JOSÉ A. CABRANES, Circuit Judge:

Petitioner Kar Onn Lee, a Malaysian citizen who has overstayed his nonimmigrant visa in the United States, seeks an adjustment of immigration status. Generally, applicants (such as Lee) who are present in the United States unlawfully are not eligible for a change of immigration status. See 8 U.S.C. § 1255(c).1 Lee, however, has invoked the so-called "grandfathering" exception for beneficiaries of labor-certification applications filed by April 30, 2001. See id. § 1255(i)(1)(B)(ii).2 The Attorney General has interpreted that provision as applying only to beneficiaries actually listed on labor-certification applications as of April 30, 2001 — not individuals who were later substituted as beneficiaries. See 8 C.F.R. § 245.10(j) ("An alien who was substituted for the previous beneficiary of the application for the labor certification after April 30, 2001, will not be considered to be a grandfathered alien."); id. § 1245.10(j) (same). We hold that § 245.10(j) and § 1245.10(j) are entitled to deference under Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984) ("Chevron"). Accordingly, the Immigration Judge and Board of Immigration Appeals properly determined that Lee is ineligible for a change of immigration status because he was not listed as a beneficiary on an application for labor certification until after April 30, 2001.

BACKGROUND

Kar Onn Lee entered the United States legally as a nonimmigrant visitor in 2000. In March 2007, Lee — assisted by counsel, as he has been throughout these proceedings — filed an application with the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services ("USCIS") for an adjustment of immigration status, seeking permanent resident status. He updated that application after USCIS approved in July 2007 an "Immigrant Petition for Alien Worker" filed by Penang Malaysian Cuisine listing Lee as the beneficiary for a Malaysian chef position. Penang Malaysian Cuisine had originally filed the application for labor certification in January 2001, listing Ji Fa Cao as the beneficiary. In February 2007, the restaurant replaced Cao with Lee as the beneficiary for the chef position.

USCIS denied Lee's application for adjustment of status in August 2008, determining that he was ineligible for permanent resident status on the basis of Penang Malaysian Cuisine's labor certification.3 Lee then filed a motion to reopen and reconsider, which the USCIS denied in February 2009.

In July 2009, the USCIS initiated removal proceedings because Lee had overstayed his visitor visa. In proceedings before an Immigration Judge ("IJ"), Lee conceded his removability but renewed his application for an adjustment of status. Lee argued that he was a "grandfathered" alien within the meaning of 8 U.S.C. § 1255(i), see note 2, ante, because he was listed as the current beneficiary of an application for labor certification filed prior to April 30, 2001. Federal law provides that an immigrant who is unlawfully present in the United States may nonetheless qualify for a change of immigration status as a so-called grandfathered alien if he "is the beneficiary ... of ... an application for a labor certification ... that was filed pursuant to the regulations of the Secretary of Labor on or before [April 30, 2001]." 8 U.S.C. § 1255(i)(1)(B)(ii); see also Butt v. Gonzales, 500 F.3d 130, 132-33 (2d Cir.2007) (describing the general structure of § 1255(i)). The government opposed Lee's adjustment, citing a regulation promulgated by the Attorney General stating that "[a]n alien who was substituted for the previous beneficiary of the application for the labor certification after April 30, 2001, will not be considered to be a grandfathered alien." 8 C.F.R. § 245.10(j).

In April 2010, the IJ issued an oral decision denying Lee's adjustment application, but granting him the opportunity to voluntarily depart pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1229c(a). Joint App'x 24-30. The IJ concluded that Lee is not "grandfathered" because, under 8 C.F.R. § 245.10(j), he did not become a beneficiary of the relevant application until after April 30, 2001. Id. at 29. The IJ reasoned that Lee was therefore ineligible for a change of status under 8 U.S.C. § 1255(i)(1)(B)(ii). Id.

Lee appealed to the Board of Immigration Appeals ("BIA"), arguing that Congress intended to include substituted beneficiaries in the class of aliens eligible for an adjustment of status under § 1255(i)(1)(B)(ii). The BIA rejected Lee's arguments, stating that it was "bound by the implementing regulations that correspond to the relevant portions of the statute." Joint App'x 6-7.

Lee then filed this petition for review pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b). He asserts that the IJ and BIA erred by affording Chevron deference to the Attorney General's interpretation of the grandfathering provision in § 1255(i)(1)(B)(ii). In particular, Lee argues: (1) that the Secretary of Labor — not the Attorney General — is charged with interpreting the grandfathering provision; (2) that the grandfathering provision unambiguously provides that Lee is a grandfathered beneficiary; and (3) that the Attorney General's interpretation of the grandfathering provision is unreasonable.

DISCUSSION

Unlawful residence in the United States generally renders an immigrant ineligible for an adjustment of status. See 8 U.S.C. § 1255(c), note 1, ante. Congress has created a limited exception, however, for an alien who "is the beneficiary ... of... an application for a labor certification under section 1182(a)(5)(A) of this title that was filed pursuant to the regulations of the Secretary of Labor on or before [April 30, 2001]." Id. § 1255(i)(1)(B)(ii); see also Suisa v. Holder, 609 F.3d 314, 315-16 (4th Cir.2010) (providing a brief history of § 1255(i)).

The question presented in this appeal is whether § 1255(i)(1)(B)(ii) applies when an alien was substituted as a beneficiary after April 30, 2001, on an application for labor certification filed before April 30, 2001. The Attorney General has already answered this question: "An alien who was substituted for the previous beneficiary of [an] application for ... labor certification after April 30, 2001, will not be considered to be a grandfathered alien." 8 C.F.R. § 245.10(j) (emphasis supplied); id. § 1245.10(j). Accordingly, if this interpretation warrants deference, we need proceed no further.

A.

Prior to the creation of the Department of Homeland Security in 2002, the Supreme Court held that federal courts are required to afford deference to the Attorney General's interpretation of the Immigration and Nationality Act ("INA") using the familiar principles articulated in Chevron:

INS v. Aguirre-Aguirre, 526 U.S. 415, 424, 119 S.Ct. 1439, 143 L.Ed.2d 590 (1999). In 2003, Congress amended § 1103(a)(1) to provide that "[t]he Secretary of Homeland Security shall be charged with the administration and enforcement of this chapter and all other laws relating to the immigration and naturalization of aliens, ... Provided, however, That determination and ruling by the Attorney General with respect to all questions of law shall be controlling." Homeland Security Act of 2002, Pub.L. No. 107-296, § 1102(2), 116 Stat. 2135 (Nov. 25, 2002), as amended by Pub.L. No. 108-7, § 105(a)(1), 117 Stat. 11 (Feb. 20, 2003) (codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1103(a)(1)) (emphasis in original). The Supreme Court has since reiterated that Chevron deference applies to the Attorney General's interpretations of the INA. See Negusie v. Holder, 555 U.S. 511, 516-17, 129 S.Ct. 1159, 173 L.Ed.2d 20 (2009); cf. Lopez v. Davis, 531 U.S. 230, 243-44, 121 S.Ct. 714, 148 L.Ed.2d 635 (2001) ("Even if a statutory scheme requires individualized determinations, ... the decisionmaker has the authority to rely on rulemaking to resolve certain issues of general applicability unless Congress clearly expresses an intent to withhold that authority." (quotation marks and alterations omitted)).

Pursuant to his authority to enforce and interpret the INA, the Attorney General on March 20, 2001, promulgated an interim rule stating that "[a]n alien who was substituted for the previous beneficiary of [an] application for ... labor certification after April 30, 2001, will not be considered to be a grandfathered alien." 66 Fed.Reg. 16383, 16389 (effective Mar. 26, 2001). This regulation was codified at 8 C.F.R. § 245.10(j). Id. at 16388-89. Following the passage of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, which reorganized the enforcement of immigration law, the Attorney General promulgated a final rule that, as relevant here, duplicated the text of § 245.10 and codified that regulation at 8 C.F.R. § 1245.10. See 68 Fed.Reg. 9824, 9842 (effective Feb. 28, 2003).

Nonetheless, Lee contends that the Chevron test does not apply to § 245.10(j) and § 1245.10(j) because the responsibility of determining who is a permissible "beneficiary" of a labor certification falls within the purview of the Secretary of the Department of Labor ("DOL") — not the Attorney General. See Bowen v. Georgetown Univ. Hosp., 488 U.S. 204, 208, 109 S.Ct. 468, 102 L.Ed.2d 493 (1988) ("It is axiomatic that an administrative agency's power to promulgate legislative regulations is limited to the authority delegated by Congress."). Lee points to 20 C.F.R. § 656.11 — a regulation promulgated by DOL — which states that "[s]ubstitution... of an alien beneficiary on any application for permanent labor certification ... is prohibited for any request to substitute submitted after July 16, 2007." Lee argues that because this regulation "became effective after USCIS approved [his] substitution on July 5, 2007, it is clear that DOL did not intend to bar [his] substitution." Petitioner's Br. 25-26.

Lee's argument conflates two issues. The first inquiry is who (if anyone) can be named or substituted as a beneficiary on an application for labor certification — a question that governs the approval of the labor certification. The second inquiry is who is eligible for a change of status under 8 U.S.C. § 1255, which generally bars relief for individuals whose presence in the United States is unlawful, see id. § 1255(c), unless the immigrant "is the beneficiary ... of ... an application for a labor certification under section 1182(a)(5)(A) of [Title 8] that was filed pursuant to the regulations of the Secretary of Labor on or before [April 30, 2001]," id. § 1255(i)(1)(B)(ii). This second inquiry asks whether § 1255(i)(1)(B)(ii) refers to the application for a labor certification as of the cutoff date of April 30, 2001, or whether § 1255(i)(1)(B)(ii) refers to that application at the present time. In other words, does the statute grandfather certain beneficiaries, or does it grandfather certain applications?

While the first of these inquiries may be within the purview of the Secretary of Labor — an issue we need not address — the second inquiry is decidedly a question of immigration law, relating to the structure and purpose of § 1255. Accordingly, the particular question at issue in this appeal — whether § 1255(i)(1)(B)(ii) confers "grandfathered" status on certain beneficiaries or certain applications — is plainly within the scope of the Attorney General's authority to interpret federal immigration law. See 8 U.S.C. § 1103(a)(1); Negusie, 555 U.S. at 516-17, 129 S.Ct. 1159.

B.

Having concluded that Congress has delegated to the Attorney General the authority to interpret ambiguities in § 1255(i)(1)(B)(ii), we now turn to the familiar two-step analysis set forth in Chevron, 467 U.S. 837, 104 S.Ct. 2778. At step one, we ask "whether Congress has directly spoken to the precise question at issue. If the intent of Congress is clear, that is the end of the matter; for the court, as well as the agency, must give effect to the unambiguously expressed intent of Congress." Id. at 842-43, 104 S.Ct. 2778. But "if the statute is silent or ambiguous with respect to the specific issue," we proceed to step two, asking "whether the agency's answer is based on a permissible construction of the statute." Id. at 843, 104 S.Ct. 2778. We will not defer to an interpretation that is "`arbitrary, capricious, or manifestly contrary to the statute.'" Adams v. Holder, 692 F.3d 91, 95 (2d Cir.2012) (quoting Chevron, 467 U.S. at 844, 104 S.Ct. 2778). But "[i]f the agency interpretation is reasonable, then we must defer to it." Id.

i.

As with any question of statutory interpretation, we begin by examining the text of the statute. Schindler Elevator Corp. v. United States ex rel. Kirk, ___ U.S. ___, 131 S.Ct. 1885, 1891, 179 L.Ed.2d 825 (2011). "The plainness or ambiguity of statutory language is determined by reference to the language itself, the specific context in which that language is used, and the broader context of the statute as a whole." Robinson v. Shell Oil Co., 519 U.S. 337, 341, 117 S.Ct. 843, 136 L.Ed.2d 808 (1997). "In interpreting the statute at issue, we consider not only the bare meaning of the critical word or phrase but also its placement and purpose in the statutory scheme." Holloway v. United States, 526 U.S. 1, 6, 119 S.Ct. 966, 143 L.Ed.2d 1 (1999) (alteration and internal quotation marks omitted).

Applying these settled principles of statutory interpretation, we conclude that § 1255(i)(1)(B)(ii) does not "sp[eak] to the precise question at issue." Chevron, 467 U.S. at 842, 104 S.Ct. 2778. As the Fourth Circuit observed in Suisa, 609 F.3d at 318, the term "beneficiary" in § 1255(i)(1)(B) refers to both beneficiaries of a visa petition, see 8 U.S.C. § 1255(i)(1)(B)(i), and beneficiaries of labor certifications, see id. § 1255(i)(1)(B)(ii). Because a visa petition has "one, and only one, adult beneficiary[,]... Congress plainly contemplated that only a valid, direct beneficiary of a visa petition be permitted to obtain grandfathered status under § 1255(i)." Suisa, 609 F.3d at 318. With respect to labor certifications, however, "the beneficiary" referenced in § 1255(i)(1)(B)(ii) could refer to one of three different classes of aliens: (1) initial beneficiaries only; (2) initial beneficiaries and substituted beneficiaries, but only if the substitution occurred on or before April 30, 2001; or (3) currently named beneficiaries, whether original or substituted, regardless of when the substitution occurred. See id. at 319. Congressional silence regarding which of these three options is correct suggests ambiguity under step one of the Chevron analysis. See Barnhart v. Walton, 535 U.S. 212, 218, 122 S.Ct. 1265, 152 L.Ed.2d 330 (2002) ("[S]ilence ... normally creates ambiguity.").

The context of § 1255(i)(1)(B) also does not resolve the statutory question in Lee's favor. Although "the beneficiary ... of... an application for a labor certification" filed by April 30, 2001 could refer to a substituted beneficiary, contextually it makes more sense to think that Congress intended to grandfather particular beneficiaries rather than particular applications. The focus of § 1255(i)(1)(B)(ii) — which, as relevant to this appeal, was last amended in 2000 — is on immigrants, not employers. The provision's apparent purpose is to provide immigrants with a limited opportunity to obtain and benefit from grandfathered status by the "sunset" date of April 30, 2001. Lee had an opportunity to become a beneficiary by this date, but he did not do so.

ii.

For these same reasons, we conclude at step two of the Chevron analysis that 8 C.F.R. § 245.10(j) and § 1245.10(j) offer a reasonable interpretation of § 1255(i)(1)(B)(ii), and not one that is "`arbitrary, capricious, or manifestly contrary to the statute.'" Adams, 692 F.3d at 95 (quoting Chevron, 467 U.S. at 844, 104 S.Ct. 2778). The Fourth Circuit has endorsed the Attorney General's interpretation in forceful terms:

Suisa, 609 F.3d at 320. We tend to agree, though for present purposes we need not find that Congressional intent was "plainly demonstrate[d.]" Id. The absence of a manifestly unreasonable interpretation of the statute is sufficient to sustain the regulation. As we have stated, the statutory language admits of several interpretations, including the one adopted by the Attorney General, and the statutory context supports the Attorney General's interpretation. Accordingly, 8 C.F.R. § 245.10(j) and § 1245.10(j) offer a reasonable interpretation of the statute, and one to which we must defer. Adams, 692 F.3d at 95.

C.

Because § 245.10(j) and § 1245.10(j) provide a permissible construction of § 1255(i)(1)(B)(ii), we affirm the agency's determination that Lee, who was substituted as the beneficiary of a labor certification after April 30, 2001, is ineligible for adjustment of status.

CONCLUSION

To summarize:

The petition for review is DENIED.