09-1210-cr
         United States v. Lewis



                                  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                      FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                             SUMMARY ORDER

     RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY
     ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE
     OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY
     ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL
     APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY
     CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY
     COUNSEL.

 1               At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
 2       Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse, 500 Pearl Street, in the City of New York,
 3       on the 1st day of June, two thousand eleven.
 4
 5       PRESENT:
 6                   AMALYA L. KEARSE,
 7                   ROSEMARY S. POOLER,
 8                   GERARD E. LYNCH,
 9                         Circuit Judges.
10       __________________________________________
11
12       United States of America,
13
14                          Appellee,
15
16                                 v.                                        09-1210-cr
17
18       Germaine Lewis,
19
20                   Defendant-Appellant.
21       __________________________________________
22
23       FOR APPELLANT:                               Germaine Lewis, pro se, New York, NY.
24
25       FOR APPELLEE:                                Celia A. Cohen, Assistant United States Attorney,
26                                                    of counsel, Loretta E. Lynch, United States
27                                                    Attorney, Eastern District of New York, Susan
28                                                    Corkery, Assistant United States Attorney, United
29                                                    States Attorneys’ Office, Brooklyn, NY.
30
31
 1           Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of

 2   New York (Vitaliano, J.).

 3           UPON DUE CONSIDERATION IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

 4   DECREED that the judgment of the district court be AFFIRMED.

 5           Appellant Germaine Lewis, proceeding pro se on appeal, appeals the district court’s

 6   judgment of conviction, following a jury trial. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the

 7   underlying facts and the procedural history of the case.

 8           We review claimed errors that were not objected to during a criminal trial for plain error.

 9   See Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b); United States v. Olano, 

, 734 (1993). To show plain

10   error, a defendant must demonstrate that: “(1) there is an ‘error’; (2) the error is ‘clear or

11   obvious, rather than subject to reasonable dispute’; (3) the error ‘affected the appellant’s

12   substantial rights, . . . ’; and (4) ‘the error seriously affect[s] the fairness, integrity or public

13   reputation of judicial proceedings.’” United States v. Marcus, 

, 2164 (2010)

14   (alteration in original) (quoting Puckett v. United States, 

, 1429 (2009)).

15           Appellant’s first argument goes to the sufficiency of the evidence against her. She

16   submits that purported inconsistencies between statements that Special Agent David Lum made

17   while investigating the crime, and subsequent trial testimony, call into question his reliability as

18   a witness. It was, however, for the jury to decide whether Lum testified credibly, see United

19   States v. Si Lu Tian, 

, 150 (2d Cir. 2003), and defense counsel had ample

20   opportunity to cross examine Lum at trial. After listening to Lum’s testimony and assessing its

21   reliability, the jury was free to reject Appellant’s argument as to Lum’s reliability and to

22   conclude that Lum’s testimony was not inconsistent with his prior statements or even that he was


                                                          2
 1   believable despite any alleged inconsistency. Appellant therefore failed to carry her “heavy

 2   burden,” 

marks omitted), of establishing that the evidence against her was

 3   insufficient.

 4           Nor was it plain error for the district court to decline to hold a hearing after the de

 5   minimis contact between a juror, the Assistant United States Attorney, and Agent Gorra. In fact,

 6   when defense counsel was advised of the contact, which amounted to no more than a request for

 7   directions, defense counsel stated in open court that he had “[n]o objection, obviously,” to

 8   continuing the trial without a hearing. In any event, such trivial contact could not have affected

 9   the outcome of the case. See, e.g., 

(finding that, absent a prejudicial

10   impact, plain error does not occur every time a juror has been placed in a potentially

11   compromising situation).

12           Finally, Appellant submits that, because the district court’s in limine ruling precluded

13   reference to Appellant’s homelessness, the government should not have been permitted to

14   mention Appellant’s former street address. This argument is without merit. References to

15   Appellant’s former address, the admission of which Appellant’s attorney agreed to, did not

16   constitute plain error, because such references were relevant and not prejudicial. Relevant

17   evidence may be excluded where its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of

18   unfair prejudice, and the district court’s rulings regarding the admission of evidence are entitled

19   to considerable deference. See Fed. R. Evid. 403; Costantino v. Herzog, 

, 173-74

20   (2d Cir. 2000). Here, the house address was material because, inter alia, it was the house where

21   Appellant and her mother committed the charged crimes and it was the address given on two of

22   the fraudulent tax returns and used in the corresponding records of the bank in which


                                                        3
 1   fraudulently obtained moneys were deposited. Nonetheless, the district court took precautionary

 2   measures to ensure that Appellant and her mother were not unnecessarily prejudiced by evidence

 3   regarding their previous residence, as demonstrated by its ruling that the Government could not

 4   enter into evidence photographs of the house. It is therefore extremely unlikely that Appellant

 5   was unfairly prejudiced by the limited references to her street address. As such, it cannot be said

 6   that these brief references affected Appellant’s “substantial rights.” See 

  2164.

 8           We have considered Appellant’s arguments, and find them to be without merit.

 9   Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is hereby AFFIRMED.

10
11                                                FOR THE COURT:
12                                                Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk

13




                                                      4