12-4553-cv
Tookes v. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey

                             UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                         SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED
BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY
MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE
NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY
OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

        At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the
18th day of October, two thousand thirteen.

Present:
                PIERRE N. LEVAL,
                PETER W. HALL,
                RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR.
                            Circuit Judges,

____________________________________________________

OLIVER T. TOOKES,

                        Plaintiff-Appellant,

        v.                                                          12-4553-cv

THE PORT AUTHORITY OF NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY

                        Defendant-Appellee,

“DOE COMPANY #1,” “DOE COMPANY #2,” “DOE COMPANY #3,”

                        Defendants.

____________________________________________________

FOR APPELLANT:                   ERIC TURKEWITZ, The Turkewitz Law Firm, New York, NY.

FOR APPELLEE:                    KARLA DENALLI, The Port Authority of New York and New
                                 Jersey, New York, NY.


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        Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of

New York (Block, J.)

        UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED in part and REVERSED in

part.

        Appellant Oliver Tookes appeals from the August 11, 2011 Memorandum and Order of

the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Block, J.) denying his

motion for judgment as a matter of law under Rule 50(b), or alternatively for a new trial under

Rule 59(a), as well as the October 2, 2012 Memorandum and Order authorizing a collateral

source set-off against Tookes’ lost earnings award. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the

underlying facts, the procedural history of this case, and the issues on appeal.

                                                   I.

        “Rule 50 enables the district court to enter judgment as a matter of law against a party on

an issue only if there is no legally sufficient evidentiary basis for a reasonable jury to find for

that party on that issue, and permits the district court to do so after a jury verdict, provided a pre-

verdict motion is properly renewed.” Nadel v. Isaksson, 

, 271-72 (2d Cir. 2003).

We review de novo a district court’s denial of a post-verdict motion for judgment as a matter of

law pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(b) and apply the same standard as the district court. See

Armstrong ex rel. Armstrong v. Brookdale Univ. Hosp. & Med. Ctr., 

, 133 (2d Cir.

2005); Diesel v. Town of Lewisboro, 

, 103 (2d Cir. 2000). We must therefore

consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and draw all

reasonable evidentiary inferences in that party’s favor. Diesel, 232 F.3d at 103.




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       Applying this standard, we hold that the evidence did not furnish a reasonable basis for a

finding of negligence on Tookes’ part that contributed to his accident. Negligence consists of

lack of due care in the face of a foreseeable risk. Di Ponzio v. Riordan, 

, 583

(1997); Danielenko v. Kinney Rent A Car, Inc., 

, 204 (1982). The evidence did

not show a risk that was foreseeable to Tookes because the defect in the grate that caused his fall

into the pit was concealed. The collapse of the grate occurred because it had become misaligned

– so that, instead of substantially overlapping its supporting beam, it was supported by barely a

quarter inch of overlap and easily slipped off the supporting beam as the result of Tookes

pushing furniture in the room with a pole. The grate was characterized by an expert witness

called by the Port Authority as “ready to go,” so that Tookes’ movements amounted to “the straw

that breaks the camel’s neck.” There was no evidence that this misalignment was visible to one

who stood on or around the grates. The uncontradicted evidence, furthermore, showed that Port

Authority personnel believed the grates were designed to be walked on, and did walk on them

whenever there was a need to be standing there – such as for cleaning, painting, or performing

maintenance on the window or the brick walls surrounding the grates. Moreover, the Port

Authority’s structural maintenance staff inspected the grates annually. There was no evidence of

a risk of danger that was foreseeable to Tookes.

       We recognize that Tookes’ use of a pole to push furniture caused the shift that resulted in

the grate slipping off its tiny perch. While pushing furniture with a pole is undoubtedly unusual

activity, there is no reason for anyone to consider it dangerous when standing on a surface

intended to be walked upon.

       It is true that at some time in the past Tookes had told the person responsible for

inspecting the grates, “[T]hat thing ain’t safe.” He characterized the exchange as “joking




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around.” Had there been a visibly unsafe condition, this remark, regardless of how Tookes

characterized it, might have constituted a sufficient basis for finding him negligent. But in the

absence of evidence of a risk of harm that was foreseeable to him, this obscure remark is

insufficient to show that Tookes failed to exercise due care in the face of a risk of harm that was

foreseeable to him.

       We therefore conclude that there was no sufficient evidentiary basis to support the jury’s

finding that Tookes’ own negligence was a contributing cause to his injury. We thus reverse the

portion of the district court’s judgment denying Tookes’ motion for judgment as a matter of law

on the issue of his comparative negligence.

                                                 II.

       Under New York law, a collateral source set-off is permitted when the defendant

establishes with “reasonable certainty” that the plaintiff “has received, or will receive, payments

from a collateral source,” and that these collateral source payments “specifically correspond to

particular items of economic loss awarded by the trier of fact.” Kihl v. Pfeffer, 

, 207-08 (2d Dep't 2007). “Reasonable certainty is understood as involving a quantum of

proof that is greater than a preponderance of evidence but less than proof beyond a reasonable

doubt.” Id at 207.

        The Port Authority established with reasonable certainty that Tookes has received and

will continue to receive disability benefits from the Social Security Administration, and that

these benefits will continue until they are converted to retirement benefits when Tookes turns

sixty-six. The record demonstrates that the jury awarded Tookes damages for the loss of

earnings he suffered as a result of injuries sustained, and it establishes that he would no longer

work. Because Tookes’ Social Security disability benefits are intended to compensate for lost




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earnings, they are properly treated as a collateral source. See Hayes v. Normandie LLC, 

, 646 (2003) (“Social Security payments received by plaintiff . . . were intended to

compensate for lost earnings and thus [are] properly treated as collateral source payments”);

Manfredi v. Preston, 

, 289 (1998) (finding that Social Security disability

benefits “correspond to . . . lost earnings for which [the plaintiff] was awarded damages, [and

thus] constitute collateral source payments”). Because there is reasonable certainty Tookes has

received and will continue to receive payments from a collateral source and these payments

correspond specifically to the particular items of economic loss awarded by the jury, the district

court’s decision that the Port Authority was entitled to a collateral source set-off against Tookes’

lost earnings award is affirmed.

       We have considered Tookes’ remaining arguments on appeal and find them to be without

merit. The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED in part and REVERSED in part.


                                                      FOR THE COURT:
                                                      Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk




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