Case: 19-14014      Date Filed: 04/20/2020   Page: 1 of 10



                                                                [DO NOT PUBLISH]



                 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                              ________________________

                                    No. 19-14014
                                Non-Argument Calendar
                              ________________________

                       D.C. Docket No. 4:19-cr-00015-RSB-CLR-3



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                                      Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                         versus

AMARI SAMS,
a.k.a. Sharif Tartt,

                                                                 Defendant-Appellant.

                              ________________________

                       Appeal from the United States District Court
                          for the Southern District of Georgia
                             ________________________

                                     (April 20, 2020)

Before WILLIAM PRYOR, JILL PRYOR and BRANCH, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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      Amari Sams appeals his 200-month total sentence after a jury convicted him

of conspiracy to distribute a controlled substance, in violation of 21 U.S.C.

§§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(A), and 846 (Count 1); aiding and abetting the possession

with intent to distribute a controlled substance, in violation of 21 U.S.C.

§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(A) (Count 2); being a felon in possession of a firearm, in

violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2) (Count 3); possession of a stolen

firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(j) and 924(a)(2) (Count 4); and

possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug-trafficking crime, in violation of

18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A) (Count 5). He contends that the district court erred by

applying a two-level Sentencing Guidelines’ enhancement to his offense level

calculation, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3C1.2, for recklessly creating a substantial risk

of death or serious bodily injury to another person in the course of fleeing from law

enforcement. We affirm.

                                 I.     Background

      The evidence presented at Sams’s trial established that on Sunday, April 22,

2018, at approximately 2:30 in the morning, a Georgia state trooper patrolling a

highway outside of Savannah attempted to pull over a truck that was reported

stolen. The truck initially slowed as if to stop, but then sped up and a high-speed

chase ensued for several miles, reaching speeds of over 100 miles an hour. During

the chase, a gun was thrown from the rear passenger side of the truck and the


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primary pursuing trooper ran over it. The truck was stopped on the highway after

it crashed into a guardrail following two pursuit intervention technique (“PIT”)

maneuvers by the pursuing state trooper. Two occupants of the vehicle fled out of

the driver’s side window and down a large embankment, but they were

subsequently caught by pursuing officers. A third individual, later identified as

Sams, got out of the back passenger side of the truck with his hands up. But then

he ran from the scene, crossing several lanes of highway, and traveling down an

embankment, where he attempted to hide in a ditch. But a local responding

Savannah police officer quickly located and apprehended him without incident. A

search of the truck revealed a large amount of methamphetamine pills, and officers

found a backpack next to the truck containing a large amount of marijuana, digital

scales, baggies, another stolen firearm, and cocaine. Marijuana and a large amount

of cash were discovered on Sams’s person. During a post-arrest interview with

police, Sams admitted that he possessed the firearm that was thrown out of the

truck for protection during an earlier drug transaction in Savannah, but he denied

throwing it out of the window. The firearm that was thrown from the vehicle was

reported stolen from an address that was near Sams’s residence. The parties

entered a joint stipulation at trial that Sams was previously convicted of a felony

and had knowledge of that conviction. At the conclusion of the trial, the jury

found Sams guilty as charged.


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      Prior to sentencing, the probation office prepared a presentence investigation

report (“PSI”), which recommended, as relevant here, that a two-level

enhancement be added to Sams’s base offense level, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3C1.2,

for recklessly creating a substantial risk of death or serious bodily injury to another

person in the course of fleeing from a law enforcement officer. Specifically, the

PSI noted that the three codefendants had “led officers on a high-speed chase

through Chatham County that exceeded speeds of 120 miles per hour,” and Sams

“willfully participated and aided and abetted the reckless endangerment during

flight . . . [by] discard[ing] a gun during flight of the vehicle.” Based on a total

offense level of 26 and a criminal history category of VI, Sams’s advisory

guideline range was 120 to 150 months’ imprisonment, plus a consecutive

minimum-mandatory term of 60 months’ imprisonment for the § 924(c)

conviction. Sams objected to the § 3C1.2 enhancement, arguing that his actions

did not rise to the level of reckless endangerment during flight and that it had not

been proven that he was the one who threw the firearm from the vehicle. He also

argued that, even if he did throw the firearm out of the window, that action was not

enough for the enhancement.

      At sentencing, Sams’s counsel argued that the § 3C1.2 enhancement was

inappropriate simply based on the fact that the firearm was discarded, and

compared it to several other cases she had defended in recent years in which the


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enhancement was not applied, despite similar or more aggravating facts. The

district court overruled Sams’s objection to the enhancement. In overruling the

objection, the district court found by a preponderance of the evidence that Sams

threw the gun out the window at a high rate of speed and determined that this

action aided and abetted the flight. Additionally, the district court concluded that

Sams recklessly created a substantial risk of death or serious bodily injury while

fleeing law enforcement by: (1) throwing the gun out of the window, which could

have hit the pursuing state trooper’s windshield or cracked the windshield of

another car on the highway; and (2) crossing multiple lanes of traffic on a heavily-

traveled highway and forcing officers to follow him across the highway and down

an embankment “in the dead of night.” Accordingly, the district court adopted the

PSI, and imposed a total sentence of 200 months’ imprisonment.1 In imposing the

sentence, the district court noted that “[e]ven if the guidelines said something

different about the sentence in this case, I think that’s the appropriate sentence, the

sentence I’ve handed out, and it reflects all those [18 U.S.C. §] 3553 factors.[2]”



       1
        The total sentence was comprised of concurrent terms of 140 months’ imprisonment as
to Counts 1 and 2, concurrent terms of 120 months’ imprisonment as to Counts 3 and 4, and a
consecutive 60-month term as to Count 5.
       2
          Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), the district court must consider the following factors
in fashioning a reasonable sentence: the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history
and characteristics of the defendant; the need to reflect the seriousness of the offense, promote
respect for the law, provide just punishment, deter criminal conduct, and to protect the public;
the types of sentences available; the advisory Sentencing Guidelines and pertinent policy
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The district court further explained that it believed 200 months was the appropriate

sentence in light of Sams’s extensive criminal history and the fact that, despite

previously being “sentenced to a lengthy period of incarceration,” he continued to

engage in criminal behavior.3 Following pronouncement of his sentence, Sams

renewed his objection to the § 3C1.2 enhancement. This appeal followed.

                                 II.     Standard of Review

       We review the district court’s interpretation and application of the

Guidelines, including the application of enhancements to specific offense

characteristics, de novo. United States v. Barakat, 

, 1452 (11th Cir.

1997). “However, we review the district court’s factual findings related to the

imposition of sentencing enhancements only for clear error.” Id.; see also United

States v. Castaneda-Pozo, 

, 1251 (11th Cir. 2017) (“The district

court’s factual findings are reviewed for clear error, and its application of those

facts to justify a sentencing enhancement is reviewed de novo.” (quoting United

States v. Matchett, 

, 1191 (11th Cir. 2015))). “We will not reverse a

district court’s factual finding unless we are ‘left with a definite and firm



statements of the Sentencing Commission; the need to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities;
and the need to provide restitution to victims. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1)-(7).
       3
          Sams, who was 37 years’ old at the time of sentencing, had a criminal record dating
back to his early teens, which included multiple counts of theft (two of which involved stealing a
car), drug possession, and unlawful possession of a firearm. He had been sentenced to extended
periods of confinement multiple times.
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conviction that a mistake has been committed.’” 

(quoting 

). “[W]e may affirm ‘for any reason

supported by the record, even if not relied upon by the district court.’” United

States v. Chitwood, 

, 975 (11th Cir. 2012) (quoting United States v.

Al-Arian, 

, 1189 (11th Cir. 2008)).

                                       III.   Discussion

       Sams argues that throwing a gun out of a window of a moving vehicle alone

does not warrant a § 3C1.2 enhancement because “driving a vehicle recklessly is

barely enough for the enhancement . . . [and] [t]he gun would in no way cause the

same damage, and risk of substantial harm, as a multiple car collision.”4 In

support of his position, he notes that the gun did not cause any damage to the state

trooper’s vehicle and he did not even have to swerve to avoid the object. Finally,

with regard to the district court’s concern that the gun could have shattered the

trooper’s windshield, Sams asserts that “[w]indshields are fragile and get damaged

all the time while on the road. A shattered windshield in no way should cause


       4
          Sams also argues that his actions of leaving the scene and attempting to hide in a ditch
are common occurrences in interactions with law enforcement and do not warrant an
enhancement for reckless endangerment. He further argues that throwing the gun from a vehicle
in no way aided or abetted, counseled, commanded, induced, procured, or willfully caused the
driver’s conduct during flight, as the driver made his choice to flee and persisted in reckless
driving two and a half minutes before the gun was thrown out the window, and the gun had no
bearing on the driver’s recklessness. Because, as explained further, we conclude that Sams’s
conduct in throwing the gun out of the window during the high speed chase supported the
§ 3C1.2 enhancement, we decline to address whether the enhancement was also warranted based
on these alternative grounds.
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substantial harm to a driver” and “[v]ehicles can be driven with shattered

windshields, or safely stopped if the damage obstructs the view of the road.”

      Under U.S.S.G. § 3C1.2, a defendant is eligible for a two-level increase to

his base offense level if he “recklessly created a substantial risk of death or serious

bodily injury to another person in the course of fleeing from a law enforcement

officer.” This enhancement is applicable to a defendant based on his “own conduct

and for conduct that [he] aided or abetted, counseled, commanded, induced,

procured, or willfully caused.” U.S.S.G. § 3C1.2, cmt. (n.5). For purposes of this

guideline provision, reckless “means a situation in which the defendant was aware

of the risk created by his conduct and the risk was of such a nature and degree that

to disregard that risk constituted a gross deviation from the standard of care that a

reasonable person would exercise in such a situation.” See

(adopting

definition of “reckless” in U.S.S.G. § 2A1.4, cmt. (n.1)); see also United States v.

Washington, 

, 1267 (11th Cir. 2006) (discussing “recklessness” for

purposes of U.S.S.G. § 3C1.2). “[F]light alone is insufficient to warrant an

enhancement under [§ 3C1.2]” and it is the defendant’s conduct, not that of the

pursuing officers, that must recklessly create the substantial risk of death or serious

bodily injury to others. United States v. Wilson, 

, 1247 (11th Cir.

2004). However, “[§] 3C1.2 requires only that there was a substantial risk that

something could have gone wrong and someone could have died or been seriously


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injured.” 

. Thus, “we have held that conduct that could

potentially harm a police officer or a third party is sufficiently reckless.”

      Here, the district court did not err in applying the § 3C1.2 enhancement.

Sams’s act of throwing a firearm out of the truck while traveling at a dangerously

fast speed with police officers pursuing close behind the truck recklessly created a

substantial risk of death or seriously bodily injury to the officers and anyone else

that may have been on the highway. The thrown firearm could have caused the

officer to swerve off the road, into another police car, or resulted in a collision,

and, had there been an accident at that rate of speed, there would have been a

substantial risk of death or serious bodily injury. Additionally, as the district court

concluded the thrown firearm could have hit and shattered one of the officers’

windshields which, at that speed, could also have potentially caused death or

serious bodily injury. Although Sams is correct that no harm came from his

throwing the firearm out of the window, that is irrelevant. Rather, the focus is on

whether Sams’s action could have potentially harmed the officers or another

person on the highway.

based on the totality of the

circumstances in this case, Sams’s conduct was sufficiently reckless and created a

substantial risk of death or serious bodily injury to another person to support the

§ 3C1.2 enhancement.


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      Moreover, even assuming arguendo that the § 3C1.2 enhancement was

inappropriate in this case, we conclude any error was harmless because the district

court indicated that it would have imposed the same sentence regardless of the

guidelines calculation, and Sams’s resulting sentence was reasonable based on the

18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors, particularly in light of his lengthy criminal history.

See United States v. Keene, 

, 1349 (11th Cir. 2006) (holding that a

guideline error is harmless if (1) the district court expressed that it would have

imposed the same sentence, even without the erroneous calculation, and (2) the

sentence is reasonable). Accordingly, we affirm.

      AFFIRMED.




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