08-1927-cv
ReAmerica, S.A. v. Wells Fargo Bank International



                               UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                               August Term, 2008
(Argued: May 6, 2009                                                                Decided: August 11, 2009)

                                            Docket No. 08-1927-cv

RE AMERICA , S.A.,

                  Plaintiff-Appellant,

                  v.

WELLS FARGO BANK INTERNATIONAL ,

                  Defendant-Appellee.


Before: WINTER and CABRANES, Circuit Judges.*

         In this diversity action, plaintiff-appellant ReAmerica, S.A. appeals from a March 18, 2008

final order of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Deborah A.

Batts, Judge), granting summary judgment to defendant-appellee Wells Fargo Bank International on

plaintiff-appellant’s claims that Wells Fargo had “wrongfully debited” ReAmerica’s account and that

Wells Fargo negligently transmitted the data from which one could derive the authorization code for

the account. We conclude that Article 4A of the Model Uniform Commercial Code (“U.C.C.”) as

enacted by Minnesota, see Minn. Stat. § 336.4A-101 et seq., governs this action, and, as a result,

plaintiff-appellant’s claim that Wells Fargo wrongfully debited its account is time-barred by the one-

year statute of repose of section 4A-505 of the U.C.C. Additionally, we conclude that plaintiff-


         *
           The Honorable Sonia Sotomayor, originally a member of the panel, was elevated to the Supreme Court on
August 8, 2009. The two remaining members of the panel, who are in agreement, have determined the matter. See 28
U.S.C. 46(d); Local Rule 0.14(2); United States v. Desimone, 

(2d Cir. 1998).

                                                     1
appellant’s common law negligence claim is precluded by Article 4A of the U.C.C. Accordingly, we

affirm the final order of the District Court.

         Affirmed.

                                              JOSEPH A. KILBOURN , Cone & Kilbourn, Mount Kisco, NY,
                                                    for Plaintiff-Appellant ReAmerica, S.A.

                                              EDWARD L. POWERS (Robert A. Brundage, of counsel),
                                                   Bingham McCutchen LLP, New York, NY, for
                                                   Defendant-Appellee Wells Fargo Bank International.

JOSÉ A. CABRANES, Circuit Judge:

         Plaintiff-appellant ReAmerica, S.A. (“plaintiff” or “ReAmerica”) appeals from a March 18,

2008 final order entered in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York

(Deborah A. Batts, Judge), granting summary judgment to defendant Wells Fargo Bank International

(“Wells Fargo”) on ReAmerica’s claims that (1) Wells Fargo had “wrongfully debited” ReAmerica’s

account and (2) Wells Fargo had negligently transmitted the data from which one could derive the

authorization code for the account. See ReAmerica, S.A. v. Wells Fargo Bank International, No. 04 Civ.

5233, 

(S.D.N.Y. Mar. 18, 2008).1 We agree with the District Court

that Article 4A of the Model Uniform Commercial Code (“U.C.C.”) as enacted by Minnesota, see

Minn. Stat. § 336.4A-101 et seq., governs this action, and, as a result, plaintiff’s claim that Wells Fargo

wrongfully debited its account is time-barred by the one-year statute of repose set forth in section

4A-505. Additionally, we agree with the District Court that plaintiff’s common law negligence claim

is precluded by Article 4A of the U.C.C. Accordingly, we affirm the final order of the District

Court.




         1
           The March 18, 2008 final order also directed the Clerk of Court to close the case. Doc. No. 04-cv-5233,
Entry 36 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 18, 2008).

                                                       2
                                         BACKGROUND

       The following facts are undisputed. ReAmerica is a reinsurance company with its principal

place of business in Argentina. In 1989, it opened a bank account with Norwest Bank International,

a predecessor-in-interest to Wells Fargo. In 1991, the parties executed a wire transfer agreement

that enabled ReAmerica to transfer electronic funds from its account. The agreement contained the

following choice of law provisions:

       11.1 Article 4A. The rights and obligations of the parties regarding funds transfers
       shall be governed solely by this Agreement and Article 4A of the Uniform
       Commercial Code (“Article 4A”) without regard to whether Article 4A has been
       enacted in the state(s) in which the parties have their princip[al] places of business.

       11.2 Applicable Law. This Agreement and the rights and obligations of the Bank and
       the User shall be governed by the law of the state in which the Bank has its
       princip[al] office or, if that state has not enacted Article 4A, the laws of the State of
       Minnesota . . . .

ReAmerica, S.A., 

, at *3-4. For the relevant time period, Wells Fargo

had its principal place of business in Minnesota.

       The agreement also set forth a security procedure, which specified how the parties would

complete a wire transfer. In order to initiate such a transfer, ReAmerica would prepare a payment

order that included an authorization code or “test key” number, which ReAmerica derived from a

table and test key formula that was provided by Wells Fargo. Wells Fargo would then verify the test

key number and execute the payment order. Between January 1, 2000 and December 5, 2001,

ReAmerica transmitted 139 wire transfer payment orders from its account at Wells Fargo.

       During this period, a consultant to ReAmerica, Ricardo Wagner, obtained the authorization

code and forged the signature of ReAmerica’s chief executive officer, Carlos Romanelli, on twenty-

four payment orders transmitted to Wells Fargo, to divert part of ReAmerica’s funds to what is

believed to be Wagner’s own personal account. By e-mail dated January 28, 2002 and letter dated


                                               3
January 29, 2002, ReAmerica requested that Wells Fargo suspend activity in the account due to its

“serious suspicion” that the account was being fraudulently used. 

By letter dated April 17,

2002, ReAmerica requested information from Wells Fargo regarding ReAmerica’s account activity

for the 2000 to 2001 time period. Although the letter stated that fraudulent activity in the account

had been discovered, it did not identify the specific transactions that were fraudulent, nor did it state

whether any transactions would be disputed. Wells Fargo promptly complied with ReAmerica’s

request and Romanelli later testified that ReAmerica was able to identify by April 2002 the specific

transactions that the company intended to dispute. However, it was not until nearly two years

later—on March 18, 2004—that ReAmerica notified Wells Fargo that it was disputing the twenty-

four payment orders that were fraudulently initiated by Wagner.

         On July 2, 2004, ReAmerica filed this action to recover $1,026,665.38—the total amount

unrecovered from the disputed transfers. Specifically, ReAmerica claimed that (1) Wells Fargo had

wrongfully debited its account, and (2) Wells Fargo negligently transmitted the test key data to

ReAmerica by twice faxing it to the attention of one of Romanelli’s employees, and not to

Romanelli himself, as a result of which, ReAmerica argued, Wagner was able to obtain the data that

facilitated his fraud.2 After discovery, Wells Fargo moved for summary judgment, which the District

Court granted on March 18, 2008. At the outset, the District Court agreed with the parties that,

pursuant to the wire transfer agreement, the electronic fund transfers at issue were governed by

Article 4A of the U.C.C. See 

With respect to ReAmerica’s claim that its account was

wrongfully debited, the District Court determined that section 4A-505 of the U.C.C. posed a


         2
            In its Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Summary Judgment, ReAmerica also asserted a second
negligence claim arising from Wells Fargo’s alleged duty to warn ReAmerica about Wells Fargo’s past, negative dealings
with Wagner. The District Court noted that this claim was not raised in the Complaint, and accordingly declined to
address the merits of the argument. See ReAmerica, S.A., 

, at *23. ReAmerica does not
press this argument on appeal.

                                                       4
procedural bar—a one-year statute of repose on claims that an account was wrongfully debited

based on a payment order, which runs from the date the bank (Wells Fargo) notifies the other party

(ReAmerica) of the payment order. See 

The District Court concluded that Wells Fargo

had given adequate notice of the relevant payment orders, but that ReAmerica had failed to object

within the requisite one-year period. See 

With respect to ReAmerica’s common law

claim of negligence concerning the transmission of the test key data, the District Court concluded

that such a claim was precluded by Article 4A. See 

Accordingly, the District Court

granted judgment in favor of defendant and ordered the case closed. This timely appeal by

ReAmerica followed.

                                            DISCUSSION

        We have jurisdiction over the state law claims in this suit on the basis of the parties’ diversity

of citizenship. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(2). We review de novo an order granting summary judgment.

See, e.g., Wright v. Goord, 

, 266 (2d Cir. 2009). Summary judgment is appropriate only if

“there is no genuine issue as to any material fact” and the moving party “is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).

                                                     A.

        Beginning with ReAmerica’s claim that Wells Fargo wrongfully debited its account, we

conclude, as a threshold matter, that Article 4A as enacted by Minnesota, see Minn. Stat. § 336.4A-

101 et seq., governs the wire transfers at issue. The parties’ wire transfer agreement specifically states

that “[t]he rights and obligations of the parties regarding funds transfers shall be governed solely by

this Agreement and Article 4A of the Uniform Commercial Code . . . without regard to whether

Article 4A has been enacted in the state(s) in which the parties have their princip[al] places of

business,” and that those same rights and obligations “shall be governed by the law of the state in


                                                 5
which the Bank has its princip[al] office or, if that state has not enacted Article 4A, the laws of the

State of Minnesota.” ReAmerica, S.A., 

, at *3-4. As a practical matter,

to the extent that these two provisions are in tension, that tension is easily resolved because

Minnesota has adopted Article 4A of the Model U.C.C., see Minn. Stat. § 336.4A-101 et seq.

Accordingly, for our purposes Article 4A of the U.C.C. clearly governs the disputed wire transfers.

        Having concluded that Article 4A applies to the transfers at issue in this case, it follows that

section 4A-505 of the U.C.C., governing the “Preclusion of Objection to Debit of Customer’s

Account,” applies to ReAmerica’s wrongful debit claim. Section 4A-505 provides in full that

        [i]f a receiving bank has received payment from its customer with respect to a
        payment order issued in the name of the customer as sender and accepted by the
        bank, and the customer received notification reasonably identifying the order, the
        customer is precluded from asserting that the bank is not entitled to retain the
        payment unless the customer notifies the bank of the customer’s objection to the payment within one
        year after the notification was received by the customer.

U.C.C. § 4A-505 (emphasis added); see also 

(“This section is in the nature of a statute

of repose for objecting to debits made to the customer’s account.”). It is plain from the record

before us that Wells Fargo provided ReAmerica with sufficient information about its account

activity to constitute “notification reasonably identifying the order” by April 2002. As ReAmerica’s

chief executive officer testified at his deposition, the company knew by that month which transfers

they intended to dispute. See ReAmerica, S.A., 

, at *17 (“When asked,

‘So by April of 2002, you knew which transfers you were disputing as fraudulent; isn’t that correct?,’

Mr. Romanelli answered, ‘Yes, I did.’”). Although ReAmerica notified Wells Fargo by e-mail and

letter in January 2002 that it had concerns about the account, and asked at that time that the account

be frozen, those communications never identified the specific payment orders at issue, and thus

were too vague to qualify as “objection[s] to the payment[s]” under section 4A-505. The same is

true of ReAmerica’s letter dated April 17, 2002, which indicated only that the fraudulent activity had

                                                     6
been verified, but again said nothing about the specific payment orders. ReAmerica did not inform

Wells Fargo of the specific payment orders it planned to dispute until March 18, 2004—nearly two

years after it had received reasonable notification of the orders. Accordingly, we agree with the

District Court that ReAmerica’s action falls outside the U.C.C.’s one-year statute of repose, and

conclude that Wells Fargo’s motion for summary judgment on ReAmerica’s claim that Wells Fargo

wrongfully debited its account was properly granted.

                                                     B.

        Turning to ReAmerica’s claim that Wells Fargo negligently transferred the test key data to

ReAmerica, and thus enabled Wagner to obtain it, we note that the Official Comment to Section

4A-102 of the U.C.C. states that the provisions of Article 4A

        represent a careful and delicate balancing of [competing] interests and are intended to be the
        exclusive means of determining the rights, duties and liabilities of the affected parties in any
        situation covered by particular provisions of the Article. Consequently, resort to principles
        of law or equity outside of Article 4A is not appropriate to create rights, duties and liabilities
        inconsistent with those stated in this Article.

U.C.C. § 4A-102 official cmt. We have previously read this language to support the proposition that

Article 4A “preclude[s] common law claims when such claims would impose liability inconsistent

with the rights and liabilities expressly created by Article 4-A.” Grain Traders, Inc. v. Citibank, N.A.,

, 103 (2d Cir. 1998).

        Here, it is apparent that ReAmerica’s negligence claim under Minnesota law, which

ordinarily would enjoy a six-year statute of limitations, see Minn. Stat. § 541.05, would “impose

liability inconsistent” with the liabilities created by Article 4A. Grain 

. As the

District Court properly concluded, “[u]nder applicable law, ReAmerica cannot raise a common law

negligence claim two years after the date of alleged injury and thereby create a right wholly

inconsistent with the stated one year statute of repose imposed by Article 4A.” See ReAmerica, S.A.,


                                                 7


, at *22-23; see also Zengen, Inc. v. Comerica Bank, 

, 809 (Cal.

2007) (“[B]ecause the situation [that formed] the basis of the plaintiff’s common-law claims . . . is

unequivocally addressed in the particular provisions of Article 4A, we conclude that those

common-law claims are displaced by Article 4A . . . .” (alterations omitted)). Accordingly, we agree

with the District Court’s conclusion that Article 4A of the U.C.C. precludes ReAmerica’s common

law negligence claim, see ReAmerica, S.A., 

, at *21-23, and we therefore

conclude that the District Court properly granted defendant’s motion for summary judgment on that

claim.3

                                             CONCLUSION

          For the reasons stated above, the March 18, 2008 final order of the District Court is

AFFIRMED.




          3
           Because we conclude that ReAmerica’s common law negligence claim is precluded by Article 4A of the
U.C.C., we need not reach Well Fargo’s argument that ReAmerica’s claim is likewise precluded by Federal Reserve
Regulation J, or its argument that under New York State’s “borrowing statute,” see C.P.L.R. § 202 (2005), the negligence
claim would also be barred by the statutes of limitations of both Argentina and New York.

                                                        8