

upon confirmation of Cumbess’s Chapter 13 plan. 1

                                            * * *

       To assess the lower courts’ decisions—and in particular their reliance on

§ 365(p)(1)—we need to back up just a bit. Under 11 U.S.C. § 1322(b)(7), a

Chapter 13 debtor’s repayment plan “may . . . subject to section 365 . . . provide

for the assumption, rejection, or assignment of any executory contract or unexpired

lease of the debtor not previously rejected under such section.” Section 1322(b)(7)

tells us little more than what we already know: that the debtor can assume an

unexpired lease—“subject,” anyway, to § 365. The real question here is whether

by assuming the lease as part of his Chapter 13 plan, the debtor can—

singlehandedly and, in particular, without any action by the trustee—obligate the

bankruptcy estate. Section 1322(b)(7) doesn’t answer that question. What, then,

about the provision to which § 1322(b)(7) points, § 365?


1
 “[W]e examine the bankruptcy court’s order independently of the district court.” In re Int’l
Pharm. & Disc. II, Inc., 

, 770 (11th Cir. 2005). In doing so, we review the
bankruptcy court’s legal conclusions de novo and its factual findings for clear error.

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      Section 365’s very first subsection demonstrates that the trustee plays an

important role in the assumption of unexpired leases: it states that “the trustee,

subject to the court’s approval, may assume or reject any executory contract or

unexpired lease of the debtor.” 11 U.S.C. § 365(a). And a provision that follows

shortly thereafter, § 365(d)(2) likewise explains that—

      In a case under [Chapter 13] the trustee may assume or reject an
      executory contract or unexpired lease of residential real property or of
      personal property of the debtor at any time before the confirmation of
      a plan but the court, on the request of any party to such contract or
      lease, may order the trustee to determine within a specified period of
      time whether to assume or reject such contract or lease.

So under § 1322(b)(7), the debtor can “provide for the assumption” of a lease in

his proposed Chapter 13 plan—again, at least “subject to” § 365. And under

§ 365(a) and (d)(2), the trustee can “assume” a lease as well.

      So much for the “who”—both the debtor and the trustee have authority to

assume an unexpired lease. Now for the “to what effect.” Enter § 365(p)(1),

which speaks directly—and we think conclusively—to the question that we face in

this appeal. In relevant part, that provision states that “[i]f a lease of personal

property is rejected or not timely assumed by the trustee . . . the leased property is

no longer property of the estate.”

365(p)(1). Section 365(p)(1)’s plain

language answers the question that we are principally tasked with deciding: Where

(as here) the trustee does not assume an unexpired lease, it drops out of the estate.

      Done and done.

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      Not so fast, says Microf. To combat § 365(p)’s seemingly unambiguous

text, Microf raises three arguments. In the end, though, none of them warrants

ignoring what the Bankruptcy Code so clearly says.

                                          1

      Microf initially argues that “within the context of § 365,” the term “trustee”

should be (and has been) understood “to refer to the Chapter 13 debtor and plan.”

Br. of Appellant at 13. In other words—and as Microf explicitly stated at oral

argument—“trustee,” at least in these circumstances, doesn’t mean “trustee” at

all—it means “debtor.” Oral Argument at 6:40–6:50. We reject Microf’s

countertextual position for several reasons.

      First, and most obviously, accepting Microf’s argument would require us to

excise the word that Congress used—“trustee”—and replace it with an altogether

different word—“debtor.” That, it should go without saying, we cannot do. See

Dean v. United States, 

, 572 (2009) (“[W]e ordinarily resist reading

words or elements into a statute that do not appear on its face.” (quotation

omitted)); see also Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law: The

Interpretation of Legal Texts 93–94 (2012) (stating that the “judicial power”

should not be used “to supply words . . . that have been omitted”).

      Second, and relatedly, the term that § 365(p)(1) uses—“trustee”—and the

term that it omits—“debtor”—are well understood in bankruptcy law, and they are



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well understood to refer to different people (or entities, as the case may be). As we

have explained, the trustee and the debtor are two of the central players in a

Chapter 13 case, and they each have their own unique roles, interests, and

responsibilities. Accordingly, it seems to us exceedingly unlikely that Congress

would have used the term “trustee” in § 365(p)(1) to mean “debtor.” And that is

all the more true given that eleven of § 365’s sixteen subsections use the terms

simultaneously—and thus clearly to refer to different people (or again, entities).

See, e.g., 11 U.S.C. § 365(a)–(f), (h)–(i), (n)–(p).2

       Third, other provisions of the Bankruptcy Code confirm that reading

“trustee” to mean “debtor” in § 365(p)(1) wouldn’t make sense. Under the whole-

text canon, courts should “‘consider the entire text [of a statute], in view of its

structure and of the physical and logical relation of its many parts,’ when

interpreting any particular part of the text.” Regions Bank v. Legal Outsource PA,

, 1192 (11th Cir. 2019) (quoting Scalia & 

).

This means that, “typically . . . only one of the possible meanings that a word or

phrase can bear is compatible with use of the same word or phrase elsewhere in the

statute.”

& 

). Tellingly, Microf hasn’t

pointed to any provision of the Bankruptcy Code outside § 365 in which it claims



2
  The surest proof, it seems to us, that two people are not the same is that they’ve been seen in
the same room(s) together.


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Congress used the word “trustee” to mean “debtor,” or vice versa. Microf appears

to concede, therefore, that elsewhere in the statute those words mean exactly what

they say—a concession that substantially undermines its argument that “trustee”

bears some idiosyncratic, sui generis meaning in § 365(p)(1). Cf. Hall v. United

States, 

, 519 (2012) (“At bottom, identical words and phrases within

the same statute should normally be given the same meaning.” (quotation

omitted)).

      Finally, a capper: 11 U.S.C. § 1303 provides that “the debtor shall have,

exclusive of the trustee, the powers of a trustee under sections 363(b), 363(d),

363(e), 363(f), and 363(l), of this title.” This provision of the Bankruptcy Code is

doubly devastating to Microf’s position. For one thing, it shows (once again) that

Congress appreciates the important distinction between the “trustee” and the

“debtor”—and that it doesn’t use one of those terms to signify the other. And

second, it makes clear that there are a few specific provisions in which Congress

intended the debtor to have powers assigned to the trustee—and, significantly, that

§ 365(p)(1) is not one of them. Expresio unius est exclusio alterius. See Barnhart

v. Peabody Coal Co., 

, 168 (2003) (holding that, “when the items

expressed are members of an associated group or series,” the expresio unius canon




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“justif[ies] the inference that items not mentioned were excluded by choice, not

inadvertence” (quotation omitted)). 3

       To summarize, then, as a matter of interpretation, there is simply no way

around the fact that when § 365(p)(1) refers to the “trustee,” it means the trustee—

and, accordingly, that if the trustee does not assume an unexpired lease, it drops

out of the debtor’s bankruptcy estate.

                                                2

       Even so, Microf contends that interpreting the word “trustee” in § 365(p)(1)

to mean “trustee” will “actively thwart” Congress’s intent. Br. of Appellant at 15.

For support, Microf points to 11 U.S.C. § 365(p)(3), which states that “in a case

under chapter 13, if the debtor is the lessee with respect to personal property and

the lease is not assumed in the plan confirmed by the court, the lease is deemed

rejected as of the conclusion of the hearing on confirmation.” From that, Microf

argues that the inverse “logically follows”—i.e., that “if the lease is assumed in the

confirmed plan, the lease is not rejected and the stay is not automatically

terminated.” Br. of Appellant at 16 (emphasis added). In other words, so long as


3
  Citing to cases like In re Michalek, 

(Bankr. E.D. Wis. 2008), Microf argues that
“the same principles of liability for assumed lease defaults [should be] applied in Chapter 13 as
in Chapter 11.” Br. of Appellant at 12 n.33. We disagree. Section 1303—which addresses the
“[r]ights and powers of [the] debtor” in a Chapter 13 case—is subtly, but importantly, different
from § 1107(a)—which addresses the “rights . . . of a debtor in possession” in a Chapter 11 case.
Under § 1107, Chapter 11 debtors are generally given “all the rights . . . of [the Chapter 11]
trustee,” subject to only a few exceptions. As explained in text, § 1303 is stingier: It gives the
Chapter 13 debtor the trustee’s authority only in a few, carefully delineated instances.


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the lease is assumed in the plan, it remains part of the estate. We disagree for at

least three reasons.

       First, and most fundamentally, to the extent that Microf asserts that an

unarticulated “inten[t]” can prevail over a statute’s enacted text, it is just wrong.

Following the Supreme Court, we have consistently held that the enacted text is the

best (and often the only relevant) indication of legislative intent. See, e.g., Shotz v.

Am. Airlines, Inc., 

, 1336 (11th Cir. 2005) (“[U]pon ‘find[ing] the

terms of a statute unambiguous, judicial inquiry is complete.’” (quoting Burlington

N. R.R. Co. v. Oklahoma Tax Comm’n, 

, 461 (1987))); see also Conn.

Nat’l Bank v. Germain, 

, 253–54 (1992) (“[C]ourts must presume that

a legislature says in a statute what it means and means in a statute what it says

there.”).

       Second, and in any event, Microf’s logic is faulty. Not only does Microf’s

conclusion not “logically follow” from the text of § 365(p)(3), there’s actually a

name for the logical trap-door through which Microf has fallen—it’s called the

fallacy of “denying the antecedent,” and it refers to “the incorrect assumption that

if P implies Q then not-P implies not-Q,” NLRB v. Noel Canning, 

,

589 (2014) (Scalia, J., concurring). Section 365(p)(3) simply states that, in the

event a lease is not assumed in the debtor’s plan, the lease is deemed rejected.

Contrary to Microf’s assertion, the provision says nothing—one way or the other—



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about what happens in the event that the debtor does assume the lease in his plan.

Assumption in the plan, therefore, is a necessary condition to the lease remaining

in the estate, but it is not alone sufficient.

       Finally, a closer look at § 365(p)(3)—and its relation to § 365(p)(1)—

confirms that even aside from its atextualism, Microf’s trustee-doesn’t-mean-

trustee interpretation of § 365(p)(1) can’t be right. According to Microf,

§ 365(p)(1) says that if the debtor (remember, Microf insists that “trustee” means

the debtor) doesn’t timely assume the lease, the lease is deemed rejected; and then

§ 365(p)(3) just goes on to repeat the exact same thing—that if the debtor doesn’t

timely assume the lease, the lease is rejected. We decline to accept such a

strained—and needlessly repetitive—interpretation. See In re Shek, 

,

778 (11th Cir. 2020) (“Th[e] surplusage canon obliges us, whenever possible, to

disfavor an interpretation when that interpretation would render a ‘clause,

sentence, or word . . . superfluous, void, or insignificant.’” (quoting TRW Inc. v.

Andrews, 

, 31 (2001)). It makes much more sense—and gives meaning

to each of the words that Congress used—to interpret § 365(p)(1) as addressing the

trustee’s (as in the trustee’s) authority to assume a lease on behalf of the estate and

§ 365(p)(3) as addressing the debtor’s ability to assume the lease on behalf of




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himself.4 See In re Ruiz, 

at *3 n.5 (Bankr. S.D. Fla., Feb. 15,

2012) (“[T]he only logical interpretation of section 365(p)(1) and section 365(p)(3)

is that the chapter 13 debtor has a right to assume an executory contract separate

from the estate’s rights and obligations—similar to reaffirmation in chapter 7.”).

                                              3

       Lastly, Microf argues consequences—in particular, it says that interpreting

“trustee” to mean “trustee” in § 365(p) will create a “seismic shift” in bankruptcy

law. Br. of Appellant at 9. Relying on the principle that courts “will not read the

Bankruptcy Code to erode past bankruptcy practice absent a clear indication that

Congress intended such a departure,” Cohen v. De La Cruz, 

, 221

(1998) (quotation omitted), Microf argues that if Congress had intended

§ 365(p)(1) to depart from what it calls the “decades of Chapter 13 practice and

case law” permitting debtors to obligate the estate through their assumption of an

unexpired lease, it would have done so more explicitly. Br. of Appellant at 7. In

the same vein, Microf also asserts that a plain-text interpretation will “wreak




4
  Microf opposes this reading by pointing to § 365(p)(2)—which provides for personal lease
assumption on behalf of a debtor in a Chapter 7 case—and arguing that if Congress had meant to
provide for personal lease assumption in Chapter 13 cases, it would have done so through
language similar to that found in § 365(p)(2). Again, we disagree. Unlike a Chapter 13
bankruptcy, a Chapter 7 bankruptcy doesn’t involve a bankruptcy plan. So if Congress wanted
(as we think it did) to allow a Chapter 13 debtor to personally assume a lease through his
bankruptcy plan, it would make sense (as we think it does) for the Chapter 13 personal-lease-
assumption provision’s phrasing to diverge from § 365(p)(2)’s.


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procedural havoc” in Chapter 13 cases. Br. of Appellant at 17. Again, we are

unconvinced.

       First off, we reject Microf’s baseline premise that reading § 365(p)(1) in

accordance with its plain language effects a “fundamental change” in Chapter 13

practice. Br. of Appellant at 29. Based on our review, few federal courts—and no

courts of appeals—have been asked to interpret § 365(p)(1) directly. 5 And the

scant precedent Microf cites in support of its interpretation of § 365(p)(1) is hardly

definitive: The decisions on which it relies aren’t directly applicable, don’t bind us,

and contravene other (equally non-binding) caselaw 6—hardly the stuff of which

well-established bankruptcy practice is made. To be fair, as Microf points out,

some commentators appear to agree with its contention that a Chapter 13 debtor


5
  As Microf notes, a number of courts have tackled the big-picture question we face here—
whether a debtor can obligate the estate through the Chapter 13 plan alone—without considering
the effect of § 365(p)(1). We think that Microf is wrong, however, to suggest (Br. of Appellant
at 22) that those courts’ decisions can be characterized as “consistent[].” Compare, e.g., In re
Parmenter, 

, 610 (6th Cir. 2008) (“Whereas a Chapter 11 debtor-in-possession acts
on behalf of the estate when it assumes a lease and thus creates a legal obligation on the estate, a
Chapter 13 debtor who assumes and pays for a lease outside of the plan does not.” (citation
omitted)), with, e.g., In re Wells, 

, 561 (Bankr. S.D. Ohio 2007) (“Even if a
[Chapter 13] plan requires a debtor to make direct payments to a lessor outside the plan, the
assumption of the lease obligates the estate as a guarantor.”).
6
  Microf cites In re Jack, 

, 629–30 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 2017), and In re Johnson, 

, 503 (Bankr. S.D. Ga. 1996), both of which suggest that a Chapter 13 debtor can satisfy
the requirements of § 365(d)—which, like the text of § 365(p)(1) appears to apply only to the
“trustee.” Compare those cases, however—which, because they don’t interpret § 365(p)(1),
provide only indirect support for Microf’s interpretation—with In re Ruiz, 

at
*3 (Bankr. S.D. Fla. Feb. 15, 2012), which rejects Microf’s § 365(p)(1) interpretation head-on.
See

. . . clearly distinguishes between assumption by the trustee on behalf of
the estate and assumption by the debtor. In this case, since the chapter 13 trustee did not assume
the . . . [l]ease, it ceased to be property of the estate under section 365(p)(1).”).


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has the power, on his own, to assume a lease on behalf of the bankruptcy estate.

See, e.g., Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 1322.11 (Richard Levin & Henry J. Sommer

eds., 16th ed. 2020) (“Ordinarily, the chapter 13 debtor exercises the estate’s

power to assume or reject a lease through a provision in the chapter 13 plan, which

only a debtor may file.”). Others, though, recognize the interpretation that we

adopt here. See Chapter 13 Practice and 

, at § 6:10 (stating that

under one view of § 365, even “[i]f a Chapter 13 debtor assumes a lease . . . it is no

longer property of the estate” as long as “the trustee has not assumed it”). At the

very least, most commentators agree that the issue—As between the debtor and the

trustee, who has the authority to obligate the bankruptcy estate by assuming a

lease?—is unresolved. See 7 Norton Bankruptcy Law & Practice (3d ed.) § 149:12

(stating that, when it comes to lease assumption, the roles played by the debtor and

the trustee are “still somewhat confused” and that “[i]t is not clear whether

Congress intended both the Chapter 13 trustee and the Chapter 13 debtor to

independently possess the assumption, rejection, or assignment powers described

in Code § 365.”). We are confident, therefore, that bankruptcy law and practice—

at least insofar as debtors, trustees, and lease assumption are concerned—are far

less settled than Microf claims and, accordingly, that the clear-statement-like

canon that it invokes is irrelevant.




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      We hasten to add, though, that even if Microf were right about the state of

the law—and that, prior to § 365(p)’s enactment in 2005, courts had consistently

held that the debtor has the independent power to assume an unexpired lease on

behalf of the bankruptcy estate—it wouldn’t change our decision. It’s certainly

true that courts are reticent to disrupt the established bankruptcy landscape without

clear evidence of congressional intent to do so. See 

. But it’s

hard for us to imagine a clearer directive than the one Congress provided in

§ 365(p)(1). Even assuming it once existed, the principle of bankruptcy law that

Microf touts—that a Chapter 13 debtor can unilaterally obligate his bankruptcy

estate by assuming an unexpired lease in his plan—was upended, and is now

foreclosed, by § 365(p)(1), which states unambiguously that “[i]f a lease of

personal property is . . . not timely assumed by the trustee . . . the leased property is

no longer property of the estate.” If a clear statement was necessary, § 365(p)(1),

it seems to us, provides it.

      We also reject Microf’s related assertion that interpreting “trustee” in

§ 365(p)(1) to mean “trustee” will “wreak procedural havoc” in Chapter 13 cases

“by necessitating the needless filing of thousands upon thousands of motions each

year.” Br. of Appellant at 8. Essentially, Microf contends that reading § 365(p)(1)

to mean what it says will “require[] that the trustee file a motion prior to plan

confirmation every time that the bankruptcy estate assumes a lease”—a



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requirement, it says, that will cause “judicial waste and a lack of clarity as to the

rights of the parties.”

We disagree.

      As an initial matter, it’s not at all clear that the filings to which Microf

objects would be “needless.” Whether an assumed, unexpired lease obligates the

bankruptcy estate is a big deal—not just for the lessor seeking overdue post-

petition lease payments, but also for the other creditors, whose claims the lessor is

trying to leapfrog. See In re Parmenter, 

, 608 (6th Cir. 2008). We

think it makes good sense to require the trustee—the representative of the Chapter

13 estate, as well as all creditors—to affirmatively assume an unexpired lease as a

precondition to obligating the estate, especially given that the bankruptcy court is

under no obligation to scrutinize the wisdom of a debtor’s decision to assume an

unexpired lease. See In re Rosenhouse, 

, 56 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 2011)

(“Unlike in a chapter 11 case, the Bankruptcy Code and Rules do not establish any

requirement that the court approve a chapter 13 debtor’s assumption of a personal

property lease as being in the best interests of creditors or the bankruptcy estate, or

even as a proper exercise by the debtor of his or her business judgment.”); see also

In re Juvennelliano, 

, 654 (Bankr. D. Del. 2011) (noting that, because

“[t]he assumption of an unexpired lease under chapter 13 is typically not subject to

the same level of scrutiny as in a chapter 11 case . . . it is perhaps less appropriate




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to burden the creditors of a chapter 13 debtor with the economic consequences of

an improvident lease assumption”).

      But even if it didn’t make good sense to us—even if we thought it inefficient

to require a Chapter 13 trustee to affirmatively assume an unexpired lease as a

precondition to obligating the estate—it wouldn’t much matter. In the end, our job

isn’t to decide which reading of § 365(p)(1) produces the best bankruptcy-law

system; rather, our job is to determine what the text of § 365(p)(1) requires. See

Puerto Rico v. Franklin California Tax-Free Trust, 

, 1946 (2016)

(“The plain text of the Bankruptcy Code begins and ends our analysis.”).

                                      * * *

      It is of course possible the Microf is right, and that when Congress drafted

11 U.S.C. § 365(p)(1) it just whiffed—it said “trustee” when what it really meant

was “debtor.” That possibility, though, cannot control our disposition. See CRI-

Leslie v. Comm’r of Internal Revenue, 

, 1033 (11th Cir. 2018)

(“Perhaps . . . Congress just stubbed its toe between the hearing room and the

House and Senate floors. Even so, it’s not our place or prerogative to bandage the

resulting wound.”). For both formal and practical reasons, which occasionally bear

repeating—perhaps particularly in a case like this—our loyalty must lie with the

text that Congress enacted. As a formal matter, it is only the enacted text that was

introduced, agreed to, and passed by both houses of Congress and then presented to



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and signed by the President in accordance with the Constitution. See U.S. Const.

art. I, § 7. As a practical matter, hewing closely to the enacted text serves multiple

important (and complimentary) interests: (1) it gives the citizenry clear notice of

what the law requires; (2) it requires Congress to exercise caution when drafting

statutes; and (3) it ensures that courts adhere to their designated—and limited—

role.

                                               III

        The language of 11 U.S.C. § 365(p)(1) is crystal clear: “If a lease of personal

property is rejected or not timely assumed by the trustee . . . the leased property is

no longer property of the estate.” That provision means what it says, and so here—

where it’s undisputed that the trustee did not assume the Microf lease—it means

that the Microf lease dropped out of the bankruptcy estate upon confirmation of

Cumbess’s Chapter 13 plan. Accordingly, and because Microf has not otherwise

shown that the lease confers a benefit on the estate,7 its claim for administrative-

expense priority was properly denied.

        AFFIRMED.



7
  There is one loose end: Microf seems to assume that its claim turns entirely on the estate-asset
issue—i.e., whether the lease remained in the estate after confirmation of Cumbess’s Chapter 13
plan. Indeed, Microf doesn’t offer any argument why, even if the lease dropped out of the estate
after confirmation, it might still be entitled to an administrative-expense claim. See Br. of
Appellant at 9, 19, 27. Microf seems to concede, therefore, that if it loses on the estate-asset
issue (which we’ve held it does), its claim fails.


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