PER CURIAM:

Petitioner-appellant Rudolph Hawthorne appeals from a December 9, 2010 judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Nina Gershon, Judge) denying his petition for a writ of habeas corpus. Because the Appellate Division of the New York State Supreme Court, Second Department, issued a reasonable decision on the merits of petitioner's claim, to which we are required to defer, we affirm the judgment of the District Court.

This appeal arises out of a petition for a writ of habeas corpus filed by Rudolph Hawthorne, who at the time was proceeding pro se.2 Hawthorne is incarcerated pursuant to a state court judgment convicting him, after a jury trial, of criminal possession of a weapon and assault on one Milton Tennessee.3 The facts elicited at trial demonstrated that, on or about October 31, 2000, Tennessee and another man, Kelvin Armstead, were attacked by a man wielding a hammer. Armstead, who sustained approximately ten blows, died of his wounds; Tennessee, who sustained only one to two blows and survived the attack with severe brain damage, is paralyzed on his right side and unable to speak.

On November 2, 2000, the day after the crime was discovered, Hawthorne was briefly interviewed in connection with the attack by Detective Edgecombe, the lead investigator on the case. The interview took place at the local police precinct, but Hawthorne was not placed in custody. On November 13, he voluntarily returned to the precinct at approximately 1:45 p.m. to conduct a supplemental interview. After several hours of interrogation, Hawthorne confessed to another investigator, Detective Bardin, that he had committed the attacks on Tennessee and Armstead.

Although Hawthorne had not been read his Miranda4 rights earlier in the interview, Bardin testified that, immediately after Hawthorne began to implicate himself in the crime, Bardin stopped the interview and read Hawthorne his Miranda rights. Hawthorne signed a waiver of his Miranda rights at 8:45 p.m. on November 13, 2000, and thereafter dictated a written confession to Detective Bardin.5 The confession, signed by Hawthorne at 9:45 p.m. that night, was the only evidence connecting Hawthorne to the crime.

After exhausting his state court appeals, Hawthorne filed his petition for a writ of habeas corpus on September 27, 2007, alleging that his confession was the result of a violation of his Miranda rights; that his counsel was ineffective at a suppression hearing regarding that confession; and that the prosecutor in his case had engaged in misconduct. The petition was referred to Magistrate Judge Cheryl L. Pollak, who on July 22, 2009, in a thorough and detailed Report and Recommendation (the "Report"), recommended denial of the petition in full. As relevant here, the Report held that petitioner's Miranda claim had not been exhausted in the state courts and that, because petitioner had already taken his permitted direct state appeal, the claim was also procedurally defaulted. Hawthorne v. Spitzer, No. 07-cv-4128, 2009 WL 6895978, at *23-24 (July 22, 2009).

On September 19, 2010, Judge Gershon adopted the Report in its entirety and denied the petition for habeas corpus. In pertinent part, she held that petitioner had not established that his counsel had rendered ineffective assistance at a pre-trial suppression hearing conducted pursuant to People v. Huntley, 15 N.Y.2d 72, 255 N.Y.S.2d 838, 204 N.E.2d 179 (1965) (the "Huntley hearing," or the "hearing").6 Hawthorne v. Spitzer, No. 07-cv-4128, 2010 WL 3803861, at *2 (Sept. 20, 2010). Judgment was entered on December 9, 2010.

We granted a Certificate of Appealability on July 5, 2011 on the following issues: (1) whether petitioner had established prejudice for the procedural default of his claim that his Miranda rights were violated; and (2) whether petitioner received ineffective assistance of counsel during the Huntley hearing, where (i) counsel failed to cross-examine either of the detectives who interrogated petitioner on the day he confessed to the crime, and (ii) counsel allegedly refused to permit petitioner to testify on his own behalf.7

DISCUSSION

We review a district court's denial of a writ of habeas corpus de novo, and review any factual findings for clear error. Drake v. Portuondo, 553 F.3d 230, 239 (2d Cir.2009). As a result of our de novo review, we affirm the judgment of the District Court.

A. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

Petitioner argues that he was deprived of the effective assistance of counsel when his Huntley counsel failed to cross-examine either Detective Edgecombe or Detective Bardin, the two detectives who (among others) interrogated him on November 13, 2000. In order to determine whether a federal habeas petitioner was deprived of the effective assistance of counsel, courts follow the rule set out in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984):

Id. at 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052.

The petitioner argued in the Appellate Division of the New York State Supreme Court that he had been prejudiced by Huntley counsel's failure to examine the detectives.8 Br. of Appellant at 39, People v. Hawthorne, 35 A.D.3d 499, 826 N.Y.S.2d 147 (2d Dep't 2006) (No. 03-5646), leave to appeal denied, 8 N.Y.3d 946, 836 N.Y.S.2d 557, 868 N.E.2d 240 (2007). The Appellate Division, while vacating another of petitioner's convictions, summarily denied relief on his ineffective assistance of counsel claim. Hawthorne, 35 A.D.3d at 502, 826 N.Y.S.2d 147 (holding that "[t]he defendant's remaining contentions are without merit").

We are required to defer to a state court's adjudication of an issue on the merits, unless the state court's decision is "contrary to, or involve[s] an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law ... [or is] based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding." 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). "For the purposes of AEDPA deference, a state court `adjudicate[s]' a state prisoner's ... claim on the merits when it (1) disposes of the claim `on the merits,' and (2) reduces its disposition to judgment. When a state court does so, a federal habeas court must defer ... to the state court's decision." Sellan v. Kuhlman, 261 F.3d 303, 312 (2d Cir.2001)) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1)) (alteration in the original). A summary disposition constitutes a disposition "on the merits." Harrington v. Richter, ___ U.S. ___, 131 S.Ct. 770, 784-85, 178 L.Ed.2d 624 (2011).

AEDPA unquestionably requires deference to a state court's "summary disposition" of an appeal. See id. at 784. ("Where a state court's decision is unaccompanied by an explanation, the habeas petitioner's burden still must be met by showing there was no reasonable basis for the state court to deny relief."). Where, as here, a state appellate court decides an issue of federal law in a summary fashion, see Hawthorne, 35 A.D.3d at 502, 826 N.Y.S.2d 147, we exercise AEDPA deference by asking, first, "what arguments or theories ... could have supported" the decision of the state court, and second, "whether it is possible fair-minded jurists could disagree that those arguments or theories are inconsistent with the holding in a prior decision of [the Supreme] Court." Harrington, 131 S.Ct. at 786. As explained below, the decision of the Appellate Division merits such deference.

The evidence presented at trial was available to the Appellate Division when it determined petitioner's Strickland claim. Although petitioner's Huntley counsel did not cross-examine either detective at the Huntley hearing regarding the voluntariness of petitioner's confession, trial counsel conducted a thorough cross-examination of both detectives before the jury. Detective Edgecombe testified, on cross-examination, that neither he nor any other detective had threatened or otherwise coerced petitioner during the first several hours of interrogation. Detective Bardin testified similarly on direct and cross-examination. It would not be an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law for the Appellate Division to have determined that the evidence elicited by the defendant at trial would likewise have been elicited by competent counsel at the Huntley hearing, and that that evidence did not merit suppression of the confession.9

We determine that the decision of the Appellate Division was not "contrary to," nor did it involve "an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court," 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). Although we might not have decided the issue in the way that the Appellate Division did, see Cavazos v. Smith, ___ U.S. ___, 132 S.Ct. 2, 4, 181 L.Ed.2d 311 (2011) — and indeed we are troubled by the outcome we are constrained to reach — we cannot say that it would be "[im]possible" for the proverbial "fairminded jurist[]" to conclude that no prejudice occurred, see Richter, 131 S.Ct. at 786. We therefore must defer to the determination made by the state court, and hold that petitioner was not prejudiced by Huntley counsel's alleged ineffectiveness. See Sellan, 261 F.3d at 312.10

B. Defaulted Miranda Claim

Petitioner argues that his Miranda rights were violated by the detectives who interrogated him on November 13, 2000, and that his confession should therefore have been suppressed. This claim was evidently not raised to the state courts on direct appeal,11 and is therefore both unexhausted and procedurally defaulted. See Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 750, 111 S.Ct. 2546, 115 L.Ed.2d 640 (1991). Petitioner accordingly must "demonstrate cause for the default and actual prejudice as a result of the alleged violation of federal law" in order for us to review the defaulted claim. Id. Because our Certificate of Appealability specifically referred to the prejudice prong of Coleman, we limit our review to petitioner's claim that he was prejudiced by the alleged violation of his Miranda rights. See Valverde v. Stinson, 224 F.3d 129, 136 (2d Cir.2000) (noting that the Court of Appeals should address only claims included in certificate of appealability).

A finding that a defendant's Miranda rights were violated prior to his confession is not sufficient, in and of itself, to establish that the admission of a later, "Mirandized," confession prejudiced the defendant. As the Supreme Court has held, although "Miranda requires that the unwarned admission must be suppressed, the admissibility of any subsequent statement should turn in these circumstances solely on whether it is knowingly and voluntarily made." Oregon v. Elstad, 470 U.S. 298, 309, 105 S.Ct. 1285, 84 L.Ed.2d 222 (1985).

It is indisputable that both petitioner's written and videotaped statements were made after he had heard, and waived, his Miranda rights: while the written Miranda waiver was signed at 8:45 p.m., the written statement was not signed until 9:45 p.m., and the videotaped statement was made at some point later that night or early the next morning. Accordingly, the only remaining question is whether petitioner's inculpatory statements made after he signed the Miranda waiver were "knowingly and voluntarily made." Id.

Petitioner's Miranda claim can be resolved by reference to our holding on his primary claim — that his Huntley counsel was not prejudicially ineffective by failing to demonstrate at the Huntley hearing that the confessions were involuntary.12 As discussed above, New York's appellate courts have already determined, on direct review of the conviction, that the trial court's finding that the confessions were voluntary did not violate the Constitution. Absent a misapplication of clearly established Supreme Court precedent, we may not disturb their determination of this matter. Accordingly, we hold that petitioner cannot show that the alleged violation of Miranda rendered his written and videotaped confessions inadmissible.

Because petitioner cannot show that he was prejudiced by the alleged Miranda violation, we affirm the District Court's holding that the Miranda claim is procedurally barred.13

CONCLUSION

We have carefully reviewed the record and determine that petitioner's claims are meritless. Accordingly, for the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM the judgment of the District Court.

CALABRESI, Circuit Judge, concurring:

This is one of the rare cases in which a habeas petitioner may well be innocent. Cf. Henry J. Friendly, Is Innocence Irrelevant? Collateral Attack on Criminal Judgments, 38 U. CHI. L.REV. 142, 148 (1970) (fearing for "the unusual case of the innocent man" in danger of "being burdened by so much dross in the [habeas] process"). Hawthorne was convicted solely on the basis of his confession — a confession that he claims was coerced and that is squarely contradicted in many of its particulars by the physical evidence obtained at the crime scene.

The question of Hawthorne's innocence, however, is not the one we are encouraged — or, at times, even allowed — to ask in habeas cases such as this. During the past several decades, many both inside and outside the courts have called for federal habeas review to focus on issues that "cast doubt upon the prisoner's guilt," Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 258, 93 S.Ct. 2041, 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973) (Powell, J., concurring), rather than "technical errors unrelated to guilt or innocence," Warren E. Burger, Annual Report to the American Bar Association by the Chief Justice of the United States, 67 A.B.A. J. 290, 292 (1981). Yet, amidst these calls, the Supreme Court and Congress have shaped habeas review so that technical errors — typically by prisoners and their counsel — often preclude genuine inquiry into guilt and innocence. See Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 ("AEDPA"), Pub. L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214; Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 746-51, 111 S.Ct. 2546, 115 L.Ed.2d 640 (1991); Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 490-91, 106 S.Ct. 2639, 91 L.Ed.2d 397 (1986); Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72, 87-91, 97 S.Ct. 2497, 53 L.Ed.2d 594 (1977).

I recognize that tradeoffs between accuracy and fairness on the one hand, and efficiency and comity on the other, are unavoidable, and not unique to habeas. Yet recent Supreme Court decisions seem to me to limit the former while doing nothing that usefully promotes the latter. Last year, in Harrington v. Richter, the Court held that a state court's rejection of a habeas petitioner's federal claims warrants AEDPA deference even when the state court gives no reasons for its rejection. ___ U.S. ___, 131 S.Ct. 770, 784-85, 178 L.Ed.2d 624 (2011). When, as in the case before us, the state court asserts without further explanation that "[t]he defendant's remaining contentions are without merit," we are to imagine what reasons the state court might have had for its conclusion. Sometimes — as again in the instant case, see supra at 197 — the reasons we invent are ones that we then go on to brand as potentially dubious under clearly established federal law. Still, if our imagined reasons, even if quite incorrect, are not so incorrect under Supreme Court holdings that we could not imagine "fair-minded jurists" who would approve of them, Richter holds that our review is over. See Richter, 131 S.Ct. at 786.

This is not comity. If anything, it is insulting to New York. We impute a view to its courts that they have never in fact espoused. We then deride that view as wrong, even clearly wrong under federal appellate court precedents, just not unreasonably wrong under prior Supreme Court holdings. But why should one assume that New York courts, if they actually considered the federal question involved, would decide it differently from the bulk of federal appellate courts?

Nor is it clear how this process promotes efficiency. If the state court has in fact given full and thoughtful consideration to Hawthorne's federal arguments, it would surely be more efficient for us to review an opinion in which that court's reasoning is stated, even if briefly, rather than having to imagine what that reasoning might have been. Reviewing actual reasons rather than imputing hypothetical ones would be more efficient not just for the federal courts, but also for litigants, who now are forced to anticipate every argument that we might conceive.

Under the present system, the only efficiencies gained are to the state courts. And they are minor ones. Such courts are saved the trouble of writing down the reasons for their decisions. See Richter, 131 S.Ct. at 784 (recognizing state courts' pressing need, given their case loads, to "concentrate [their] resources where opinions are most needed"). But, if conserving state resources is the goal, why do we force state courts to think through petitioners' federal claims at all?

As I explained a decade prior to Richter, if state courts were not given AEDPA deference — or if they were not given the full measure of AEDPA deference — when they disposed of claims summarily, they would be able, if they so chose, to leave complicated federal questions to the federal courts. See Washington v. Schriver, 255 F.3d 45, 62 (2d Cir.2001) (Calabresi, J., concurring). This would advance AEDPA's purpose of ensuring meaningful habeas review while preventing the statute from imposing — contrary to its purposes — an unmanageable burden on state courts to police federal law. State courts would be free to decide issues of federal law if they wished, and when they did, federal courts would be required to defer to them. But state courts would not be forced to take on that task if they preferred not to.

Soon after Schriver, this Court chose to take a different path from that which I had urged. See Sellan v. Kuhlman, 261 F.3d 303, 311-14 (2d Cir.2001). Among the concerns Sellan expressed was that my preferred course would "have the practical effect of shunting serious arguments as to state claims to state court, and serious arguments as to federal claims to federal court." Id. at 314. I myself see nothing wrong with this: our Court does it regularly when we certify important questions of state law to state supreme courts, which are best positioned to answer them.

But even those who fear this outcome should note that something much worse has actually come about as a result of the Sellan/Richter approach. In the case before us, for example, the only serious consideration of "arguments as to federal claims" can be found in federal court opinions — ours and that of the district court — not in those of state courts. Realistically, then, Hawthorne's federal claims were in fact "shunt[ed]" to the federal courts. Moreover, and most troubling, the federal courts, to which the claims were shunted, were barred from answering the shunted federal questions in the way they thought best. Sellan and Richter instead required the federal courts to set their own considered reasons aside and defer to hypothetical reasons which the state courts may or may not ever have entertained. Habeas review is more than inefficient when it requires courts to play this kind of guessing game about other courts' reasoning; indeed, when it makes courts defer to imaginary reasons, habeas review, in my judgment, becomes downright foolish.

* * *

In any event, it is clear what habeas today is not. It is not focused on the possible innocence of the defendant. In the present case, we find ourselves, like Plato's painted bed, at two removes from reality: asking not whether Hawthorne is guilty of the brutal crimes charged, nor even whether his lawyer's clearly inadequate performance may have prejudiced Hawthorne's defense against those charges. Instead, we can ask only whether someone might have some reason — not necessarily even a good one — for thinking that matters probably would have turned out the same for Hawthorne even if his lawyer had performed adequately. What is served by this exercise? Not efficiency, since we have spent our time speculating as to the state court's reasoning, and litigants are forced to address every reason we might concoct. Not comity, since we first provide, and then criticize, the very reasoning to which we purport to defer. And certainly not reasoned inquiry into guilt or innocence, as Mr. Hawthorne remains in jail for crimes he may not have committed.

Nevertheless, I believe that the opinion of the Court states the law as it is today, and, since I am bound to follow that law, I concur.