05-4614-ag
Grant v. DHS


                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                                 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT



                                       August Term, 2007

(Submitted: December 12, 2007                                             Decided: July 17, 2008)

                                     Docket No. 05-4614-ag



OTIS GRANT,
                                                                     Petitioner,

                                                  -v-

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY,

                                                                     Respondent.


Before: CARDAMONE and POOLER, Circuit Judges, and KEENAN, District Judge.*



        Petitioner challenges the constitutionality of 8 U.S.C. § 1432(a) (1994), which provided
that an alien born out of wedlock could obtain derivative citizenship based on the naturalization
of his or her mother before the alien turned eighteen but could not obtain derivative citizenship
based on the naturalization of his or her father before the alien turned eighteen unless paternity
had been established by legitimation. We reject this challenge.
        Petition for review DENIED.



Otis Grant, pro se, Beacon, NY, for Petitioner.

Glenn T. Suddaby, United States Attorney for the Northern District of New York, William F.
       Larkin, Assistant United States Attorney, Syracuse, New York, for Respondent.




       *
       The Honorable John F. Keenan, United States District Judge for the Southern District of
New York, sitting by designation.
PER CURIAM:


       Petitioner Otis Grant, a native and citizen of Jamaica, seeks review of a June 18, 2001,

order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) affirming the January 11, 2001, order of

Immigration Judge (“IJ”) Mitchell Levinsky, directing Grant’s removal from the United States.

In re Otis Kirk Grant, No. A35 770 632 (B.I.A. June 18, 2001), aff’g In re Otis Kirk Grant, No.

A35 770 632 (Immig. Ct. Jan. 11, 2001). Most of the arguments he raises already have been

rejected by this circuit and are addressed in an accompanying summary order. Here we address

the constitutionality of former 8 U.S.C. § 1432(a) (repealed 2000), which provided that an alien

born out of wedlock automatically derived citizenship based on the naturalization of his or her

mother before the alien turned eighteen but could obtain derivative citizenship based on the

naturalization of his or her father before the alien turned eighteen only if the child had been

legitimated. Because we have not previously decided the constitutionality of former Section

1432(a), we address that question briefly and find no constitutional defect.1

                                         BACKGROUND

       We set out only those portions of the history of this case that are relevant to

understanding the issue before us. Grant was admitted to the United States as a lawful

permanent resident in May 1978. On May 20, 1996, a New York court convicted Grant of

murder in the second degree, criminal possession of a weapon, and other offenses. On May 5,

2000, the former Immigration and Naturalization Service placed Grant in removal proceedings by

service of a notice to appear charging that (1) he had been convicted of an aggravated felony and




       1
          The BIA did not reach this issue because it found that the fact Grant’s father never had
legal custody meant Grant could not derive citizenship from his father. We believe that the
BIA’s approach creates a more difficult constitutional problem than simply addressing the
constitutionality of the gender distinction embodied in the legitimation requirement and therefore
directly confront that issue.

                                                  2
was therefore removable pursuant to Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”)

§ 237(a)(2)(A)(iii), 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii), and (2) he had been convicted of possession of

a weapon that was a firearm and was therefore removable under INA § 237(a)(2)(C), 8 U.S.C. §

1227(a)(2)(C).

        At his first appearance before IJ Levinsky in August 2000, Grant claimed that he had

obtained derivative citizenship through his father. The IJ adjourned the hearing three times to

allow Grant to obtain an attorney and evidence of derivative citizenship. During a November

2000 appearance, Grant admitted the charges in the notice to appear. Grant also informed the IJ

that his parents were never married, his mother became a citizen after Grant turned eighteen, and

his father became a citizen before Grant’s eighteenth birthday.

        On his final hearing date, January 11, 2001, Grant produced affidavits from his father and

mother in which they indicated that Grant’s father had played an active part in Grant’s life,

provided some financial support to Grant, and visited him frequently. However, Grant testified

that his father did not have legal custody.

       In an oral decision, the IJ held that (1) Grant was deportable as charged; (2) he was not

eligible for relief under INA § 212(c), 8 U.S.C. § 1182(c) (repealed 1996), and INS v. St. Cyr, 

(2001), because, even though his conviction occurred before the repeal of Section

212(c), Grant, unlike the respondent in St. Cyr, had been convicted by a jury; (3) Grant could not

apply for adjustment of status because his murder conviction rendered him ineligible for a waiver

of inadmissibility pursuant to INA § 212(h), 8 U.S.C. § 1182(h); (4) Grant was also ineligible for

Section 212(c) relief because he had served more than five years’ imprisonment; and (5) Grant

had not attained derivative citizenship from his father because his father never had legal custody.

       On appeal to the BIA, Grant argued inter alia that he had obtained derivative citizenship

from his father. Incident to this argument, he contended that Section 1432(a) was unconstitutional



                                                 3
insofar as it allowed an alien to obtain derivative citizenship through his mother without proof of

maternity but did not make the same path to citizenship available to alien children of naturalized

fathers.

           As to Grant’s claim of derivative citizenship, the BIA held that “[i]n order for a child to

derive United States citizenship . . . , proof is required that the naturalized parent retained legal

custody of the child,” and Grant had failed to demonstrate that his father had had legal custody.

Because the Board’s decision was premised on the custody requirement, it declined to reach the

constitutionality of the gender distinction embodied in former Section 1432(a). In addition, the

BIA rejected each of the additional bases on which Grant sought relief from removal.

           In July 2001, Grant filed a habeas corpus petition in the United States District Court for

the Northern District of New York. On June 14, 2004, Magistrate Judge David E. Peebles

recommended that the petition be denied. Before the district court could act on the

recommendation, Congress enacted the REAL ID Act of 2005, Pub. L. No. 109-13, Div. B.,119

Stat. 231, 302. Section 106(a) of the REAL ID Act provides that a petition for review to the court

of appeals is the exclusive method for challenging an administrative order of removal,

deportation, or exclusion, and Section 106(c) provides that any petitions pending in district court

must be transferred to the appropriate court of appeals. 119 Stat. at 310-11, 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a) &

note. Accordingly, the district court transferred Grant’s petition to this court.

                                              DISCUSSION

            Former Section 1432(a) provided that a “child born outside of the United States of alien

parents” who entered the United States acquired derivative citizenship if he or she met pertinent

portions of the following conditions:

           (1) the naturalization of both parents; or

           (2) The naturalization of the surviving parent if one of the parents is deceased: or



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       (3) The naturalization of the parent having legal custody of the child when there
       has been a legal separation of the parents or the naturalization of the mother if the
       child was born out of wedlock and the paternity of the child has not been
       established by legitimation; and if

       (4) Such naturalization takes place while such child is under the age of eighteen
       years, and

       (5) Such child is residing in the United States pursuant to a lawful admission for
       permanent residence at the time of the naturalization of the parent last naturalized
       under clause (1) of this subsection, or the parent naturalized under clause (2) or (3)
       of this subsection, or thereafter begins to reside permanently in the United States
       while under the age of eighteen years.1

       Thus, an alien born out of wedlock can achieve derivative citizenship automatically, based

on his or her mother’s naturalization, before the alien becomes eighteen, if he has not been

legitimated, but must show, at a minimum, that he has been legitimated in order to achieve

citizenship based on the father’s citizenship. Grant contends that this distinction denies him equal

protection.

       The BIA declined to address the constitutionality of the gender distinction and instead

relied on Section 1432(a)’s “legal custody” requirement, which does not embody a gender

distinction. However, Section 1432(a) is somewhat ambiguous both as to (1) whether a

legitimated alien must also show that his father had legal custody, and as to (2) whether a child

who has been legitimated and lives with his non-citizen father can obtain citizenship based on his

mother’s naturalization. On one hand, it refers to “legal custody,” in the context of a “legal

separation,” which ordinarily occurs only when there has been a legal marriage. See generally

Brissett v. Ashcroft, 

, 133-34 (2d Cir. 2004). This suggests that the “legal custody”


        1
          Section 1432(a) was repealed in 2000. Section 1431 of Title 8 now allows a child born
outside the United States to derive citizenship if one of his or her parents is or becomes a citizen
before the child reaches the age of eighteen and the child resides “in the United States in the legal
and physical custody of the citizen parent pursuant to a lawful admission for permanent
residence.” However, this additional protection is not retroactive, see Drakes v. Ashcroft, 

, 191 (2d Cir. 2003) (per curiam), and, in any case, would not assist Grant who did not
live in his father’s physical or legal custody.

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requirement applies only in the context of a legal marriage. On the other hand, while stating that

the mother’s naturalization triggers derivative citizenship for a child born out of wedlock provided

that the father has not legitimated the child, the section does not explicitly provide that the father’s

naturalization and legitimation of the child create derivative citizenship. If the father must show

both legitimation and legal custody, but the mother need only show birth, there may be a serious

constitutional problem as it may be virtually impossible for the natural father of an alien child to

perform any act that would give the child derivative citizenship. See Tuan Anh Nguyen v. INS,

, 70-71 (2001) (rejecting an equal protection challenge in part because the natural

father could easily legitimate or acknowledge his child).

       It appears that the BIA assumed that both legal custody and legitimation were required

because it held that (1) Grant did not become a citizen because his father did not have legal

custody and (2) therefore the court did not need to reach the equal protection claim based on the

legitimation requirement applicable to fathers. To avoid the serious constitutional and statutory

interpretation problems described in the last paragraph, we assume, without deciding, that

naturalization of the father and legitimation of the child before the child reached the age of

eighteen would create derivative citizenship. Thus, we address Grant’s argument that the

requirement that the father legitimate his alien child, while the mother need not prove a biological

relationship in a similar manner, is unconstitutional.2


        2
           In Miller v. Albright, 

(1998), which addressed a similar statute, two of the
 justices in the majority would have found that the petitioner lacked prudential standing because it
 was her father’s right to equal protection rather than her own that was violated. 

(O’Connor, J., concurring). None of the remaining justices agreed, although the opinions of
 some of the five justices who found that standing existed could arguably be distinguished on a
 factual basis from this case. See 

(Breyer, J., dissenting) (arguing that standing existed,
 in part, because the government had hindered plaintiff’s father in asserting his own rights). In
 any case, because any standing limitation is prudential, not constitutional, see 

and the
 standing issue has not been resolved by this court, while an adverse answer to the merits question
 is dictated by Supreme Court precedent, we reach the merits. See, e.g., Turley v. Police Dep’t of
 the City of New York, 

, 761 (2d Cir. 1999) (“We find that we also need not reach
 the issue of Turley’s standing, since the challenge fails on the merits.”).

                                                   6
          We are bound by Tuan Anh Nguyen to reject that challenge. In Tuan Anh Nguyen, the

Court considered an equal protection challenge to 8 U.S.C. § 1409, which provides the

requirements for derivative citizenship for a child born out of wedlock to a person who was a

United States citizen at the time of the child’s birth and a non-citizen. Like former section

1432(a), Section 1409 provides that a child born outside the United States automatically assumes

the United States citizenship of his or her mother, but in order to obtain derivative citizenship

based on the United States citizenship of his or her father, (1) the child must have been

legitimated under the laws of his residence or domicile; (2) the father must have acknowledged

the child in writing and under oath; or (3) paternity must have been established by a competent

court.3

          The Tuan Anh Nguyen Court held that the different treatment of female and male parents

did not violate the Equal Protection guarantee of the Due Process 

. To

justify legislation that discriminates on the basis of gender, the Court held, “it must be established

at least that the challenged classification serves important governmental objectives and that the


          3
          In pertinent part, Section 1409(a) provides that an out-of-wedlock child can obtain
 derivative citizenship:

          if–
                      (1) a blood relationship between the person and the father is
                  established by clear and convincing evidence,
                      (2) the father had the nationality of the United States at the time
                  of the person’s birth;
                       (3) the father (unless deceased) has agreed in writing to provide
                  financial support for the person until the person reaches the age of
                  18 years, and
                       (4) while the person is under the age of 18 years—
                              (A) the person is legitimated under the law of the
                           person’s residence or domicile,
                               (B) the father acknowledges paternity of the
                           person in writing under oath, or
                                (C) the paternity of the person is established by
                           adjudication of a competent court.



                                                    7
discriminatory means employed are substantially related to the achievement of those 

(internal quotation marks and brackets omitted). The Court then found that two

important governmental interests justified the gender differential embodied in Section 1409: (1) it

is important to the government to be certain that a biological parent-child relationship exists, 

and (2) it is appropriate “to ensure that the child and the citizen parent have some

demonstrated opportunity or potential to develop not just a relationship that is recognized, as a

formal matter, by the law, but one that consists of the real, everyday ties that provide a connection

between child and citizen parent and, in turn, the United States,” 

With respect to the

first interest—ensuring that the claimed biological relationship actually exists—the Court pointed

out that a mother’s parental status “is verifiable from the birth itself [and] . . . is documented in

most instances by the birth certificate or hospital records and the witnesses who attest to her

having give birth,” but that there is no such obvious or compelling proof of a father’s status. 

With respect to the second—requiring at least the opportunity for a relationship between

parent and child—the Court noted that while the mother is present at birth and thus has at least the

possibility of developing a relationship with her child, the father does not even necessarily know

that he has become a father. 

       While acknowledging that Congress could have chosen different means to achieve the

same ends, see 

the Court also held that the government had established that the means it

chose were substantially related to its important interests, 

       Finally, the Court said that it was “mindful that the obligation [Section 1409(a)(4)]

imposes with respect to the acquisition of citizenship by the child of a citizen father is minimal”

because the father has several options open to him for establishing his paternity — bringing a

paternity proceeding, having paternity recognized under the law of his residency or domicile, or

acknowledging paternity in a sworn, written statement — and the child could avail him or herself

                                                   8
of other routes to citizenship as well. 

It pointed out that “[t]he statute can be

satisfied on the day of birth, or the next day, or for the next eighteen years.” 

Based on

this reasoning, the Court upheld the constitutionality of Section 1409(a)(4).

          Grant identifies no basis on which we can distinguish Tuan Anh Nguyen, and we perceive

no principled basis on which we can do so. Although Section 1409(a)(4) gives the citizen father

more paths to establishing that the alien child is his son or daughter than does Section 1432(a),

which requires legitimation, Section 1409(a) also imposes an additional requirement absent from

Section 1432(a) by demanding that paternity be established by clear and convincing evidence, 8

U.S.C. § 1409(a)(1). Although the burdens imposed by the two statutes are different, we cannot

say that Section 1432(a) imposes a significantly more onerous burden than Section 1409(a) with

regard to legitimation, and we therefore believe that Tuan Anh Nguyen requires us to deny review

of Grant’s claim. Because Grant would not be eligible for citizenship even in the absence of a

“legal custody” requirement, we do not address whether that requirement exists for out-of-

wedlock children or whether, if it does, it is constitutional.

                                           CONCLUSION

          For the reasons stated in this opinion and in the accompanying summary order, we deny

review.




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