Filed: Jan. 21, 2015
Latest Update: Mar. 02, 2020
Summary: 13-2187 In Re: Motors Liquidation Co. UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT August Term, 2013 (Argued: March 25, 2014 Question Certified: June 17, 2014 Question Answered: October 17, 2014 Appeal Decided: January 21, 2015) Docket No. 13-2187 In Re: MOTORS LIQUIDATION COMPANY, et al., Debtor, OFFICIAL COMMITTEE OF UNSECURED CREDITORS OF MOTORS LIQUIDATION COMPANY, Plaintiff-Appellant, -v.- JP MORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., individually and as Administrative Agent for various lenders part
Summary: 13-2187 In Re: Motors Liquidation Co. UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT August Term, 2013 (Argued: March 25, 2014 Question Certified: June 17, 2014 Question Answered: October 17, 2014 Appeal Decided: January 21, 2015) Docket No. 13-2187 In Re: MOTORS LIQUIDATION COMPANY, et al., Debtor, OFFICIAL COMMITTEE OF UNSECURED CREDITORS OF MOTORS LIQUIDATION COMPANY, Plaintiff-Appellant, -v.- JP MORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., individually and as Administrative Agent for various lenders party..
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13‐2187
In Re: Motors Liquidation Co.
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
August Term, 2013
(Argued: March 25, 2014 Question Certified: June 17, 2014
Question Answered: October 17, 2014 Appeal Decided: January 21, 2015)
Docket No. 13‐2187
In Re: MOTORS LIQUIDATION COMPANY, et al.,
Debtor,
OFFICIAL COMMITTEE OF UNSECURED CREDITORS OF MOTORS
LIQUIDATION COMPANY,
Plaintiff‐Appellant,
‐v.‐
JP MORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., individually and as Administrative Agent
for various lenders party to the Term Loan Agreement described herein,
Defendant‐Appellee.
Before:
WINTER, WESLEY, AND CARNEY, Circuit Judges.
Direct appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 158(d)(2) from an order of the United States
Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York (Gerber, U.S.B.J.)
holding that a mistaken UCC‐3 termination statement was unauthorized and
therefore not effective to terminate a secured lender’s interest in a debtor’s
property. We conclude that although the termination statement mistakenly
identified for termination a security interest that the lender did not intend to
terminate, the secured lender authorized the filing of the document, and the
termination statement was effective to terminate the security interest.
REVERSED and REMANDED.
ERIC B. FISHER (Barry N. Seidel, Katie L. Weinstein, Jeffrey
Rhodes, on the brief), Dickstein Shapiro LLP, New York, NY,
for Plaintiff‐Appellant.
JOHN M. CALLAGY (Nicholas J. Panarella, Martin A. Krolewski,
on the brief), Kelley Drye & Warren LLP, New York, NY, for
Defendant‐Appellee.
PER CURIAM:
We assume familiarity with our prior certification opinion, Official
Committee of Unsecured Creditors of Motors Liquidation Co. v. JP Morgan Chase Bank,
N.A. (In re Motors Liquidation Co.), 755 F.3d 78 (2d Cir. 2014), and the resulting
decision of the Delaware Supreme Court, Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors
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of Motors Liquidation Co. v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., ___ A.3d ___, 2014 WL
5305937 (Del. Oct. 17, 2014). We restate the most salient facts.1
BACKGROUND
In October 2001, General Motors entered into a synthetic lease financing
transaction (the “Synthetic Lease”), by which it obtained approximately $300
million in financing from a syndicate of lenders including JPMorgan Chase Bank,
N.A. (“JPMorgan”). General Motors’ obligation to repay the Synthetic Lease was
secured by liens on twelve pieces of real estate. JPMorgan served as
administrative agent for the Synthetic Lease and was identified on the UCC‐1
financing statements as the secured party of record.
Five years later, General Motors entered into a separate term loan facility
(the “Term Loan”). The Term Loan was entirely unrelated to the Synthetic Lease
and provided General Motors with approximately $1.5 billion in financing from
a different syndicate of lenders. To secure the loan, the lenders took security
interests in a large number of General Motors’ assets, including all of General
Motors’ equipment and fixtures at forty‐two facilities throughout the United
1 These undisputed facts are drawn from the record and from the Bankruptcy Court’s
decision below, Official Comm. of Unsecured Creditors of Motors Liquidation Co. v.
JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (In re Motors Liquidation Co.), 486 B.R. 596 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y.
2013).
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States. JPMorgan again served as administrative agent and secured party of
record for the Term Loan and caused the filing of twenty‐eight UCC‐1 financing
statements around the country to perfect the lenders’ security interests in the
collateral. One such financing statement, the “Main Term Loan UCC‐1,” was
filed with the Delaware Secretary of State and bore file number “6416808 4.” It
“covered, among other things, all of the equipment and fixtures at 42 GM
facilities, [and] was by far the most important” of the financing statements filed
in connection with the Term Loan. Official Comm. of Unsecured Creditors of Motors
Liquidation Co. v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (In re Motors Liquidation Co.), 486 B.R.
596, 603 n.6 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2013).
In September 2008, as the Synthetic Lease was nearing maturity, General
Motors contacted Mayer Brown LLP, its counsel responsible for the Synthetic
Lease, and explained that it planned to repay the amount due. General Motors
requested that Mayer Brown prepare the documents necessary for JPMorgan and
the lenders to be repaid and to release the interests the lenders held in General
Motors’ property.
A Mayer Brown partner assigned the work to an associate and instructed
him to prepare a closing checklist and drafts of the documents required to pay
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off the Synthetic Lease and to terminate the lenders’ security interests in General
Motors’ property relating to the Synthetic Lease. One of the steps required to
unwind the Synthetic Lease was to create a list of security interests held by
General Motors’ lenders that would need to be terminated. To prepare the list,
the Mayer Brown associate asked a paralegal who was unfamiliar with the
transaction or the purpose of the request to perform a search for UCC‐1 financing
statements that had been recorded against General Motors in Delaware. The
paralegal’s search identified three UCC‐1s, numbered 2092532 5, 2092526 7, and
6416808 4. Neither the paralegal nor the associate realized that only the first two
of the UCC‐1s were related to the Synthetic Lease. The third, UCC‐1 number
6416808 4, related instead to the Term Loan.
When Mayer Brown prepared a Closing Checklist of the actions required
to unwind the Synthetic Lease, it identified the Main Term Loan UCC‐1 for
termination alongside the security interests that actually did need to be
terminated. And when Mayer Brown prepared draft UCC‐3 statements to
terminate the three security interests identified in the Closing Checklist, it
prepared a UCC‐3 statement to terminate the Main Term Loan UCC‐1 as well as
those related to the Synthetic Lease.
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No one at General Motors, Mayer Brown, JPMorgan, or its counsel,
Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP, noticed the error, even though copies of the
Closing Checklist and draft UCC‐3 termination statements were sent to
individuals at each organization for review. On October 30, 2008, General
Motors repaid the amount due on the Synthetic Lease. All three UCC‐3s were
filed with the Delaware Secretary of State, including the UCC‐3 that erroneously
identified for termination the Main Term Loan UCC‐1, which was entirely
unrelated to the Synthetic Lease.
A. General Motors’ Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Filing
The mistake went unnoticed until General Motors’ bankruptcy in 2009.
After General Motors filed for chapter 11 reorganization, JPMorgan informed the
Committee of Unsecured Creditors (the “Committee”) that a UCC‐3 termination
statement relating to the Term Loan had been inadvertently filed in October
2008. JPMorgan explained that it had intended to terminate only liens related to
the Synthetic Lease and stated that the filing was therefore unauthorized and
ineffective.
On July 31, 2009, the Committee commenced the underlying action against
JPMorgan in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of
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New York. The Committee sought a determination that, despite the error, the
UCC‐3 termination statement was effective to terminate the Term Loan security
interest and render JPMorgan an unsecured creditor on par with the other
General Motors unsecured creditors. JPMorgan disagreed, reasoning that the
UCC‐3 termination statement was unauthorized and therefore ineffective
because no one at JPMorgan, General Motors, or their law firms had intended
that the Term Loan security interest be terminated. On cross‐motions for
summary judgment, the Bankruptcy Court concluded that the UCC‐3 filing was
unauthorized and therefore not effective to terminate the Term Loan security
interest. In re Motors Liquidation Co., 486 B.R. at 647–48.
B. Prior Certification Opinion
On appeal to this Court, the parties offered competing interpretations of
UCC § 9‐509(d)(1), which provides that a UCC‐3 termination statement is
effective only if “the secured party of record authorizes the filing.” JPMorgan
reasoned that it cannot have “authorize[d] the filing” of the UCC‐3 that
identified the Main Term Loan UCC‐1 for termination because JPMorgan neither
intended to terminate the security interest nor instructed anyone else to do so on
its behalf. In response, the Committee contended that focusing on the parties’
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goal misses the point. It interpreted UCC § 9‐509(d)(1) to require only that the
secured lender authorize the act of filing a particular UCC‐3 termination
statement, not that the lender subjectively intend to terminate the particular
security interest identified for termination on that UCC‐3. The Committee
further argued that even if JPMorgan never intentionally instructed anyone to
terminate the Main Term Loan UCC‐1, JPMorgan did literally “authorize[] the
filing”—even if mistakenly—of a UCC‐3 termination statement that had that
effect.
In our prior certification opinion we recognized that this appeal presents
two closely related questions. First, what precisely must a secured lender of
record authorize for a UCC‐3 termination statement to be effective: “Must the
secured lender authorize the termination of the particular security interest that
the UCC‐3 identifies for termination, or is it enough that the secured lender
authorize the act of filing a UCC‐3 statement that has that effect?” In re Motors
Liquidation Co., 755 F.3d at 84. Second, “[d]id JPMorgan grant to Mayer Brown
the relevant authority—that is, alternatively, authority either to terminate the
Main Term Loan UCC‐1 or to file the UCC‐3 statement that identified that
interest for termination?” Id.
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Recognizing that the first question—what is it that the UCC requires a
secured lender to authorize—seemed likely to recur and presented a significant
issue of Delaware state law, we certified to the Delaware Supreme Court the
following question:
Under UCC Article 9, as adopted into Delaware law by Del. Code
Ann. tit. 6, art. 9, for a UCC‐3 termination statement to effectively
extinguish the perfected nature of a UCC‐1 financing statement, is it
enough that the secured lender review and knowingly approve for
filing a UCC‐3 purporting to extinguish the perfected security
interest, or must the secured lender intend to terminate the
particular security interest that is listed on the UCC‐3?
Id. at 86. The second question—whether JPMorgan granted the relevant
authority—we reserved for ourselves, explaining that “[t]he Delaware Supreme
Court’s clarification as to the sense in which a secured party of record must
authorize a UCC‐3 filing will enable us to address . . . whether JPMorgan in fact
provided that authorization.” Id. at 86–87.
C. The Delaware Supreme Court’s Answer
In a speedy and thorough reply, the Delaware Supreme Court answered
the certified question, explaining that if the secured party of record authorizes
the filing of a UCC‐3 termination statement, then that filing is effective regardless
of whether the secured party subjectively intends or understands the effect of
that filing:
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[F]or a termination statement to become effective under § 9‐509 and
thus to have the effect specified in § 9‐513 of the Delaware UCC, it is
enough that the secured party authorizes the filing to be made,
which is all that § 9‐510 requires. The Delaware UCC contains no
requirement that a secured party that authorizes a filing subjectively
intends or otherwise understands the effect of the plain terms of its
own filing.
Official Comm. of Unsecured Creditors of Motors Liquidation Co., 2014 WL 5305937,
at *5. That conclusion, explained the court, follows both from the unambiguous
terms of the UCC and from sound policy considerations:
JPMorgan’s argument that a filing is only effective if the authorizing
party understands the filing’s substantive terms and intends their
effect is contrary to § 9‐509, which only requires that “the secured
party of record authorize[ ] the filing.”
. . .
Even if the statute were ambiguous, we would be reluctant to
embrace JPMorgan’s proposition. Before a secured party authorizes
the filing of a termination statement, it ought to review the
statement carefully and understand which security interests it is
releasing and why. . . . If parties could be relieved from the legal
consequences of their mistaken filings, they would have little
incentive to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in
their UCC filings.
Id. at *3–4 (first alteration in original) (footnote omitted).
DISCUSSION
The Delaware Supreme Court has explained the sense in which a secured
party must “authorize[] the filing” of a UCC‐3 termination statement. What
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remains is to answer the question we reserved for ourselves in our prior
certification opinion: Did JPMorgan authorize the filing of the UCC‐3
termination statement that mistakenly identified for termination the Main Term
Loan UCC‐1?
In JPMorgan’s view, it never instructed anyone to file the UCC‐3 in
question, and the termination statement was therefore unauthorized and
ineffective. JPMorgan reasons that it authorized General Motors only to
terminate security interests related to the Synthetic Lease; that it instructed
Simpson Thacher and Mayer Brown only to take actions to accomplish that
objective; and that therefore Mayer Brown must have exceeded the scope of its
authority when it filed the UCC‐3 purporting to terminate the Main Term Loan
UCC‐1.
JPMorgan’s and General Motors’ aims throughout the Synthetic Lease
transaction were clear: General Motors would repay the Synthetic Lease, and
JPMorgan would terminate its related UCC‐1 security interests in General
Motors’ properties. The Synthetic Lease Termination Agreement provided that,
upon General Motors’ repayment of the amount due under the Synthetic Lease,
General Motors would be authorized “to file a termination of any existing
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Financing Statement relating to the Properties [of the Synthetic Lease].” J.A.
2151. And, to represent its interests in the transaction, JPMorgan relied on
Simpson Thacher, its counsel for matters related to the Synthetic Lease. No one
at JPMorgan, Simpson Thacher, General Motors, or Mayer Brown took action
intending to affect the Term Loan.
What JPMorgan intended to accomplish, however, is a distinct question
from what actions it authorized to be taken on its behalf. Mayer Brown prepared
a Closing Checklist, draft UCC‐3 termination statements, and an Escrow
Agreement, all aimed at unwinding the Synthetic Lease but tainted by one
crucial error: The documents included a UCC‐3 termination statement that
erroneously identified for termination a security interest related not to the
Synthetic Lease but to the Term Loan. The critical question in this case is
whether JPMorgan “authorize[d] [Mayer Brown] to file” that termination
statement.
After Mayer Brown prepared the Closing Checklist and draft UCC‐3
termination statements, copies were sent for review to a Managing Director at
JPMorgan who supervised the Synthetic Lease payoff and who had signed the
Term Loan documents on JPMorgan’s behalf. Mayer Brown also sent copies of
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the Closing Checklist and draft UCC‐3 termination statements to JPMorgan’s
counsel, Simpson Thacher, to ensure that the parties to the transaction agreed as
to the documents required to complete the Synthetic Lease payoff transaction.
Neither directly nor through its counsel did JPMorgan express any concerns
about the draft UCC‐3 termination statements or about the Closing Checklist. A
Simpson Thacher attorney responded simply as follows: “Nice job on the
documents. My only comment, unless I am missing something, is that all
references to JPMorgan Chase Bank, as Administrative Agent for the Investors
should not include the reference ‘for the Investors.’” J.A. 921.
After preparing the closing documents and circulating them for review,
Mayer Brown drafted an Escrow Agreement that instructed the parties’ escrow
agent how to proceed with the closing. Among other things, the Escrow
Agreement specified that the parties would deliver to the escrow agent the set of
three UCC‐3 termination statements (individually identified by UCC‐1 financing
statement file number) that would be filed to terminate the security interests that
General Motors’ Synthetic Lease lenders held in its properties. The Escrow
Agreement provided that once General Motors repaid the amount due on the
Synthetic Lease, the escrow agent would forward copies of the UCC‐3
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termination statements to General Motors’ counsel for filing. When Mayer
Brown e‐mailed a draft of the Escrow Agreement to JPMorgan’s counsel for
review, the same Simpson Thacher attorney responded that “it was fine” and
signed the agreement.
From these facts it is clear that although JPMorgan never intended to
terminate the Main Term Loan UCC‐1, it authorized the filing of a UCC‐3
termination statement that had that effect. “Actual authority . . . is created by a
principal’s manifestation to an agent that, as reasonably understood by the agent,
expresses the principal’s assent that the agent take action on the principal’s
behalf.” Restatement (Third) of Agency § 3.01 (2006); accord Demarco v. Edens, 390
F.2d 836, 844 (2d Cir. 1968). JPMorgan and Simpson Thacher’s repeated
manifestations to Mayer Brown show that JPMorgan and its counsel knew that,
upon the closing of the Synthetic Lease transaction, Mayer Brown was going to
file the termination statement that identified the Main Term Loan UCC‐1 for
termination and that JPMorgan reviewed and assented to the filing of that
statement. Nothing more is needed.
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CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE the Bankruptcy Court’s grant of
summary judgment for the Defendant and REMAND with instructions to the
Bankruptcy Court to enter partial summary judgment for the Plaintiff as to the
termination of the Main Term Loan UCC‐1.
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