11-1211
     Somerville v. Hunt



 1                              UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
 2                                   FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
 3                                    _____________________
 4
 5                                         August Term, 2011
 6
 7          (Argued: April 3, 2012                                Decided: September 25, 2012)
 8
 9                                       Docket No. 11-1211-pr
10                                      _____________________
11
12                                        STEVEN SOMERVILLE,
13
14                                                                                Petitioner-Appellee,
15
16                                                  v.
17
18            CAROL HUNT, SUPERINTENDENT, GROVELAND CORRECTIONAL FACILITY, AND ERIC
19                     SCHNEIDERMAN, NEW YORK STATE ATTORNEY GENERAL,
20
21                                                                           Respondents-Appellants.
22
23   Before: NEWMAN, KATZMANN, and B.D. PARKER, Circuit Judges.
24                                  ___________________
25
26           Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of
27   New York (Garaufis, J.) granting Appellee’s petition for a writ of habeas corpus. We hold that
28   the Appellate Division’s determination that a presumption of vindictiveness did not apply to the
29   Appellee’s resentencing was not an unreasonable application of clearly established Supreme
30   Court law.
31
32              REVERSED.
33                                       ___________________
34
35                                            RICHARD JOSELSON, The Legal Aid Society, New York,
36                                               NY, for Petitioner-Appellee.
37
38                                            AMY APPELBAUM (Leonard Joblove, on the brief),
39                                              Brooklyn, NY, for Charles J. Hynes, District
40                                              Attorney, Kings County, Brooklyn, NY, for
41                                              Respondents-Appellants.
42
43
 1   ______________________________________________________________________________
 2   BARRINGTON D. PARKER, Circuit Judge:

 3           The State of New York appeals from a decision of United States District Court for the

 4   Eastern District of New York (Garaufis, J.) granting Steven Somerville’s petition for a writ of

 5   habeas corpus. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254. After Somerville’s initial sentence was vacated on the

 6   ground that it was illegal, the state court resentenced Somerville to a term he contended was

 7   higher than his initial sentence and that, as a result, this higher sentence was presumptively

 8   vindictive under North Carolina v. Pearce, 

(1969). The Appellate Division

 9   affirmed the sentence, holding that the presumption did not apply to the resentencing. The

10   district court concluded that it was unreasonable for the state court not to apply the presumption,

11   that the presumption applied, and that it could not be rebutted. On this basis, the court granted

12   habeas relief. Somerville v. Hunt, No. 08-CV-13072011, WL 795073 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 28, 2011).

13   Because we conclude that the Appellate Division’s determination that the Pearce presumption

14   did not apply to Somerville’s resentencing was not an unreasonable application of Supreme

15   Court law, we reverse.

16                                           BACKGROUND

17           In 1997, a New York state jury found Somerville guilty of first degree burglary, assault

18   in the second and third degree and criminal mischief in the fourth degree arising from an attack

19   on his girlfriend. At his original sentencing, the prosecution informed the court that Somerville

20   had been convicted of a violent felony in 1993 in Maryland. Taking this conviction into

21   consideration, the judge – Justice John M. Levanthal – adjudicated Somerville as a second

22   violent felony offender and sentenced him to a concurrent term of imprisonment of 18- years on




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 1   the first-degree burglary count and to lesser terms on the other offenses. See former N.Y. Penal

 2   Law § 70.04(3)(a) (establishing a statutory determinate term within the range of 10 to 25 years).

 3           After his direct appeal, Somerville sought a writ of habeas corpus on the ground that he

4    had been erroneously adjudicated as a second violent felony offender and that his counsel had

5    been constitutionally ineffective for not pointing out the error. The district court agreed that

6    under New York law, the Maryland conviction could not serve as a predicate felony, granted

7    Somerville’s petition, and remanded the case to Justice Leventhal for resentencing under the

8    appropriate statute. See Somerville v. Conway, 

, 524 (E.D.N.Y. 2003)

9    (Weinstein, J.).

10           At resentencing, Somerville was classified as a first violent felony offender. Under

11   then-applicable law, the court was required to sentence him to an indeterminate term ranging

12   from a minimum of 3 - 6 years to a maximum of 12.5 - 25 years. See former N.Y. Penal Law

13   § 70.02(1)(a), (2)(a), (3)(a), (4). Somerville argued that, because he had previously been

14   sentenced to a “mid-range” determinate sentence, the court should now impose a “mid-range”

15   indeterminate sentence of 7.5 to 15 years. The prosecution, in contrast, requested the maximum

16   range of 12.5 to 25 years.

17           At the resentencing, the judge noted that he considered the initial sentence to be illegal

18   and added that, “[i]f the sentence was illegal, I believe it was null and void, never existed, I can

19   sentence him again.” J.A. 73. The judge also noted that, even if he sentenced Somerville to the

20   maximum indeterminate term of 12.5 to 25 years, Somerville would be eligible for release earlier




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 1   than he would have under the vacated 18-year determinate term.1 The court then sentenced

 2   Somerville to concurrent terms of imprisonment of 11 - 22 years on the first-degree burglary

 3   count and to lesser terms on the others. The court stated that the 11 - 22 year term was the

 4   sentence it would have chosen in 1997 had Somerville been sentenced under the appropriate

 5   statute. J.A. at 97.

 6               In a written decision accompanying the sentence, the court considered and rejected

 7   Somerville’s argument that any indeterminate sentence whose maximum term exceeded eighteen

 8   years would be presumptively vindictive. See People v. Somerville, 

, 604-06

 9   (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 2004). The court assumed, without holding, that the indeterminate sentence of 11

10   - 22 years was an increase over the vacated 18-year determinate sentence. Then, relying on dicta

11   from People v. Harrington, 

, 64 (1967), the court concluded that, where the

12   previous sentence is “vacated as illegal,” it is “a nullity and it is as though [Somerville] was

13   never sentenced” in the first place, and thus “[t]he presumption of vindictiveness simply does not

14   apply.” 

.

15               The Appellate Division affirmed the sentence. People v. Somerville, 

16   (N.Y. App. Div. 2d Dep’t 2006). Like the trial court, it “[a]ssum[ed] without deciding that the

17   indeterminate terms of imprisonment were in fact greater than the determinate terms they


             1
                Some uncertainty existed as to whether the first or the second sentence was longer because
     defendants sentenced to determinate terms of imprisonment are statutorily eligible for parole, whereas
     defendants serving indeterminate terms of imprisonment are eligible for discretionary release. See N.Y.
     Penal Law § 70(40)(1)(a)(i)(ii). Furthermore, defendants serving indeterminate sentences are eligible to
     accumulate good time credits toward up to one-third off a sentence, whereas defendants serving
     determinate sentences may earn good time credits toward just one-seventh off the final sentence. The
     state court assumed, without deciding, that Somerville’s indeterminate sentence was longer than the
     vacated determinate term. The district court affirmatively held the same. Because we hold that the
     Appellate Division reasonably concluded that the Pearce presumption did not apply, we need not decide
     which sentence was longer.


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 1   replaced,” id at. 734, and then held that, “[i]nasmuch as the prior sentences imposed were

 2   vacated as illegal, no presumption of vindictiveness attaches to resentencing . . . .” 

of Appeals denied leave to appeal. People v. Somerville, 

(2007).

 4           In 2008, Somerville filed a second petition for a writ of habeas corpus. His main

 5   contention was that the Appellate Division’s decision not to apply a presumption of

 6   vindictiveness to his resentencing was an unreasonable application of Pearce. He argued that,

 7   when a defendant receives a harsher sentence from the same judge who imposed the original

 8   one, a reasonable likelihood exists that unlawful vindictiveness tainted the new sentence and,

 9   therefore, Pearce applies. See Appellee Br. at 16.

10           The district court agreed with Somerville and granted the writ. Somerville v. Hunt, 08-

11   CV-1307, 

(E.D.N.Y. Feb. 28, 2011). First, the district court held that the

12   second sentence was longer and concluded that the Appellate Division’s “attempt to limit the

13   rule announced in Pearce and its progeny to Pearce’s specific facts” was “contrary to, or at least

14   an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law.” 

held

15   that the “presumption of vindictiveness is not limited to only those cases in which a defendant

16   successfully challenges his first conviction[,]” because it concluded that the same potential for

17   vindictiveness by a sentencing judge exists after the a successful challenge to the legality of an

18   original sentence. 

Having concluded that the presumption can apply,

19   the district court also concluded that the presumption must apply to Somerville’s resentencing

20   “because his case is materially indistinguishable from Pearce itself,” 

because the

21   State “failed to demonstrate that Somerville’s resentencing is comparable to any of the

22   circumstances in which the Supreme Court has declined to apply Pearce’s presumption of



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 1   vindictiveness.” 

quotations omitted). Finding the presumption unrebutted, the

 2   district court granted the writ. The State appealed.

 3           We review the district court’s grant of a § 2254 petition de novo. See Harris v.

 4   Kuhlmann, 

, 342 (2d Cir. 2003). A federal court may grant habeas relief if the state

 5   court’s adjudication of a claim on the merits “was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable

 6   application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the

 7   United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). So long as this Court can discern a reasonable basis for

 8   the decision, AEDPA requires that we afford state court decisions the benefit of the doubt.

 9   Renico v. Lett, 

, 1862, 1865 n.3 (2010). Specifically, when reviewing habeas

10   claims, we must determine “what arguments or theories support or . . . could have supported, the

11   state court’s decision; and then ask whether it is possible fairminded jurists could disagree that

12   those arguments or theories are inconsistent with the holding in a prior decision of the Supreme

13   Court.” Harrington v. Richter, 

, 786 (2011).

14                                             DISCUSSION

15           The State challenges the district court’s grant of habeas relief on two grounds. First, the

16   State argues that, because the Supreme Court has only applied the Pearce presumption to a new

17   sentencing following the reversal of a conviction and a retrial, courts are free to conclude that the

18   Pearce presumption does not apply to a new sentence imposed after the original sentence was

19   held to be illegal. Appellant Br. at 21. Such a conclusion, it argues, is neither contrary to, nor an

20   unreasonable application of Supreme Court law. In the alternative, the State argues that the

21   different statutory sentencing scheme and the substantial possibility of an earlier release

22   establish that there is no reasonable likelihood that the judge acted with actual vindictiveness in



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 1   sentencing Somerville the second time. In light of the specific facts of this case, therefore, the

 2   State argues that its decision not to apply the Pearce presumption was reasonable. We do not

 3   reach the first contention because we agree with the second.

 4              Due process requires that, after a defendant has successfully attacked his conviction,

 5   vindictiveness must play no part in the sentence he later receives. 

.

 6   Specifically, Pearce requires that “whenever a judge imposes a more severe sentence upon a

 7   defendant after a new trial, the reasons for him doing so must affirmatively appear. Those

 8   reasons must be based upon objective information concerning identifiable conduct on the part of

 9   the defendant occurring after the time of the original sentencing proceeding.” 

  “Otherwise, a presumption arises that a greater sentence has been imposed for a vindictive

11   purpose.” Alabama v. Smith, 

, 798-99 (1989) (internal quotation marks omitted).

12   Once it applies, this presumption can be rebutted by “objective information concerning

13   identifiable conduct on the part of the defendant occurring after the time of the original

14   sentencing proceeding.”2 

.

15              Although Pearce appeared on its face to announce a rule of sweeping scope, subsequent

16   Supreme Court decisions have narrowed its reach. For example, in Texas v. McCullough, 475

(1986), the court noted the Pearce presumption “does not apply in situations where the

18   possibility of vindictiveness is . . . speculative.” 

also United States v. Goodwin,

19   

(1982) (noting that the Pearce rule is appropriate “only in cases in which a


            2
              The Supreme Court stated in dicta, however, that “[r]estricting justifications for a
     sentence increase to only ‘events that occurred subsequent to the original sentencing
     proceedings’ could in some circumstances lead to absurd results,” Texas v. McCullough, 

, 141 (1986), and thus suggested that the Pearce presumption could be rebutted by a
     wider range of information.


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 1   reasonable likelihood of vindictiveness exists.”); Blackledge v. Perry, 

, 27 (1974)

 2   (noting that due process is not offended by all possibilities of increased punishment, but only by

 3   those that pose a realistic likelihood of vindictiveness).

 4           In Alabama v. Smith, the Supreme Court concluded that cases decided after Pearce

 5   “have made clear that its presumption of vindictiveness does not apply in every case where a

 6   convicted defendant receives a higher sentence on 

(internal quotation

 7   marks and text modifications omitted). The Supreme Court went on to note that Pearce was not

 8   designed to prevent the imposition of an increased sentence on retrial “for some valid reason

 9   associated with the need for flexibility and discretion in the sentencing process,” and that the

10   Pearce presumption applies only in “circumstances . . . in which there is a reasonable likelihood

11   that the increase in sentence is the product of actual vindictiveness on the part of the sentencing

12   authority.” 

there is no such reasonable likelihood [of vindictivness], the

13   burden remains upon the defendant to prove actual vindictiveness.” 

  Supreme Court has not decided whether Pearce applies only to resentencing following a retrial

15   or whether it also applies to a sentencing following a finding that an initial sentence was illegal.

16           The lesson of these Supreme Court cases is, therefore, that when there is a strong

17   likelihood that an increase in sentence is not the product of vindictiveness, Pearce does not

18   apply. Rather than announcing a categorical rule as to when Pearce always or never applies, the

19   Supreme Court has adopted a flexible rule in which Pearce must apply when it would be

20   unreasonable not to apply it.

21           This case does not present the type of situation in which it would be unreasonable to

22   decline to apply the Pearce presumption. Here, it does not appear that the trial judge believed



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 1   the second sentence was higher than the first. He noted that under the indeterminate range of 11

 2   to 22 years, it was likely that Somerville would be eligible for release sooner than under his

 3   prior, determinate sentence. Moreover, the judge explained that he would have applied a

 4   sentence within that range in the first sentencing, had he not believed a determinate sentence was

 5   required. This explanation is both plausible and unrebutted. Accordingly, we defer to the

 6   Appellate Division’s conclusion that there was no reasonable likelihood of actual vindictiveness

 7   in Somerville’s resentencing, and thus we find no violation of clearly established law in

 8   declining to apply the Pearce presumption.

 9                                            CONCLUSION
10
11           The judgment of the district court is reversed and remanded for entry of judgment for

12   the respondents.




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