USCA11 Case: 20-10519      Date Filed: 10/29/2020   Page: 1 of 12



                                                             [DO NOT PUBLISH]



               IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                        FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                          ________________________

                                No. 20-10519
                            Non-Argument Calendar
                          ________________________

                    D.C. Docket No. 1:18-cv-00109-AW-GRJ



SAVITAR CHARUDATTAN,


                                                 Plaintiff - Appellant,

versus

SADIE DARNELL,
as sheriff of Alachua County,

                                                 Defendant - Appellee.

                          ________________________

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Northern District of Florida
                         ________________________

                                (October 29, 2020)

Before GRANT, LUCK, and DUBINA, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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       Plaintiff/Appellant, Savitar Charudattan (“Charudattan”), appeals the district

court’s order granting summary judgment to Defendant/Appellee, Sheriff Sadie

Darnell (“Sheriff Darnell”), on Charudattan’s claim that Sheriff Darnell violated

the First Amendment by deleting his comments and banning him from certain

Facebook pages. Charudattan sought relief under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and Florida

state law’s open records statute. After reading the parties’ briefs and reviewing the

record, we affirm the district court’s order granting summary judgment to Sheriff

Darnell.

                                               I.

       Charudattan, along with Michale Hoffman (“Hoffman”) 1, are private citizens

who utilize social media to monitor government agencies and hold them

accountable.     Both investigate various government agencies’ infringement on

individuals’ civil rights and use online social media, such as Facebook, to report on

such matters. Charudattan’s accountability Facebook page is titled “Stop Traffic

Fraud.” Sheriff Darnell is the elected Sheriff of Alachua County, Florida.

       The Sheriff’s Office maintains a Facebook page that provides the public with

important or newsworthy information and is moderated by Sheriff’s Office

employees. The Facebook page includes a notice that comments or posts violating



       1
         Hoffman did not appeal the district court’s order granting summary judgment to Sheriff
Darnell, so his Facebook page and posts are not relevant.
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the page’s contents policy will be removed. The contents policy further notes that it

is not intended as a venue or forum for the expression and/or postings of unlimited

comments, videos, or links simply for the convenience of the public. The contents

policy forbids, in part, numerous types of comments, such as ones that are obscene,

vulgar, sexually explicit, threatening in nature, advocate criminal behavior,

discriminate, or include clearly inaccurate information. Pertinent to the present case

are forbidden comments that are unrelated to the intended topic of discussion or

provide links to other third-party sites. (R. Doc. No. 24-2 at 14-15.) The contents

policy further warns that the Sheriff’s Office has the right, with or without notice, to

block access to its social media pages to any user who consistently violates the policy

guidelines.

      Apart from the Sheriff’s Office page, Sheriff Darnell has her own Facebook

page. While running for reelection in 2016, she maintained this account as the “Re-

elect Sadie Darnell” page (“Campaign Page”), but after her reelection, she renamed

the account the “Sheriff Sadie Darnell” page. Two Sheriff’s Office employees

moderated the comments on this page during their personal time. Sheriff Darnell

used the Campaign Page to highlight her experience and to explain her plans for the

Sheriff’s Office if she won reelection. The page included a disclaimer indicating it

was a political advertisement paid for and approved by Sadie Darnell, Democrat, for

Alachua County Sheriff, and it contained material about the campaign, the sheriff’s

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race, endorsements, and Sheriff Darnell’s philosophy and accomplishments. (R.

Doc. No. 34-1, ¶ 5; Doc. 34-2 at 6-21.) After her 2016 reelection, Sheriff Darnell

did not authorize or make any further posts on the Campaign Page.

                                         II.

      Charudattan and Hoffman sued Sheriff Darnell in her official capacity under

42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging violations of their First and Fourteenth Amendment

rights. They alleged that Sheriff Darnell violated their free speech rights by

deleting their comments and blocking them from the Sheriff’s Office page and the

Campaign Page on Facebook. Charudattan also raised a state law claim for

violation of public records law. After the parties filed numerous motions and

responses, the district court entered its order granting summary judgment to Sheriff

Darnell. The district court found an absence of a custom or practice of permitting

Facebook-policy compliant comments to be deleted, and the district court

concluded that no custom or practice was the motivating force behind the alleged

constitutional violation. Thus, the district court concluded that there was no

constitutional violation. Furthermore, the district court declined to exercise

pendent jurisdiction over Charudattan’s state law claim. Charudattan filed a timely

appeal.

      We review de novo the district court’s order granting summary judgment.

Fort Lauderdale Food Not Bombs v. City of Fort Lauderdale, 

, 1239

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(11h Cir. 2018). Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine issue

of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See

Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a). The court’s role at the summary judgment stage is to

determine whether there are genuine issues for trial. In deciding whether an issue

exists for trial, a court must “view all evidence and make all reasonable inferences

in favor of” the nonmoving party. Fort Lauderdale Food Not 

–40.

                                           III.

      Charudattan asserts on appeal that the district court erred in granting

summary judgment to Sheriff Darnell because Sheriff Darnell, a state actor, had a

policy, practice, or custom that was the motivating force behind the alleged

violation of his First Amendment rights. He claims that Sheriff Darnell’s removal

of his comments on the Sheriff’s Office Facebook page and the Campaign Page

was violative of his right to free speech. We will consider the alleged violations

relating to each Facebook page, in turn.

      A. Sheriff’s Office Facebook page

      Charudattan raised a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim against Sheriff Darnell for an

alleged violation of his First and Fourteenth Amendment rights. To succeed on

this claim Charudattan must show that his constitutional right was violated, the

agency had a custom or policy that constituted deliberate indifference to that right,

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and the custom or policy caused the violation. McDowell v. Brown, 

, 1289 (11th Cir. 2004). He must present evidence that Sheriff Darnell had a

policy, custom, practice, or procedure addressing the removal of Facebook posts

that was not viewpoint neutral and was the moving force behind the alleged

constitutional violation. See

v. New York City Dep’t of Soc.

Servs., 

, 691, 

, 2036 (1978) (holding that a

governmental entity is not liable for its employee’s action under § 1983 based on

the theory of respondeat superior and cannot be liable solely because it employs a

tortfeasor).

       In a prior order, the district court determined that the Sheriff’s Office

Facebook page was a limited public forum, and no party argues to the contrary on

appeal. A limited public forum is property the government opens for “use by

certain groups or dedicated solely to the discussion of certain subjects,” and in

which the government “may impose restrictions on speech that are reasonable and

viewpoint-neutral.” See Christian Legal Soc’y Chapter of the Univ. of Cal.,

Hastings Coll. of the Law v. Martinez, 

, 679 n.11, 

,

2984 n.11 (2010) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). In a limited

public forum, restrictions on speech must be “reasonable in light of the purpose

served by the forum” and must not “discriminate against speech on the basis of its

viewpoint.” Rosenberger v. Rector & Visitors of Univ. of Va., 

, 829,

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, 2517 (1995) (internal quotation marks omitted). In other words,

“[a]ny restrictions made on expressive activity in a limited public forum only must

be reasonable and viewpoint neutral.” Bloedorn v. Grube, 

, 1231

(11th Cir. 2011). The Supreme Court has noted the distinction between content

discrimination, “which may be permissible if it preserves the purposes of the

limited forum,” and viewpoint discrimination, “which is presumed impermissible

when directed against speech otherwise within the forum’s limitations,” labeling

the latter as “an egregious form of content discrimination.” Rosenberger, 515 U.S.

at 

.

      The Sheriff’s Office Facebook page policy precludes comments that are

“clearly off the intended topic of discussion,” and also precludes comments that

include “[l]inks to other third-party sites or advertisements.” (R. Doc. 24-2 at 14,

18–19.) Prior to the summary judgment order, the district court determined that

the contents use policy prohibiting off-topic posts and links to other third-party

sites or advertisements was reasonable and viewpoint-neutral. (R. Doc. 27.)

Charudattan does not challenge this finding on appeal.

      Charudattan does challenge the removal of comments he made in response

to a post commemorating September 11, 2001. The Sheriff’s Office Facebook post

featured images from September 11 and contained an image that read, in part:

“Through blurred eyes we find the strength and courage to soar beyond the

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moment. We look to the future knowing we can never forget the past. God Bless

America.” (R. Doc. 24-1 at 10.) Charudattan’s response to the post read as

follows: “So Lt. Richard Lalonde still hasn’t received any training on how not to

violate 1st Amendment Rights. What is wrong with you people at this agency?

Interfering with cameras and chilling speech, regardless of the content, is

disgraceful and Unconstitutional. You all just don’t learn!” (Id. at 8.) The

Lieutenant mentioned was involved in a prior arrest of Charudattan in 2011.

Charudattan explains that his response was related to September 11 because it

referenced another user’s posted video that recorded the arrest of a journalist who

allegedly asked bystanders to comment on a video about the fall of the World

Trade Center.

      Based on our review of the record, we conclude that the district court

correctly found this post to be off-topic and subject to removal. Charudattan’s

comment, on its face, was relevant to the topics of Lieutenant Richard Lalonde and

agency training, which are completely unrelated to the topic of September 11

remembrances. We agree with the district court that the comment violated the

contents use policy, and Charudattan cannot show that the officers removed his

comment pursuant to a policy or custom initiated by Sheriff Darnell. Accordingly,

we conclude that there was no constitutional violation with respect to the removal

of this comment.

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      Charudattan also challenges the removal of a comment he made on the

Sheriff’s Office Facebook page “Officer Down Memorial Page.” The agency

posted an article from 1940 that discussed the death of a deputy sheriff killed in the

line of duty. Charudattan commented, “Wow. 1934. Maybe 82 years from now

Robert Dentmond will receive a formal apology post.” (R. Doc. 24-1 at 14.) The

Sheriff’s Office post indicated that it allowed only comments that respected or

honored deceased law enforcement officers. Charudattan’s comment referenced a

needless death allegedly caused by Alachua County Sheriff’s Officers.

Charudattan suggests that his comment was intended as a criticism of the Alachua

County Sheriff’s Office’s delay in discovering the deputy’s death. However, the

comment, on its face, does not make such criticism clear. We agree with the

district court that the comment was clearly off-topic, and its removal was not

initiated pursuant to any custom or policy established by Sheriff Darnell.

      Thus, based on the record evidence, we conclude that Charudattan cannot

establish a causal link between any policy established by Sheriff Darnell and his

alleged constitutional deprivation. Charudattan had to show that the Sheriff’s

employees engaged in a practice of viewpoint discrimination that was “so well-

settled and pervasive that it assume[d] the force of law.” Denno v. Sch. Bd. of

Volusia Cty., 

, 1277 (11th Cir. 2000). He fails to do so.

Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s order granting judgment for Sheriff

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Darnell on Charudattan’s First Amendment claims as they relate to the Sheriff’s

Office Facebook page.

      B. Campaign Facebook Page

      A claim pursuant to § 1983 cannot succeed without some violation of rights

committed “under color of state law.” Am. Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Sullivan, 

, 50, 

, 985 (1999). There is not a clear distinction between

public and private activity, and “state action may be found if, though only if, there

is such a ‘close nexus between the State and the challenged action’ that seemingly

private behavior ‘may be fairly treated as that of the State itself.’” Brentwood

Acad. v. Tenn. Secondary Sch. Athletic Ass’n, 

, 295, 

,

930 (2001) (quoting Jackson v. Metro. Edison Co., 

, 351, 

, 453 (1974)). Sheriff Darnell contends that the allegations by Charudattan

regarding the Campaign Page do not constitute state action because the page is

privately owned, does not post on behalf of the Sheriff’s Office, and was used as a

political platform for her reelection campaign. On the contrary, Charudattan

asserts that the Campaign Page was a government page because Sheriff Darnell

renamed the page after the 2016 election and off-duty deputies monitored the page

and comments.

      We conclude from the record that the district court properly found that the

Campaign Page was privately owned. The Campaign Page featured posts about

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Sheriff Darnell’s reelection campaign and included pictures of campaign events,

endorsements, and statements about her law enforcement philosophy and

experience. Moreover, Sheriff Darnell created and administered the page for her

private reelection campaign; the page did not include her official title at the time of

the alleged unconstitutional action; the page did not contain posts on behalf of the

Sheriff’s Office; and the page was not categorized as belonging to a “government

official.”

       We also conclude from the record that the district court properly found that

the off-duty deputies’ management of the Campaign Page did not establish state

action. Charudattan argues that the off-duty deputies who monitored the page were

acting on behalf of the State because they were not true “volunteers.” He contends

that due to their employment, they had to manage the Campaign Page. However,

he does not present any record evidence to support his assertion. “Not all acts by

state employees are acts under color of law” . . . and “acts of officers in the ambit

of their personal pursuits are not done under color of law.” Myers v. Bowman, 

, 1329 (11th Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

“A defendant acts under color of state law when she deprives the plaintiff of a right

through the exercise of authority that she has by virtue of her government office or

position.” Butler v. Sheriff of Palm Beach Cnty., 

, 1265 (11th Cir.

2012). The dispositive issue in these cases is “whether the defendant was

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exercising the power she possessed based on state authority or was acting only as a

private individual.”

court concluded, the conduct at issue was not done under

color of law because the Campaign Page was a private page for Sheriff Darnell’s

reelection, paid for by Sheriff Darnell, and operated by volunteer off-duty deputies.

The deputies were not acting in any official capacity at the time, and Charudattan

presents no evidence to the contrary. Thus, we conclude from the record that the

district court properly determined that there was no state action as to the Campaign

Page and, thus, no First Amendment violation.

      Accordingly, for the aforementioned reasons, we affirm the district court’s

order granting judgment to Sheriff Darnell.

      AFFIRMED.




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