Filed: Sep. 20, 2007
Latest Update: Mar. 02, 2020
Summary: 06-1059-cv Zapata v. City of New York 1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 3 4 August Term, 2007 5 6 7 (Argued: August 29, 2007 Decided: September 20, 2007) 8 9 Docket No. 06-1059-cv 10 11 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -x 12 ANDIE ZAPATA, 13 14 Plaintiff-Appellant, 15 16 -v.- 17 18 THE CITY OF NEW YORK and CORRECTION 19 OFFICER “JOHN” MORAN, Shield Number 20 Unknown, 21 22 Defendants-Appellees. 23 24 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -x 25 26 Before: JACOBS, Chie
Summary: 06-1059-cv Zapata v. City of New York 1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 3 4 August Term, 2007 5 6 7 (Argued: August 29, 2007 Decided: September 20, 2007) 8 9 Docket No. 06-1059-cv 10 11 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -x 12 ANDIE ZAPATA, 13 14 Plaintiff-Appellant, 15 16 -v.- 17 18 THE CITY OF NEW YORK and CORRECTION 19 OFFICER “JOHN” MORAN, Shield Number 20 Unknown, 21 22 Defendants-Appellees. 23 24 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -x 25 26 Before: JACOBS, Chief..
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06-1059-cv
Zapata v. City of New York
1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
3
4 August Term, 2007
5
6
7 (Argued: August 29, 2007 Decided: September 20, 2007)
8
9 Docket No. 06-1059-cv
10
11 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -x
12 ANDIE ZAPATA,
13
14 Plaintiff-Appellant,
15
16 -v.-
17
18 THE CITY OF NEW YORK and CORRECTION
19 OFFICER “JOHN” MORAN, Shield Number
20 Unknown,
21
22 Defendants-Appellees.
23
24 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -x
25
26 Before: JACOBS, Chief Judge, KATZMANN, and HALL,
27 Circuit Judges.
28
29 Appeal from a judgment entered on February 2, 2006 in
30 the United States District Court for the Southern District
31 of New York (Brieant, J.), dismissing a § 1983 complaint
32 alleging assault by a corrections officer on a prisoner.
33 The question on appeal concerns the dismissal as to Officer
34 Moran for failure to effect timely service under Rule 4(m):
35 did the district court abuse its discretion by dismissing
1 without a discretionary extension of the service period
2 where the claim was time-barred absent such an extension?
3 We affirm.
4 TRACIE A. SUNDACK, Tracie A. Sundack
5 & Associates, LLC, White Plains, NY,
6 for Plaintiff-Appellant.
7
8 SUSAN PAULSON, Assistant Corporation
9 Counsel (Francis F. Caputo, on the
10 brief ), for Michael A. Cardozo,
11 Corporation Counsel of the City of
12 New York, for Defendants-Appellees.
13
14 DENNIS JACOBS, Chief Judge:
15 Andie Zapata sues the City of New York and a
16 corrections officer under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that he
17 was assaulted at the Rikers Island correctional facility by
18 one Officer Moran. He appeals from a judgment of the United
19 States District Court for the Southern District of New York
20 (Brieant, J.) insofar as it dismissed Zapata’s claim against
21 Officer Moran for failure to effect timely service under
22 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(m) without granting a
23 discretionary extension. Zapata argues that this was an
24 abuse of discretion (notwithstanding his failure to show
25 good cause) because the denial of an extension rendered
2
1 Zapata’s claims time-barred. 1
2 We join several other circuits and hold that district
3 courts may exercise their discretion to grant extensions
4 under Rule 4(m) absent a showing of good cause under certain
5 circumstances; but here, we decline to vacate for abuse of
6 discretion because Zapata not only failed to show good cause
7 but advanced no colorable excuse whatsoever for his neglect.
8
9 BACKGROUND
10 On June 27, 2002 (according to the complaint) Officer
11 Moran assaulted Zapata in the inmate holding pen at the Anna
12 M. Kross Center on Rikers Island, resulting in serious
13 bodily injury. On September 5, 2002, Zapata filed an
14 administrative claim with the City complaining that he had
15 been “assaulted by C.O. Moran #76079” at the “C-95 AMKC
16 clinic waiting area.”
17 More than two years later (on May 18, 2005) Zapata
18 filed a complaint in the district court, naming the City and
19 Officer Moran as defendants in a suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983
1
Zapata does not appeal from the dismissal of his
claims against the City.
3
1 and state common law; the complaint alleged that it was the
2 policy, custom and practice of the City to inadequately
3 supervise, train and discipline their officers. 2 Zapata
4 served the City with a summons and complaint on June 2,
5 2005. On June 27, 2005 (coincidentally, the day the three-
6 year statute of limitations for Zapata’s § 1983 claims would
7 have run had the complaint not been filed), 3 the City sought
8 a 60-day enlargement of the time in which to file an answer.
9 In its letter to the court, the City noted that Officer
10 Moran had not yet been served. The City filed its answer on
11 August 22, 2005; again, the City stated that, to its
12 knowledge, Officer Moran had not yet been properly served.
13 At an initial conference on September 16, 2005, Zapata’s
2
42 U.S.C. § 1983 imposes liability on any person who
under color of state law “subjects . . . any citizen of the
United States or other person within the jurisdiction
thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or
immunities secured by the Constitution and laws” of the
United States. Municipalities may only be held liable under
§ 1983 for the acts of their employees if the deprivation
results from a policy or custom of the municipality. See
generally Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658
(1978).
3
“In section 1983 actions [within New York], the
applicable limitations period is . . . three years.” Pearl
v. City of Long Beach, 296 F.3d 76, 79 (2d Cir. 2002).
4
1 counsel asked the City for Officer Moran’s work location.
2 On September 19, 2005, Zapata’s counsel forwarded a copy of
3 the summons and complaint by express mail to a process
4 server who served Officer Moran at Riker’s Island (the
5 location of the 2002 incident). Federal Rule of Civil
6 Procedure 4(m) provides that actions are subject to
7 dismissal without prejudice unless service is made within
8 120 days. Zapata’s service on Officer Moran was therefore
9 effected four days beyond the service period, and 84 days
10 after the expiration of the original limitations period. 4
11 The City moved to dismiss the Complaint on November 2,
12 2005, on the grounds that all of Zapata’s allegations
13 against the City either failed to state a claim or were
14 time-barred, and that Zapata’s claims against Officer Moran
15 were subject to dismissal for lack of timely service and
16 should be dismissed with prejudice as time-barred because
17 the statute of limitations had run since the filing of the
4
“[T]he statute of limitations for the underlying
claim is tolled during [Rule 4’s 120-day service] period.”
Frasca v. United States, 921 F.2d 450, 453 (2d Cir. 1990).
But if the plaintiff’s action is dismissed for a failure to
serve within 120 days, “the governing statute of limitations
again becomes applicable, and the plaintiff must refile
prior to [its] termination . . . .” Id.
5
1 complaint. On November 23, 2005, Zapata responded to the
2 City’s motion to dismiss and cross-moved for an extension,
3 nunc pro tunc, of the time in which to serve Officer Moran.
4 Zapata claimed that he was unaware of Officer Moran’s first
5 name, badge number or work location when he filed the
6 complaint. The City’s reply memorandum attached Zapata’s
7 September 2002 administrative claim form, which lists
8 Officer Moran’s badge number and work location. In a
9 memorandum in further support of the cross-motion, Zapata’s
10 counsel explained that she did not know of the existence of
11 the claim form until she received the City’s reply, and she
12 argued that the City should have included a copy of the
13 claim form in its initial disclosures.
14 Zapata’s memoranda (in opposition to the motion to
15 dismiss and in further support of the cross-motion) argued
16 that the service period should be extended either for good
17 cause or in light of the harsh application of the statute of
18 limitations. According to Zapata’s memoranda, the 1993
19 Amendments to Rule 4 allowed district courts to grant
20 extensions even in the absence of good cause.
21 By memorandum opinion on January 31, 2006, the court
6
1 dismissed Zapata’s claims against the City (a decision which
2 Zapata does not challenge on appeal) and dismissed Zapata’s
3 claims against Moran as time-barred and declined to grant
4 Zapata an extension of the service period:
5 Proof of service . . . confirms this service,
6 four days beyond the 120 day period provided
7 in Rule 4, Fed. R. Civ. P. The Statute of
8 Limitations for the Constitutional tort sued
9 on expired on June 28, 2005. Service of
10 process on Moran made within 120 days would
11 have related back to the filing of the lawsuit
12 on May 18, 2005 and would have been timely.
13 Prejudice is assumed in the case of
14 individuals sued after the Statute of
15 Limitations has run. Such cases differ from
16 those situations cited by Plaintiff where the
17 claim itself is not time-barred, but service
18 is late under Rule 4. . . . The case is
19 dismissed as to defendant Moran as time-
20 barred.
21
22 Zapata v. City of New York, No. 05 Civ. 4799, slip op. at 2-
23 4 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 31, 2006). Zapata’s cross-motion to extend
24 the service period nunc pro tunc, which the district court
25 described as a “[c]ross-Motion . . . for an extension of
26 time to serve papers in opposition to the motion to
27 dismiss,” was deemed moot in light of the resolution of the
28 motion to dismiss. Id. at 1.
29 This timely appeal followed.
30
7
1 DISCUSSION
2 I
3 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(m) governs both (1)
4 the dismissal of actions for untimely service of process and
5 (2) extensions of the time in which service may be effected.
6 We review for an abuse of discretion a district court’s Rule
7 4(m) dismissal for failure to serve process. See Thompson
8 v. Maldonado, 309 F.3d 107, 110 (2d Cir. 2002).
9 Under Rule 4(m),
10 [i]f service of the summons and complaint is not
11 made upon a defendant within 120 days after the
12 filing of the complaint, the court . . . shall
13 dismiss the action without prejudice . . . or
14 direct that service be effected within a specified
15 time; provided that if the plaintiff shows good
16 cause for the failure, the court shall extend the
17 time for service for an appropriate period.
18
19 Prior to 1993, the substance of this rule appeared in
20 the former Rule 4(j), which provided that if service was not
21 made within 120 days, and the serving party “cannot show
22 good cause why such service was not made within that period,
23 the action shall be dismissed as to that defendant without
24 prejudice.” The Advisory Committee notes to the 1993
25 Amendment disclosed the purpose of the amendment:
26 The new subdivision explicitly provides that
8
1 the court shall allow additional time if there
2 is good cause for the plaintiff’s failure to
3 effect service in the prescribed 120 days, and
4 authorizes the court to relieve a plaintiff of
5 the consequences of an application of this
6 subdivision even if there is no good cause
7 shown . . . . Relief may be justified, for
8 example, if the applicable statute of
9 limitations would bar the refiled action, or
10 if the defendant is evading service or
11 conceals a defect in attempted service.
12
13 Before the 1993 Amendments, we generally did not
14 approve an extension absent a showing of good cause, even
15 when a statute of limitations would bar the re-filed action
16 and effectively convert the dismissal without prejudice
17 under Rule 4(m) into a dismissal with prejudice. See, e.g.,
18 McGregor v. United States, 933 F.2d 156 (2d Cir. 1991);
19 Frasca v. United States,
921 F.2d 450 (2d Cir. 1990). But
20 since 1993, those of our sister circuits that have
21 considered the issue have heeded the Advisory Committee and
22 held that district courts have the discretion to grant
23 extensions of the service period even where there is no good
24 cause shown; and this is consistent with a passing comment
25 from the Supreme Court on the issue. See, e.g., Henderson
26 v. United States,
517 U.S. 654, 662-63 (1996) (“[I]n 1993
27 amendments to the Rules, courts have been accorded
9
1 discretion to enlarge the 120-day period ‘even if there is
2 no good cause shown.’” (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m) Adv.
3 Comm. Notes)); Horenkamp v. Van Winkle & Co., 402 F.3d 1129,
4 1132-33 (11th Cir. 2005); Panaras v. Liquid Carbonic Indus.,
5
94 F.3d 338, 340-41 (7th Cir. 1996); Espinoza v. United
6 States,
52 F.3d 838, 840-41 (10th Cir. 1995); Petrucelli v.
7 Bohringer and Ratzinger, Gmbh,
46 F.3d 1298, 1304-08 (3d
8 Cir. 1995).
9 While we have not decided the question, our opinion in
10 Bogle-Assegai v. Connecticut expressed skepticism about
11 granting extension without good cause: we rejected as
12 “unsupported by any authority of this Court” the contention
13 that plaintiff “was not required to show good cause in order
14 to be given an extension of time to make proper service.”
15
470 F.3d 498, 508 (2d Cir. 2006). This observation was
16 linked to the factual context of that case: “Bogle-Assegai,
17 who was neither a pro se litigant nor incarcerated, made no
18 showing whatever as to any effort on her part to effect
19 personal service . . . . And . . . she also made no effort
20 to show good cause for her failure and never requested an
21 extension of time [while] the case was pending after she
10
1 first learned of the [defendants’] objections to service.”
2 Id. at 509. Thus Bogle-Assegai declined to vacate because
3 the plaintiff failed to advance any cognizable excuse for
4 neglect--even one falling short of good cause. We therefore
5 do not read that decision to hold categorically that good
6 cause is required in every case for an extension of the
7 service period under Rule 4(m). Such a reading of Bogle-
8 Assegai would be inconsistent with the wording of the rule
9 and the views of the Supreme Court.
10 We hold that district courts have discretion to grant
11 extensions even in the absence of good cause. But this
12 holding does not in itself resolve Zapata’s appeal.
13
14 II
15 Zapata complains that the district court failed to
16 consider the impact of the 1993 amendments on the former
17 Rule 4(j); this contention necessitates closer attention to
18 the two-clause structure of the post-1993 Rule 4(m), which
19 provides that if service is not effected within 120 days,
20
21 [1] “the court . . . shall dismiss the action without
11
1 prejudice . . . or direct that service be effected
2 within a specified time”; but that
3
4 [2] “if the plaintiff shows good cause for the failure,
5 the court shall extend the time for service for an
6 appropriate period.”
7
8
9 Some of our sister circuits have characterized the
10 second clause to govern “mandatory” good cause extensions
11 and the first clause to govern “discretionary” extensions in
12 the absence of good cause. See Coleman v. Milwaukee Bd. of
13 Sch. Dirs., 290 F.3d 932, 934 (7th Cir. 2002); De Tie v.
14 Orange County,
152 F.3d 1109, 1112 n.5 (9th Cir. 1998);
15 Boley v. Kaymark,
123 F.3d 756, 758 (3d Cir. 1997);
16
Espinoza, 52 F.3d at 841.
17 It is clear under the second clause of Rule 4(m) that
18 an extension is always warranted upon a showing of “good
19 cause,” because the rule commands that an “appropriate”
20 extension “shall” be granted upon such a showing. But it is
21 perhaps misleading to describe the provision as “mandatory.”
22 After all, the district court’s determinations on whether
12
1 good cause is present (and, if so, how long an extension
2 would be appropriate) are exercises of discretion. See
3 Thompson, 309 F.3d at 110; Troxell v. Fedders of N. Am.,
4 Inc.,
160 F.3d 381, 382-83 (7th Cir. 1998).
5 The first clause of Rule 4(m), which makes no mention
6 of good cause, grants discretion to district courts in a
7 backhanded fashion by dictating that they “shall” take a
8 certain action once 120 days have passed without service:
9 they must decide to dismiss . . . or decide not to dismiss.
10 But no criteria for this decision are supplied in the rule
11 itself; this silence commits extensions in the absence of
12 good cause, like determinations on the presence of good
13 cause, to the sound discretion of the district court.
14 Some circuits require district courts to engage in a
15 formal two-step inquiry to first evaluate good cause and
16 then demonstrate their awareness that an extension may be
17 granted even in the absence of good cause. See, e.g.,
18
Panaras, 94 F.3d at 340-41;
Petrucelli, 46 F.3d at 1305. In
19 our view, whether such a bifurcated inquiry would be useful
20 is a question best left to the district court: the two steps
21 inevitably involve a weighing of overlapping equitable
13
1 considerations; and we owe deference to the district court’s
2 exercise of discretion whether or not it based its ruling on
3 good cause. So we require no mechanical recitation of the
4 implications of the 1993 Amendment.
5 Where, as here, good cause is lacking, 5 but the
6 dismissal without prejudice in combination with the statute
7 of limitations would result in a dismissal with prejudice,
8 we will not find an abuse of discretion in the procedure
9 used by the district court, so long as there are sufficient
10 indications on the record that the district court weighed
11 the impact that a dismissal or extension would have on the
12 parties.
13 Here, there are abundant indications that the district
14 court was made aware of the scope of its discretion: Zapata
15 argued to the district court both that he had shown good
16 cause and that the time-bar justified an extension even in
17 the absence of good cause; acknowledging Zapata’s citation
18 of the latter principle, the district nonetheless denied an
5
Zapata’s brief to this Court argues solely that the
district court failed to consider a “discretionary”
extension under the 1993 Amendments to Rule 4, and Zapata
has therefore abandoned any claim to an extension for good
cause.
14
1 extension based on the prejudice that Officer Moran would
2 suffer by being forced to defend a time-barred action.
3
4 III
5 Zapata argues that, aside from the procedure the
6 district court utilized, it was required to grant an
7 extension in light of the absence of prejudice to Officer
8 Moran and the great prejudice to Zapata arising from the
9 operation of the statute of limitations. 6
10 As we have held, a district court may grant an
11 extension in the absence of good cause, but it is not
12 required to do so. See Coleman, 290 F.3d at 934. Moreover,
13 our holding in Bogle-Assegai suggests that, before we will
14 even consider vacating a Rule 4(m) dismissal for abuse of
15 discretion, the plaintiff must ordinarily advance some
16 colorable excuse for
neglect. 470 F.3d at 509 (declining to
17 consider plaintiff’s argument that she was not required to
18 show good cause because “[i]n any event, [the plaintiff]
6
Zapata raises no explicit challenge to the district
court’s decision to deny an extension of the service period
and simultaneously to dismiss his action with prejudice as
time-barred. We therefore do not address the issue.
15
1 made no showing whatever as to any effort on her part to
2 effect personal service[,] made no effort to show good cause
3 for her failure and never requested an extension of time
4 [while] the case was pending”); see also Coleman, 290 F.3d
5 at 934-35 (citing the plaintiff’s failure to properly effect
6 timely serve “with no even colorable justification” after
7 holding that “the fact that the balance of hardships favors
8 the plaintiff does not require the district judge to excuse
9 the plaintiff’s failure to serve the complaint and summons
10 within the 120 days provided by the rule” (emphasis
11 added)). 7
12 Zapata takes issue with the district court’s statement
13 that prejudice to Officer Moran was “assumed” because the
14 statute of limitations had run. According to Zapata, this
15 reasoning was erroneous and constituted an abuse of
16 discretion, because it is the prejudice to the plaintiff
7
Because Zapata was denied an extension, we express no
opinion on what circumstances will indicate an abuse of
discretion where a district court has granted an extension
without a showing of good cause. See generally Efaw v.
Williams, 473 F.3d 1038, 1040-41 (9th Cir. 2007). While we
read Bogle-Assegai to indicate that this Court will not
disturb a district court’s dismissal absent some colorable
excuse raised by the plaintiff, nothing in our opinion
should be read as a per se rule that district courts must
require such an excuse in all cases.
16
1 that would most naturally be “assumed” where a dismissal
2 without prejudice would time-bar the action. This is a fair
3 point; the Advisory Committee Notes to the 1993 Amendments
4 specifically mention that an extension might be justified
5 where statute of limitations would bar the refiling of an
6 action. And at least one circuit has held that district
7 courts may not deny an extension solely based on the
8 prejudice to the defendant arising from the statute of
9 limitations. See Boley, 123 F.3d at 759. But we decline to
10 adopt such a per se rule on the matter. It is obvious that
11 any defendant would be harmed by a generous extension of the
12 service period beyond the limitations period for the action,
13 especially if the defendant had no actual notice of the
14 existence of the complaint until the service period had
15 expired; and it is equally obvious that any plaintiff would
16 suffer by having the complaint dismissed with prejudice on
17 technical grounds--this is no less true where the technical
18 default was the result of pure neglect on the plaintiff’s
19 part. But in the absence of good cause, no weighing of the
20 prejudices between the two parties can ignore that the
21 situation is the result of the plaintiff’s neglect. Thus,
17
1 while we disagree with the district court’s formulation that
2 a dispositive degree of prejudice to the defendant is
3 “assumed” when statute of limitations would bar the re-filed
4 action, we leave to the district courts to decide on the
5 facts of each case how to weigh the prejudice to the
6 defendant that arises from the necessity of defending an
7 action after both the original service period and the
8 statute of limitations have passed before service.
9 In any event, Zapata’s assertion that Officer Moran
10 suffered no prejudice from service only a few days outside
11 the period of service is misleading; while the limitations
12 period was tolled for the service period, prejudice does not
13 toll. Nothing in the record besides the 2002 incident
14 itself suggests Officer Moran had any notice that the action
15 was forthcoming (much less already pending), and service was
16 effected almost three months after the limitations period
17 would have run had the complaint never been filed.
18 Even assuming the prejudice to Officer Moran was
19 slight, and taking into account the district court’s
20 unfortunate choice of language in denying an extension, we
21 find no abuse of discretion. Like the plaintiff in Bogle-
18
1 Assegai, Zapata made no effort to effect service within the
2 service period, neglected to ask for an extension within a
3 reasonable period of time, and has advanced no cognizable
4 excuse for the delay. Zapata’s only justification--that he
5 was unaware of Officer Moran’s badge number and the location
6 at which he could be served--is flatly contradicted by the
7 record. Zapata filed an administrative claim in 2002--
8 nearly three years before he filed his complaint--that
9 contained a cursory description of the incident along with
10 Officer Moran’s last name, badge number, and work location
11 (the Anna M. Cross Center at Riker’s Island). In spite of
12 Zapata’s possession of this information, he neither made any
13 attempt to serve Officer Moran at the Rikers Island facility
14 during the 120-day service period nor made any attempt
15 during that period to ask the Court for an extension of time
16 in which to serve Officer Moran. Nothing on the record
17 indicates that Zapata ever requested any information from
18 the City on the issue even though the City pointed out the
19 failure to serve Officer Moran when it made its request for
20 an enlargement of time to answer (nearly three months before
21 the end of the service period) and when it served its answer
19
1 (more than three weeks before the end of the service
2 period). Zapata finally attempted to serve Officer Moran at
3 Rikers Island after the 120-day service period had passed,
4 and even then, rather than immediately asking the district
5 court to bless the untimely service by granting an
6 extension, Zapata waited two months to seek an extension
7 nunc pro tunc after receiving the City’s motion to dismiss.
8 While Zapata initially responded to the City’s motion to
9 dismiss by claiming to have been unaware of Officer Moran’s
10 badge number and work location, Zapata’s later papers and
11 his brief to this Court state that Zapata’s counsel was
12 unaware that Zapata knew Officer Moran’s badge number;
13 counsel avers that she assumed that the City would
14 gratuitously supply the information necessary to effect
15 service which she could not (or would not) obtain from her
16 client. In this context, a description of poor
17 communication between client and counsel is a confession of
18 neglect, not an excuse for it. On these facts, we find no
19 abuse of discretion in the district court’s judgment. 8
8
Zapata also contends that we should vacate the
district court’s decision because of its alleged failure to
correctly describe Zapata’s motion to extend the service
period nunc pro tunc--the district court’s decision can be
20
1
2 CONCLUSION
3
4 For foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district
5 court is hereby AFFIRMED.
6
read to erroneously describe the cross-motion as seeking an
extension of time in which to oppose the City’s motion to
dismiss. (In our view, the district court’s ambiguous
language can also be read to describe the cross-motion for
an extension as being a free-standing opposition to the
motion to dismiss that is moot in light of the district
court’s incorporation of the Rule 4 issue into its ruling on
the motion to dismiss.) Whether or not the district court
correctly described the motion, it confronted the merits of
the issue under Rule 4 and made reference to Zapata’s
citations to authority on the propriety of an extension. So
we are confident that the district court would have reached
the same conclusion regardless of the manner in which it
described Zapata’s motion, and there is no need for a remand
on this basis.
21
