Circuit Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
*884 *885 Arthur Mayer and Frank C. Fisher, both of New York City, for appellants and petitioners.
William F. Columbus, of New York City, for appellee and respondent.
Before HOUGH, HAND and MACK, Circuit Judges.
HAND, Circuit Judge (after stating the facts as above).
Our only jurisdiction over the order discharging the rules is by petition to revise under section 24b (Comp. St. § 9608). The proceedings involve none of the "judgments" covered by section 25 (Comp. St. § 9609). The nearest subdivision of that section is (a), (2): "A judgment granting or denying a discharge." An order affirming or denying a composition must indeed be reviewed by appeal. In re Gottlieb, 262 F. 730 (C. C. A. 2); In re O'Gara Coal Co., 260 F. 742, 171 Cow. C. A. 480 (C. C. A. 7); In re Bay State Milling Co., 223 F. 778, 139 Cow. C. A. 598 (C. C. A. 2). But the order under review neither denied nor confirmed the composition, which had already been confirmed. While the time had not expired under section 13 (Comp. St. § 9597) within which the composition might be set aside and the case reinstated, the only ground mentioned in that section is fraud, and there was no fraud here. The theory of the petitioner and appellants is that the confirmation was non coram judice from the outset, that it adjudicated nothing, and that any evidence of it should be cleared from the record. If so, the question is not of confirming or denying the composition, but of whether the whole proceedings were so far beyond the court's jurisdiction as to be open to collateral attack, to be a mere factitious nullity. Although success would involve a denial in effect of the bankrupt's discharge, the case is only within our supervisory power to revise. The appeal is dismissed; we proceed under the petition to revise.
The petitioner's position is this: That since section 12b (Comp. St. § 9596) requires as a condition precedent that a majority of all claims allowed must accept the offer before the application for confirmation, the court had no jurisdiction. This depends upon the fact that, on February 26th, 16 creditors had secured allowance of their claims, of whom 7 only had accepted. But the argument presupposes that February 26th was the day when the application to confirm was made. Under bankruptcy rule 14 of the Southern District of New York, as it then stood, the filing of the offer is to be taken as an application for confirmation, and the consents must then be filed. The record does not show when the offer was filed, though it was necessarily before February 26th. As the date when it was filed is not shown, we cannot say what the allowed claims then were. If it was filed before January 17, 1924, we know that the allowed claims were 13, because the commissioner so reports.
It is true that on any showing the referee disregarded bankruptcy rule 14, because he did not require the consents to be filed with the offer; but that was not a jurisdictional defect, however irregular the practice. Section 12b does not require the consents to be filed before the application, or indeed at any time, and the record does not show whether they were in fact got before or after the application; i. e., the filing of the offer. Therefore, on the record before us, we cannot say whether the consents of a majority of allowed claims were got before the application for confirmation, and the petitioner's case was not proved.
*886 However, he argues that we should look at the actual offer itself, which, though not in the record, was tendered on the argument. The referee, in transmitting the papers to the court for confirmation, apparently included the acceptances and probably the offer as well. To avoid a motion to enlarge the record, we have therefore examined both papers on the files of the District Court, and we find that the offer was filed on January 24, 1924, and therefore after the receipt by the referee of the claim filed on January 17, 1924. If this was a proved claim, the total number of such claims was 14, of which 7 is not a majority, whenever the acceptances were obtained. Hence we must first consider the question whether that claim was in fact allowed before January 24, 1924.
The commissioner has not reported whether he allowed the claim filed January 17, 1924. On the contrary, he has contented himself with saying that when a claim is filed it is ipso facto allowed. He has, however, added that the claim was filed and put into a basket, where on February 26, 1924, it awaited further action, to wit, docketing in some undisclosed book, and placing in the folder with the other papers. We are at a loss to know what this means, but we think that at least it shows that the claim had not been allowed on January 24, 1924.
A claim is not ipso facto allowed because the referee receives it and places upon it a filing date. For aught we can know, all claims are received by the referee's clerk and stamped as filed on the date of their receipt, without any personal examination or allowance whatever. More is necessary for allowance than that. Section 57a (Comp. St. § 9641) prescribes certain formalities for the proof of claim; section 57b, others. General Order XXI prescribes still more; the forms are in addition. Only when the proof of claim conforms with these provisions is it "duly proved" under section 57d and entitled to allowance. Moreover, we are not prepared to say that a claim must be allowed, though not objected to, if on its face for an unprovable debt under section 63a (Comp. St. § 9647); e. g., one arising after petition filed. That question we leave open. The examination of the proof of claim, at least as to its conformity with the statute and the general order, is a judicial act, and, we may add for the guidance of referees, their determination ought to be evidenced by some written order. We are in accord with In re Two Rivers Woodware Co., 199 F. 877, 118 Cow. C. A. 325 (C. C. A. 7).
It might perhaps be argued that from the mere filing we should presume that the referee had examined and allowed the claim, since it was not his practice to record his allowance in any case, and since he apparently supposed that he had no judicial duty in respect of allowance. But we cannot even say that the three claims had been finally received at all. On the contrary, the commissioner reports that the claim of January 17, with two more, lay in a basket and had not been docketed or filed among the other papers as late as February 26, 1924. The referee or his clerk might consent physically to receive claims for the purpose of examination. At least until he took some definitive action to indicate that he meant to accept them as valid, subject to re-examination under section 57k, they had not been allowed. There must be some evidence of allowance in the sense we have indicated, even if the result be that no claims were ever allowed at all. Therefore the petitioner has failed to show that on January 24, 1924, the allowed claims were more than 13.
The last question is whether the failure of the bankrupt to procure the consents before January 24, 1924, deprived the District Court of jurisdiction. Here again we look at the consents themselves. They bear date January 30, 1924, six days after the offer was filed, and therefore after the application to confirm was made. We must accept the date, as we have no other. Hence arises the question whether the whole proceeding was non coram judice because of the bankrupt's failure to observe the precedence laid down in section 12b. If so, the same must be true as to the payment of the consideration and costs of the proceedings, which is also prescribed in section 12b.
It appears to us extravagant to go so far. If the petitioners were right, it must result that, whenever the bankrupt pleaded the order in bar to an action at law upon his debts, the court, federal or state, must inquire when the consents were in fact obtained, and whether the full consideration and costs were paid. In cases like that at bar, which are unhappily not few, such inquiries would depend upon events, ephemeral and unrecorded, of which it would be impossible to know the truth, and which would hopelessly confuse the main issues of the cause. The prescribed precedence we regard as a regulative, not a constitutive, provision one which primarily governs the conduct of the bankrupt, not the power of the court. We do not ignore the emphasis of the language, "after, but not before." Still we feel free to consider the nature of the provision, plainly administrative *887 in its character, and the consequences of treating it as a condition upon jurisdiction.
If it be asked how far we would go, we answer that that depends upon the results. Perhaps, if the consents, whenever got, were not of a majority of those whose claims were allowed when the offer was filed, the whole proceedings would be void ab initio. Perhaps the same is true, if they are got after the order of confirmation is entered. Perhaps it is even so, if they are got after the hearing provided for in section 12c. We reserve such questions until they arise. All we say now is that, when the consents are got before the hearing, the defect is too trivial to subject the proceedings to collateral attack.
We cannot close without observing how clearly this case shows the necessity in bankruptcy of following the administrative rules with punctilious care. Rule 14 of the Southern district of New York laid down a practice which would have avoided most of the delay, uncertainty and expense which this case has caused. It was ignored. For the rest the trouble arose from the failure of the referee to allow the claims at all, or, if he did so, to record their status by the simple expedient of indorsing his allowance upon them after he had, upon examination, passed upon their sufficiency. No custom can avoid the necessity of such an examination. The fact that an allowed claim makes a prima facie case, and that a bankruptcy court is more than an arbitrator in contentious causes, especially imposes upon referees the duty to see that the estate is not distributed among those who do not prove their right to a dividend. That question may not be left alone to the initiative of the trustee and other creditors. Bankruptcy is three parts administration, and, unless that be scrupulously exact, the whole proceedings become a morass out of which it is often impossible to find a way.
Petition to revise dismissed; order affirmed.
