Filed: Oct. 29, 2014
Latest Update: Mar. 02, 2020
Summary: 13-598 Eric M. Berman, P.C., et al. v. City of New York, et al. 1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 3 _ 4 5 August Term, 2013 6 7 (Argued: December 13, 2013 Decided: October 29, 2014) 8 9 Docket No. 13-598 10 11 _ 12 13 ERIC M. BERMAN, P.C., LACY KATZEN, LLP, 14 15 16 Plaintiffs-Appellees, 17 18 v. 19 20 CITY OF NEW YORK, NEW YORK 21 CITY COUNCIL, NEW YORK CITY 22 DEPARTMENT OF CONSUMER AFFAIRS, 23 JONATHAN MINTZ, in his official capacity 24 as the Commissioner of the New Y
Summary: 13-598 Eric M. Berman, P.C., et al. v. City of New York, et al. 1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 3 _ 4 5 August Term, 2013 6 7 (Argued: December 13, 2013 Decided: October 29, 2014) 8 9 Docket No. 13-598 10 11 _ 12 13 ERIC M. BERMAN, P.C., LACY KATZEN, LLP, 14 15 16 Plaintiffs-Appellees, 17 18 v. 19 20 CITY OF NEW YORK, NEW YORK 21 CITY COUNCIL, NEW YORK CITY 22 DEPARTMENT OF CONSUMER AFFAIRS, 23 JONATHAN MINTZ, in his official capacity 24 as the Commissioner of the New Yo..
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13‐598
Eric M. Berman, P.C., et al. v. City of New York, et al.
1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
3 ____________________
4
5 August Term, 2013
6
7 (Argued: December 13, 2013 Decided: October 29, 2014)
8
9 Docket No. 13‐598
10
11 ____________________
12
13 ERIC M. BERMAN, P.C., LACY KATZEN, LLP,
14
15
16 Plaintiffs‐Appellees,
17
18 v.
19
20 CITY OF NEW YORK, NEW YORK
21 CITY COUNCIL, NEW YORK CITY
22 DEPARTMENT OF CONSUMER AFFAIRS,
23 JONATHAN MINTZ, in his official capacity
24 as the Commissioner of the New York City
25 Department of Consumer Affairs,
26
27 Defendants‐Appellants.*
28
29 ____________________
30
31 Before: POOLER, PARKER, and CHIN, Circuit Judges.
*
The Clerk of the Court is directed to amend the caption as above.
1 Defendants–Appellants City of New York, New York City Council, New
2 York City Department of Consumer Affairs, and Jonathan Mintz appeal from a
3 judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York
4 (Eric N. Vitaliano, J.), entered on February 14, 2013, which granted in part
5 Plaintiffs–Appellees Eric M. Berman, P.C. and Lacy Katzen, LLP’s motion for
6 summary judgment. The district court judgment declared, in pertinent part, that
7 New York City’s Local Law 15, which regulates the debt collection agencies, was
8 void as applied to Plaintiffs, which are law firms that seek to collect debts.
9 Because this case raises unresolved and significant issues concerning the scope of
10 New York State’s regulatory authority over attorneys, we certify two questions to
11 the New York Court of Appeals.
12 ____________________
13 JANET L. ZALEON, Assistant Corporation Counsel
14 (Michael A. Cardozo, Corporation Counsel of the City
15 of New York, Kristin M. Helmers, Nicholas R.
16 Ciappetta, on the brief), New York, NY, for Defendants–
17 Appellants.
18
19 MAX S. GERSHENOFF, Rivkin Radler, LLP (Evan H.
20 Krinick, Cheryl F. Korman, Michael P. Versichelli, on the
21 brief), Uniondale, NY, for Plaintiffs–Appellees.
22
23
2
1 Carolyn E. Coffey, MFY Legal Services, Inc., New York,
2 NY; Theodora Galacatos, Feerick Center for Social
3 Justice, New York, NY; Claudia Wilner, New Economy
4 Project, Inc., New York, NY, counsel for amici curiae in
5 support of Defendants–Appellants.
6
7 POOLER, Circuit Judge:
8 Defendants–Appellants City of New York, New York City Council, New
9 York City Department of Consumer Affairs, and Jonathan Mintz (collectively,
10 “Defendants” or “New York City”) appeal from a judgment of the United States
11 District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Eric N. Vitaliano, J.), entered
12 on February 14, 2013, which granted in part the motion for summary judgment
13 filed by Plaintiffs–Appellees Eric M. Berman, P.C. and Lacy Katzen, LLP
14 (collectively, “Plaintiffs”). The district court declared, in pertinent part, that New
15 York City’s Local Law 15, which regulates debt collection agencies, was void as
16 applied to Plaintiffs, which are law firms that seek to collect debts. Because this
17 case raises unresolved and significant issues concerning the scope of New York
18 State’s regulatory authority over attorneys, we certify two questions to the New
19 York Court of Appeals.
3
1 BACKGROUND
2 I. A Brief History of New York City’s Regulation of Debt Collection
3 In 1984, New York City passed Local Law 65, which regulated debt
4 collection agencies. That law, among other things, required debt collection
5 agencies to obtain a license prior to engaging in debt collection activities. The law
6 excluded from its definition of debt collection agencies “any attorney‐at‐law
7 collecting a debt as an attorney on behalf of and in the name of a client.” App’x at
8 166.
9 In 2007, a member of the New York City Council introduced a bill to
10 amend Local Law 65. As one of its proposed changes, the amendment sought to
11 clarify which attorneys and law firms were exempt from the licensing
12 requirement and which would come within the definition of debt collectors. A
13 hearing was held on the bill, at which councilpersons and others testified. In
14 response to testimony at the hearing, the previously proposed bill was amended.
15 The City Council’s Committee on Consumer Affairs released a report that
16 discussed how the amended bill sought to address concerns regarding the effects
17 of consumer debt on the residents of New York City and the manner in which
18 such debt is collected.
4
1 The amended bill was passed by the City Council, signed by the Mayor,
2 and became Local Law 15. Among other things, Local Law 15 changed the
3 definition of “debt collection agencies,” stating that the term does not include:
4 any attorney‐at‐law or law firm collecting a debt [as an attorney] in
5 such capacity on behalf of and in the name of a client solely through
6 activities that may only be performed by a licensed attorney, but not any
7 attorney‐at‐law or law firm or part thereof who regularly engages in
8 activities traditionally performed by debt collectors, including, but not
9 limited to, contacting a debtor through the mail or via telephone with the
10 purpose of collecting a debt or other activities as determined by rule of the
11 commissioner.
12
13 N.Y.C., N.Y., Code § 20‐489(a)(5) (newly added language in italics and omitted
14 language in brackets). Local Law 15 also brought within the definition of debt
15 collection agency:
16 a person engaged in business the principal purpose of which is to
17 regularly collect or attempt to collect debts owed or due or asserted
18 to be owed or due to another and shall also include a buyer of delinquent
19 debt who seeks to collect such debt either directly or through the services of
20 another by, including but not limited to, initiating or using legal processes
21 or other means to collect or attempt to collect such debt.
22
23 Id. § 20‐489(a) (newly added language in italics).
24 Local Law 15 did not amend the licensing requirement for debt collection
25 agencies. However, it did create new mandatory debt collection practices for
26 those agencies, proscribe certain practices, and establish new penalties.
5
1 II. Procedural History1
2 Plaintiffs are law firms that attempt to collect debts. They brought this
3 action seeking, among other remedies, a declaratory judgment that Local Law 15
4 violates Article IX of the New York Constitution, the New York Municipal Home
5 Rule Law, the New York Judiciary Law, and the New York City Charter.
6 Plaintiffs allege that “it is the New York State Judiciary, not municipal
7 governments, that has the sole authority to regulate attorney admissions,
8 practice, and conduct.” App’x at 22, ¶ 41.
9 The parties cross‐moved for summary judgment, and the district court
10 granted each motion in part and denied each motion in part. Of particular
11 relevance to this opinion, the district court granted Plaintiffs’ motion for
12 summary judgment on their claim that Local Law 15 conflicted with the State’s
13 authority to regulate attorneys, and was without force and effect as to Plaintiffs.
14 The district court also granted summary judgment for Plaintiffs on their claim
15 that Local Law 15 violated a provision of the New York City Charter by
16 purporting to provide the City with the effective authority to grant or withhold
17 licenses to practice law, which is a function reserved to the State. Defendants
18 appeal that summary judgment decision.
1
For a more detailed review of this case’s procedural history see Berman v.
City of New York, 895 F. Supp. 2d 453, 463–65 (E.D.N.Y. 2012).
6
1 DISCUSSION
2 I. Applicable Legal Standards
3 A. Summary Judgment
4 “We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo,
5 applying the same standards that govern the district court’s consideration of the
6 motion.” Summa v. Hofstra Univ., 708 F.3d 115, 123 (2d Cir. 2013) (internal
7 quotation marks omitted).
8 B. Certification
9 “The regulations of the New York Court of Appeals permit that Court, in
10 its discretion, to entertain dispositive questions certified to it for resolution.”
11 Beardslee v. Inflection Energy, LLC, 761 F.3d. 221, 228 (2d Cir. 2014). There are three
12 inquiries we undertake before certifying a question:
13 (1) whether the New York Court of Appeals has addressed the issue
14 and, if not, whether the decisions of other New York courts permit
15 us to predict how the Court of Appeals would resolve it; (2) whether
16 the question is of importance to the state and may require value
17 judgments and public policy choices; and (3) whether the certified
18 question is determinative of a claim before us.
19
20 Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Our Local Rules provide us with authority
21 to certify questions to the New York Court of Appeals. See Local Rule 27.2(a) of
22 the Local Rules of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.
7
1 II. The Preemption Issues
2 “Broadly speaking, State preemption occurs in one of two ways—first,
3 when a local government adopts a law that directly conflicts with a State statute
4 and second, when a local government legislates in a field for which the State
5 Legislature has assumed full regulatory responsibility.” DJL Rest. Corp. v. City of
6 New York, 749 N.E.2d 186, 190 (N.Y. 2001) (citations omitted). In this case, the
7 district court concluded that Local Law 15 was “in direct conflict with New York
8 Judiciary Law §§ 53 and 90.” Berman v. City of New York, 895 F. Supp. 2d 453, 469
9 (E.D.N.Y. 2012). It did not consider whether those provisions of the State’s
10 Judiciary Law rendered Local Law 15 invalid under the doctrine of field
11 preemption.
12 A. State Law Related to Attorney Conduct
13 Section 53 of the New York Judiciary Law provides the New York Court of
14 Appeals with the authority to make rules concerning the admission of attorneys
15 to practice law. For example, it states: “The court of appeals may from time to
16 time adopt, amend, or rescind rules not inconsistent with the constitution or
17 statutes of the state, regulating the admission of attorneys and counsellors at law,
18 to practice in all the courts of record of the state.” N.Y. Judiciary Law § 53(1).
8
1 Section 90 of the New York Judiciary Law generally provides New York
2 courts with the power to regulate the practice of law, stating:
3 The supreme court shall have power and control over attorneys and
4 counsellors‐at‐law and all persons practicing or assuming to practice
5 law, and the appellate division of the supreme court in each
6 department is authorized to censure, suspend from practice or
7 remove from office any attorney and counsellor‐at‐law admitted to
8 practice who is guilty of professional misconduct, malpractice,
9 fraud, deceit, crime or misdemeanor, or any conduct prejudicial to
10 the administration of justice; and the appellate division of the
11 supreme court is hereby authorized to revoke such admission for
12 any misrepresentation or suppression of any information in
13 connection with the application for admission to practice.
14 Id. § 90(2). In addition, various provisions of Section 90 subject attorneys to
15 discipline for other conduct, such as failure to pay child support and the
16 commission of a felony or serious crime. See id. §§ 90(2‐a)(a)–(e), (4)(a)–(f).
17 Section 11(1)(e) of the New York Municipal Home Rule Law explains that
18 “[n]otwithstanding any provision of this chapter, the legislative body shall not be
19 deemed authorized by this chapter to adopt a local law which supersedes a state
20 statute, if such local law: . . . Applies to or affects the courts as required or
21 provided by article six of the constitution.” N.Y. Mun. Home Rule Law § 11(1)(e).
22 Article six of the New York Constitution relates to the establishment, jurisdiction,
23 and procedures of the judiciary, among other things.
9
1 B. The Relationship Between State Law and Local Law 15
2 At a high level of generality, this case requires a determination of what
3 types of activities, when performed by an attorney who is subject to the State’s
4 regulation of attorneys, can permissibly be regulated by a local government. A
5 New York court has stated that “no local legislature has the power to define new
6 limitations on the practice of the law” because “the boundaries of permissible
7 practice for attorneys is a matter for the State Legislature and the Supreme
8 Court” of New York, under Section 90(2) of the New York Judiciary Law. In re
9 Roth v. Turoff, 487 N.Y.S.2d 710, 712 (Sup. Ct. 1985), aff’d, 507 N.Y.S.2d 822 (App.
10 Div. 1st Dep’t 1986). However, as the district court noted, there likely are many
11 activities that, even when performed by an attorney, are so unrelated to the
12 practice of law that a local government can permissibly regulate them, such as
13 “driving a taxi cab or operating a fruit stand.” Berman, 895 F. Supp. 2d at 472.
14 The more specific issue here is whether Local Law 15’s regulation of debt
15 collection agencies impermissibly intrudes on the State’s authority to regulate the
16 practice of law. Local Law 15’s definition of a debt collection agency expressly
17 excludes “any attorney‐at‐law or law firm [1] collecting a debt in such capacity
18 [2] on behalf of and in the name of a client [3] solely through activities that may
10
1 only be performed by a licensed attorney.” N.Y.C., N.Y., Code § 20‐489(a)(5).
2 Thus, Local Law 15 does not, on its face, appear to regulate an attorney who is
3 collecting a debt in her representative capacity as a licensed attorney, in the name
4 of a client, and through activities that only a licensed attorney can perform.
5 However, the law does apply to certain attorney conduct. Local Law 15’s
6 definition of a debt collection agency includes “any attorney‐at‐law or law firm
7 or part thereof who regularly engages in activities traditionally performed by
8 debt collectors, including, but not limited to, contacting a debtor through the mail
9 or via telephone with the purpose of collecting a debt or other activities as
10 determined by rule of the commissioner.” Id. This portion of the definition of a
11 debt collection agency appears to cover attorney conduct, such as calling a debtor
12 on the telephone, when it is not performed in the name of a client and in a
13 manner reserved solely for licensed attorneys.
14 We need not address in any detail how these two definitional provisions
15 may operate together, and leave the construction of the law to the New York
16 Court of Appeals in the first instance, if it decides to accept this case.2 It is
2
We also note our concern that Local Law 15 could be read as not
providing a clear basis for differentiating between attorneys who attempt to
collect debts “solely through activities that may only be performed by a licensed
attorney” and those who attempt to collect debts by “regularly engag[ing] in
11
1 sufficient for the purposes of this opinion to note that there is certain attorney
2 conduct—conduct traditionally performed by debt collectors—which, if regularly
3 performed by an attorney, is subject to Local Law 15. The question is whether
4 Local Law 15’s regulation of this attorney conduct that is not particular to
5 licensed attorneys is preempted by the State’s authority to regulate the practice of
6 law.
7 The New York Court of Appeals has yet to address the preemption
8 question presented here. And while decisions of other New York courts provide
9 some guidance on this question, see Aponte v. Raychuk, 531 N.Y.S.2d 689 (Sup. Ct.
10 1988), aff’d, 559 N.Y.S.2d 255 (App. Div. 1st Dep’t 1990); In re Roth, 487 N.Y.S.2d
11 710, we cannot predict how the State’s highest court would resolve the
12 preemption issue in this case.
13 In In re Roth, New York City passed an ordinance requiring “taxicab
14 brokers” to obtain a license and pay certain fees. See 487 N.Y.S.2d at 711 (internal
15 quotation marks omitted). The local ordinance defined a “‘taxicab broker’ as one
16 ‘who, for another . . . acts as an agent or intermediary in negotiating the purchase
activities traditionally performed by debt collectors.” Similarly, it is not clear
what standard to apply to an attorney who does both; nor is it entirely clear what
are the debt collection “activities that may only be performed by a licensed
attorney.” N.Y.C., N.Y., Code § 20‐489.
12
1 or sale of a taxicab.’” Id. at 712 (alteration in original) (quoting N.Y.C., N.Y., Code
2 § 2325(a)). “Taking this definition at face value it is clear that no attorney could
3 possibly represent either the buyer or seller of a taxicab without first obtaining a
4 license from the Commission and complying with the requirements of such
5 licensing.” Id.
6 Given the scope of that local law, the court concluded that it would not be
7 possible for “an attorney, not licensed by the Commission, but requested by a
8 client to prepare a bill of sale and a security agreement in connection with the
9 sale of a taxicab, [to] do so without subjecting himself or herself to both civil and
10 criminal penalties.” Id. Because the State, not local government, has the authority
11 to “impose requirements upon attorneys in limitation of their usual and normal
12 privileges,” the local law in that case could not be enforced against licensed
13 attorneys. Id.3
14 As described earlier, in this case, attorney debt collection activities that are
15 performed in the name of a client and “that may only be performed by a licensed
3
We note that the court in In re Roth did not expressly state whether its
decision was based on the doctrine of conflict or field preemption. However, the
court did note that the petitioner‐attorney challenging that local law argued that
it was invalid based on a theory of field preemption. See 487 N.Y.S.2d at 712. We
do not endeavor to decide whether the reasoning in that case should be limited to
only a certain type of preemption.
13
1 attorney” are not subject to Local Law 15. N.Y.C., N.Y., Code § 20‐489(a)(5).
2 Because it appears possible for an attorney to perform the debt collection
3 functions particular to a licensed attorney without being subject to the local
4 regulation, Local Law 15 is different from the local law at issue in In re Roth,
5 which limited the “usual and normal privileges” of attorneys. 487 N.Y.S.2d at
6 712.
7 However, under Local Law 15, an attorney’s regular activities that
8 resemble those “traditionally performed by debt collectors” are subject to
9 regulation. N.Y.C., N.Y., Code § 20‐489(a)(5). The issue is whether the regulation
10 of that attorney conduct constitutes the regulation of the practice of law, or
11 whether it is more like subjecting an attorney who runs a fruit stand to
12 regulations governing fruit stands. The court in In re Roth did not address a
13 question similar to the one here: “[T]he Court is not passing upon the
14 applicability of the [local] law as to persons who, while they may be attorneys are
15 in no way functioning as such but are merely acting as brokers in the literal sense
16 of that word.” 487 N.Y.S.2d at 712.
17 Thus, we do not believe that In re Roth permits us to predict how the New
18 York Court of Appeals would answer the question of whether New York City
14
1 may permissibly regulate the conduct of an attorney who is functioning as a
2 traditional debt collector and not in a manner reserved exclusively for attorneys.
3 In this regard, the district court concluded that the State has the authority to
4 regulate attorney conduct even when that conduct is not legal in nature. See
5 Berman, 895 F. Supp. 2d at 470. We, however, are unsure about the breadth of the
6 State’s authority to regulate attorney conduct that is not reserved for licensed
7 attorneys alone.
8 There appears to be at least some authority for the proposition that a local
9 government can, in some circumstances, regulate certain attorney conduct even
10 when the State has regulated that very conduct. For example, in Aponte, the issue
11 was whether the New York City Department of Consumer Affairs could
12 permissibly obtain an injunction limiting an attorney’s newspaper
13 advertisements because they were allegedly deceptive and misleading, or
14 whether such municipal action was preempted by the New York Judiciary Law.
15 531 N.Y.S.2d at 690–91. The State regime governing attorney advertising did not
16 contain the “power to enjoin publication of any advertising in violation of the
17 rules or fine an attorney who has had published deceptive advertising,” while the
18
15
1 local law “authorize[d] the plaintiffs to seek civil penalties and injunctions
2 restraining deceptive or misleading advertisements.” Id. at 692.
3 The court in Aponte concluded that “although the State has a
4 comprehensive scheme to regulate attorneys’ conduct, it does not appear to
5 preempt the City’s attempt to protect its consumers.” Id. “Rather than being
6 inconsistent with the scheme, the City’s law supplements it, providing additional
7 protection to the consuming public.” Id.
8 An attorney’s conduct with respect to advertising, however, appears more
9 readily distinguishable from the “usual and normal privileges” of being a
10 attorney, In re Roth, 487 N.Y.S.2d at 712, than the traditional debt collection
11 activities at issue here, which can have substantial overlap with “activities that
12 may only be performed by a licensed attorney,” N.Y.C., N.Y., Code § 20‐489(a)(5).
13 Thus, we do not believe that Aponte allows us to predict how the New York Court
14 of Appeals would answer the question here of the State’s authority to regulate an
15 attorney’s debt collection activities when those activities are not reserved for
16 licensed attorneys.
17 In addition, Local Law 15 implicates policy questions of significant
18 importance to New York City and the State. As noted earlier, New York City
16
1 sought to address through Local Law 15 substantial concerns about the effects of
2 consumer debt on its residents and the manner in which that debt is collected.
3 The legislative declaration concerning New York City’s law governing debt
4 collection states that “there is a minority of unscrupulous collection agencies in
5 operation that practice abusive tactics such as threatening delinquent debtors, or
6 calling such people at outrageous times of the night.” N.Y.C., N.Y., Code § 20‐
7 488. That declaration goes on to provide that “it is incumbent upon this council to
8 protect the interests, reputations and fiscal well‐being of the citizens of this city
9 against those agencies who would abuse their privilege of operation.” Id.
10 Given those policy considerations, as well as the policy judgments that are
11 involved in determining the scope of attorney regulation by the State, we believe
12 that the New York Court of Appeals should have the opportunity to address in
13 the first instance whether Local Law 15 is preempted insofar as it regulates
14 attorney conduct. Finally, the preemption question is determinative in this case.4
4
We note that we have reviewed Plaintiffs’ May 6, 2014 submission
concerning the State’s proposed reforms relating to consumer credit collection
cases but need not address that submission further at this stage.
17
1 III. Local Law 15 and the New York City Charter
2 Plaintiffs also allege that Section 2203(c) of the New York City Charter
3 impermissibly gives New York City the authority to grant and withhold licenses
4 to practice law, which is a power vested solely with the State.
5 The New York City Charter provides that the Commissioner of the
6 Department of Consumer Affairs:
7 shall have cognizance and control of the granting, issuing,
8 transferring, renewing, revoking, suspending and cancelling of all
9 licenses and permits, except in the cases with respect to which and to the
10 extent to which any of said powers are conferred on other persons or agency
11 by laws, and shall collect all fees for licenses and permits the
12 collection of which by some other person or agency is not authorized
13 by law.
14 N.Y.C., N.Y., Charter § 2203(c) (emphasis added).
15 The district court granted Plaintiffs’ summary judgment motion on this
16 claim, but did not address the issue in detail in its memorandum and order. The
17 district court simply stated that it was “not within the [Department of Consumer
18 Affairs’] power to license attorneys or regulate their professional conduct.”
19 Berman, 895 F. Supp. 2d at 470 (citing N.Y. Mun. Home Rule Law § 11 and N.Y.C.,
20 N.Y., Charter § 2203(c)). This issue is substantially intertwined with the issues
21 discussed above concerning the scope of the State’s authority to regulate
22 attorneys.
18
1 Accordingly, we will certify a question to the New York Court of Appeals
2 concerning whether Local Law 15 violates Section 2203(c) of the New York City
3 Charter. The New York Court of Appeals may only need to address this question
4 if it determines that Local Law 15 is not preempted by the State law provisions
5 discussed above.
6 CONCLUSION
7 Based on the foregoing and pursuant to Local Rule 27.2, we certify the
8 following questions to the New York Court of Appeals:
9 1. Does Local Law 15, insofar as it regulates attorney conduct,
10 constitute an unlawful encroachment on the State’s authority to
11 regulate attorneys, and is there a conflict between Local Law 15 and
12 Sections 53 and 90 of the New York Judiciary Law?
13
14 2. If Local Law 15’s regulation of attorney conduct is not preempted,
15 does Local Law 15, as applied to attorneys, violate Section 2203(c) of
16 the New York City Charter?
17
18 If the New York Court of Appeals accepts this case, we understand that it
19 may reformulate or expand these certified questions as it deems appropriate. We
20 do not intend to limit the scope of that Court’s analysis by the manner in which
21 we have formulated the foregoing questions for certification.
22 It is hereby ORDERED that the Clerk of the Court transmit to the Clerk of
23 the New York Court of Appeals this opinion as our certificate, along with a
19
1 complete set of all materials filed by the parties in this Court. This panel will
2 resume consideration of this case after the New York Court of Appeals has
3 disposed of the certified questions or declined to accept certification.
20
