Case: 20-12649   Date Filed: 08/11/2020   Page: 1 of 5



                                                                   [PUBLISH]



           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                   FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                     ________________________

                           No. 20-12649
                     ________________________

                 D.C. Docket No. 1:20-cv-02118-MHC

DEBORAH GONZALEZ,
APRIL BOYER BROWN,
ADAM SHIRLEY,
ANDREW WELLNITZ,
LINDA LLOYD


                                                       Plaintiffs – Appellees,


                                 versus


GOVERNOR OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA,
SECRETARY OF THE STATE, STATE OF GEORGIA


                                                    Defendants – Appellants.

                     ________________________

                    On Appeal from the United States
           District Court for the Northern District of Georgia
                     ________________________

                           (August 11, 2020)
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Before MARTIN, JILL PRYOR, and BRANCH, Circuit Judges.

BRANCH, Circuit Judge:

     CERTIFICATION FROM THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
 FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT TO THE SUPREME COURT OF GEORGIA
                 PURSUANT TO O.C.G.A. § 15-2-9

TO THE SUPREME COURT OF GEORGIA AND ITS HONORABLE

JUSTICES:

      On March 6, 2020, Deborah Gonzalez attempted to qualify for the

November 3, 2020 election to the office of the district attorney for the Western

Judicial Circuit, a position vacated on February 29, 2020. Georgia Secretary of

State Raffensperger determined that Gonzalez could not qualify for the November

2020 election for the district attorney for the Western Judicial Circuit because,

pursuant to O.C.G.A. § 45-5-3.2(a), there would not be an election for that position

in November 2020. Instead, the next election for that office would take place in

November 2022—the state-wide general election immediately prior to the

expiration of Governor Kemp’s (yet-to-be-named) appointee’s term.

      Gonzalez, together with four registered voters in the Western Judicial Circuit

who intended to vote for the district attorney for the Western Judicial Circuit in

November 2020, brought suit against Governor Kemp and Secretary

Raffensperger, (1) alleging a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due




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Process Clause1 because O.C.G.A. § 45-5-3.2(a) violates Article VI, Section VIII,

Paragraph I(a) of the Georgia Constitution,2 (2) alleging a violation of the First

Amendment’s right to free speech and association, and (3) seeking a petition for a

writ of mandamus directing Secretary Raffensperger to conduct the election for the

office of the district attorney for the Western Judicial Circuit on November 3,

2020.

        The plaintiffs also sought a preliminary injunction requiring Governor Kemp

and Secretary Raffensperger to move forward with the November 2020 election for

the Western Judicial Circuit district attorney. The district court granted the

preliminary injunction. It concluded that the plaintiffs were likely to succeed on

their federal due process claim because O.C.G.A. § 45-5-3.2(a), which sets forth

the procedure for filling district attorney vacancies, conflicts with Georgia

Constitution Article VI, Section VIII, Paragraph I(a), which provides for the

creation of the district attorney office for each judicial circuit in Georgia.




        1
          The plaintiffs styled this claim as an “infringement of the fundamental right to vote and
right to candidacy in violation of the United States Constitution’s First and Fourteenth
Amendments,” but the district court considered it as a Due Process claim under the Fourteenth
Amendment. We therefore do the same here.
        2
          The plaintiffs base this claim on our decision in Duncan v. Poythress, 

, 698
(5th Cir. 1981).

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      The central question on appeal, therefore, is whether O.C.G.A. § 45-5-3.2(a)

conflicts with Georgia Constitution Article VI, Section VIII, Paragraph I(a).

      The Georgia Constitution provides for the creation of the office of district

attorney for each judicial circuit in Georgia and states, in relevant part:

      There shall be a district attorney for each judicial circuit, who shall be
      elected circuit-wide for a term of four years. The successors of
      present and subsequent incumbents shall be elected by the electors of
      their respective circuits at the general election held immediately
      preceding the expiration of their respective terms. District attorneys
      shall serve until their successors are duly elected and qualified.
      Vacancies shall be filled by appointment of the Governor.

Ga. Const. art VI, § VIII, ¶ I(a). As to the procedure for the filling of vacancies for

the office of district attorney, O.C.G.A. § 45-5-3.2(a) provides as follows:

      In those instances where the Governor fills a vacancy in the office of
      district attorney pursuant to Article VI, Section VIII, Paragraph I(a) of
      the Constitution, the vacancy shall be filled by the Governor
      appointing a qualified individual to the office of district attorney who
      shall serve until January 1 of the year following the next state-wide
      general election which is more than six months after the date of the
      appointment of such individual, even if such period of time extends
      beyond the unexpired term of the prior district attorney.

      We understand the Georgia state-wide general election is fast approaching.

But this case requires us to resolve a question at the core of the state’s authority:

whether a Georgia statute concerning elections of local officials violates the

Georgia Constitution. And neither the Georgia Supreme Court nor the Georgia

Court of Appeals has addressed the question before us. We therefore conclude that

certification is appropriate. See Arizonans for Official English v. Arizona, 

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43, 79 (1997) (“Warnings against premature adjudication of constitutional

questions bear heightened attention when a federal court is asked to invalidate a

State’s law, for the federal tribunal risks friction-generating error when it

endeavors to construe a novel state Act not yet reviewed by the State’s highest

court.”); see also Forgione v. Dennis Pirtle Agency, Inc., 

, 761 (11th

Cir. 1996) (“When substantial doubt exists about the answer to a material state law

question upon which the case turns, a federal court should certify that question to

the state supreme court in order to avoid making unnecessary state law guesses and

to offer the state court the opportunity to explicate state law.”).

      We respectfully certify the following question for resolution:



Does O.C.G.A. § 45-5-3.2 conflict with Georgia Constitution Article VI, Section

VIII, Paragraph I(a) (or any other provision) of the Georgia Constitution?



Our statement of the question is intended to guide the Supreme Court of Georgia; it

is not meant to restrict its inquiry. See Bohannon v. Allstate Ins. Co., 

(11th Cir. 1987).

      Accordingly, we direct the clerk of this court to transmit the certificate, as

well as the briefs and records filed with this court to the Supreme Court of Georgia

and to transmit copies of the certificate to the attorneys for the parties.

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