13-1072
    United States v. Opide



                             UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                     SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY
ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF
APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER
IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR
AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A
SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

            At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
    Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the
    17th day of March, two thousand fourteen.

    PRESENT:
                       ROBERT A. KATZMANN,
                                       Chief Judge,
                       JOSÉ A. CABRANES,
                                       Circuit Judge,
                       RICHARD M. BERMAN,
                                       District Judge.*

    ____________________________________________

    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                              Appellee,

                       v.                                        No. 13-1072


    MOSES OPIDE, a/k/a PAUL,

                      Defendant-Appellant.
    ____________________________________________



             *
              The Honorable Richard M. Berman, United States District Judge for the Southern
    District of New York, sitting by designation.


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For Appellant:                                 Winston Lee, New York, NY.

For Appellee:                                  Alexander J. Wilson, Jennifer G. Rodgers, Assistant
                                               United States Attorneys, for Preet Bharara, United
                                               States Attorney for the Southern District of New
                                               York, New York, NY.

       Appeal from a judgment of conviction imposed by the United States District Court for the

Southern District of New York (Buchwald, J.).

       UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the judgment of the district court be and is hereby AFFIRMED, but the cause

REMANDED for the limited purpose of correcting clerical errors in the judgment.

       Defendant-Appellant Moses Opide appeals a judgment of conviction entered by the

district court on March 18, 2013, following a jury trial. Opide was judged guilty of one count of

conspiracy to commit bank fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1349, and one count of aggravated

identity theft, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1028A.1 Opide contends that the district court

committed reversible error in declining to give the jury an instruction regarding the defense of

duress, and that the district court exacerbated that error by instructing the jury that the defense

was unavailable as a matter of law. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts,

procedural history, and issues on appeal.

       We review Opide’s claim that the jury instructions were erroneous de novo, “reversing

only where, viewing the charge as a whole, there was a prejudicial error.” United States v. Aina–

Marshall, 

, 170 (2d Cir. 2003). Because we conclude that the district court



       1
          The March 18, 2013, judgment of conviction entered by the district court mistakenly
identified Count One as a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1344, rather than 18 U.S.C. § 1349, and Count


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committed no error in determining that the defense of duress was unavailable as a matter of law,

we affirm.

       To successfully raise the legal defense of duress to excuse criminal conduct, the

defendant must show “(1) a threat of force directed at the time of the defendant’s conduct; (2) a

threat sufficient to induce a well-founded fear of impending death or serious bodily injury; and

(3) a lack of a reasonable opportunity to escape harm other than by engaging in the illegal

activity.” United States v. Gonzalez, 

, 122 (2d Cir. 2005). As to the last of these

elements, we have held that “[w]here there is reasonable opportunity to escape the threatened

harm, the defendant must take reasonable steps to avail himself of that opportunity, whether by

flight or by seeking the intervention of the appropriate authorities.” United States v. Bakhtiari,

, 1058 (2d Cir. 1990) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       The district court properly concluded that Opide had failed to present any evidence that

he had no reasonable opportunity to escape from the alleged threat made against him. At trial,

Opide testified that he was once threatened with violence should he refuse to participate in the

criminal activity of which he was convicted and that the person who threatened him would

occasionally call him to indicate that he was being watched, but offered no further evidence of

additional threats of imminent violence. We note that the charged conspiracy spanned more than

a year, during which time Opide was presented with manifold opportunities to either flee or seek

the assistance of the police. Similarly, testimony regarding Opide’s aggravated identity theft

revealed that he was presented with numerous opportunities to escape harm. Consequently, the


Two as a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1023A, rather than 18 U.S.C. § 1028A. Accordingly, we
remand the cause for the limited purpose of correcting these clerical errors.


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district court committed no error in concluding that Opide failed to offer sufficient evidence to

show that he lacked a reasonable opportunity to escape the threatened harm. See 

(holding that the “subjective belief that going to the police would have been futile” is

insufficient to demonstrate the lack of a reasonable alternative to breaking the law); United

States v. Alicea, 

, 105–07 (2d Cir.1988) (holding that defendants’ failure to take any

steps during a twenty-minute window prior to boarding a plane and during the nine-hour flight

thereafter did not meet the requirement that they take reasonable attempts to extricate themselves

from danger); United States v. Mitchell, 

, 837 (2d Cir. 1983) (finding that a period

of a few days during which the defendant “was not in constant company with his alleged

coercer” prevented the defendant from satisfying the element of a lack of reasonable opportunity

to escape).

       Because the defendant was required to make a showing as to each element of the duress

defense, see 

, but failed to make a showing as to the last element of the

defense, the district court committed no error in refusing to submit the defense to the jury.

Likewise, it was not error for the district court to instruct the jury that the defense of duress was

unavailable as a matter of law and that Opide’s testimony regarding his duress should not be

considered in their deliberations. See United States v. Caban, 

, 94 (2d Cir. 1999).

       We have considered the defendant’s remaining arguments and find them to be without

merit. For the reasons stated herein, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED and the

cause REMANDED for the limited purpose of correcting clerical errors in the judgment.


                                               FOR THE COURT:
                                               Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk


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