11-662-cr
United States v. Forbes

                               UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                               SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN
CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE
EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON
ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

       At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held
at the Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse, 500 Pearl Street, in the City of
New York, on the 29th day of March, two thousand twelve.

PRESENT: REENA RAGGI,
         CHRISTOPHER F. DRONEY,
                   Circuit Judges,
         KIYO A. MATSUMOTO,
                   District Judge.*

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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                   Appellee,
               v.                                                                       No. 11-662-cr

JASON FORBES,
                                       Defendant-Appellant,
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FOR APPELLANT:                         Darrell B. Fields, Appeals Bureau, Federal Defenders of New
                                       York, Inc., New York, New York.

FOR APPELLEE:                          Michael D. Lockard, Andrew L. Fish, Assistant United States
                                       Attorneys, for Preet Bharara, United States Attorney for the
                                       Southern District of New York, New York, New York.




           *
        The Honorable Kiyo A. Matsumoto of the United States District Court for the
Eastern District of New York, sitting by designation.
       Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District

of New York (Denise L. Cote, Judge).

       UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the judgment entered on February 7, 2011, is AFFIRMED.

       Defendant Jason Forbes challenges as substantively unreasonable his 60-month prison

sentence on a single count of possession of child pornography, see 18 U.S.C.

§ 2252A(a)(5)(B), which prison term was imposed on resentencing following Forbes’s

violation of the probationary sentence originally imposed. On reasonableness review of a

challenged sentence, we apply a “deferential abuse-of-discretion standard.” Gall v. United

States, 

, 41 (2007); accord United States v. Cavera, 

, 189 (2d Cir.

2008) (en banc). That standard recognizes that reasonableness “is inherently a concept of

flexible meaning, generally lacking precise boundaries.” United States v. Verkhoglyad, 

, 134 (2d Cir. 2008) (quoting United States v. Crosby, 

, 115 (2d Cir.

2005)). Thus, “in the great majority of cases, a range of sentences . . . must be considered

reasonable,” United States v. Jones, 

, 174 (2d Cir. 2008), and we will “set aside

a district court’s substantive determination” as to an appropriate sentence “only in

exceptional cases where the trial court’s decision cannot be located within the range of

permissible decisions,” United States v. 

(emphasis in original,

internal quotation marks omitted). In applying these principles here, we assume the parties’

familiarity with the underlying facts and the record of prior proceedings, which we reference

only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm.


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       Forbes maintains that his 60-month prison sentence is substantively unreasonable

because it greatly exceeds the advisory Guidelines range of three to nine months’

imprisonment for Grade C probation violations. See U.S.S.G. § 7B1.4(a). This argument

ignores the commentary to § 7B1.4, which recognizes that a higher sentence may be

warranted where the original probationary sentence was below the originally applicable

Guidelines range. See U.S.S.G. § 7B1.4 cmt. n.4. That is this case. Forbes’s Guidelines

range for his child pornography crime was 78 to 97 months’ imprisonment and, in his plea

agreement, Forbes agreed that a sentence within that range would be reasonable, and waived

any right to appeal if sentenced within that range. When probation is revoked in these

circumstances, “a resentence that falls within the range for the underlying crime of

conviction will rarely qualify as too severe to be substantively reasonable.” United States

v. 

; see also 

n.6 (recognizing that, upon revocation,

defendant is not sentenced for probation violation, but is resentenced on crime of conviction).

The same conclusion necessarily follows for a resentence that falls below the originally

applicable Guidelines range.

       In urging otherwise, Forbes relies on two cases. The first, United States v. Sindima,

(2d Cir. 2007), is distinguishable in that the Sindima defendant’s original

probationary sentence was within, rather than below, his original Guidelines range.1 See 

was also decided before this court’s en banc decision in Cavera. Thus, to
the extent Forbes cites it in support of the stricter appellate review of non-Guidelines
sentences that this court had employed before Cavera, it is, of course, the Cavera standard,
informed by the United States Supreme Court’s decisions in Gall v. United States, 

(2007), and Kimbrough v. United States, 

(2007), that controls this appeal.
See United States v. 

–89.

                                              3
at 82. In the second case, United States v. Dorvee, 

(2d Cir. 2010), we signaled

caution in applying the child-pornography Guidelines because of the possibility that they

could “lead to unreasonable sentences that are inconsistent with what § 3553 requires.” 

Such a concern was apparent in Dorvee where the defendant’s Guidelines range of

262 to 327 months’ imprisonment well exceeded the 20-year statutory maximum for the

crimes of conviction. See 

Here, Forbes’s Guidelines range of 78 to 97

months’ imprisonment is well below the 10-year statutory maximum for his crime, and the

challenged 60-month sentence is half the statutory maximum. Moreover, the district court

did not here follow the child pornography Guidelines; it specifically sentenced below them.

       The challenged 60-month sentence also finds ample support in the record, as

explained by the district court. Specifically, the record shows that within months of his

original sentencing, Forbes failed to comply with required therapy sessions; lied to his

probation officer about taking inappropriate photographs of unsuspecting women in public;

and sought to distort the results of a required polygraphic examination. Alerted to this

conduct, the district court advised Forbes that if she had known “at the time of sentence what

I know today, I would not have put you on probation. I would have sent you to prison.” Tr.

Oct. 4, 2010, at 3. Nevertheless, the district court did not request that violation proceedings

be initiated. After confirming that Forbes understood the seriousness of his failure to comply

with probation requirements, it afforded him “a second chance.” 

the end of the month, Forbes demonstrated an inability or unwillingness to

avail himself of this second chance. Although Forbes’s probation officer urged him to ensure

that he no longer possessed any items that might violate his probation conditions, during a

home visit on October 15, 2010, the probation officer discovered various papers and

electronic items raising concerns. Further, Forbes initially lied about his possession of

several electronic devices, laptop computers, and computer accessories.

       After summarizing the totality of these circumstances at resentencing, and noting a

sex offender evaluation indicating Forbes’s “sexual interest in prepubescent females,”

“cognitive distortions with respect to child sexual abuse,” and “risk of engaging in a variety

of illegal behaviors,” the district court concluded that “there is a very significant goal of

individual deterrence that is at issue here besides appropriate punishment.” Tr. Feb. 7, 2011,

at 8–9. This defeats any suggestion by Forbes that the district court failed to provide

adequate reasons for the challenged sentence. These factors are properly considered at

sentencing, see 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(A)–(C); United States v. 

, and

can easily bear the weight assigned to them by the district court in this case, see United States

v. 

. To the extent Forbes complains that the district court failed to

consider mitigating circumstances relating to his personal characteristics and lack of criminal

history, we do not require a district court specifically to reference each § 3553(a) factor to

demonstrate consideration. See 

In any event, the record shows that the district

court considered these mitigating circumstances when it first sentenced Forbes to probation

and again on resentencing.

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      Accordingly, we reject Forbes’s reasonableness challenge to his sentence as without

merit. We have considered Forbes’s remaining arguments and conclude that they, too, are

without merit. The judgment of the district court is therefore AFFIRMED.

                                 FOR THE COURT:
                                 CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, Clerk of Court




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