Filed: Aug. 15, 2016
Latest Update: Mar. 03, 2020
Summary: 15-2776 Mago Int’l, LLC v. LHB AG UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT _ August Term 2015 (Argued: June 15, 2016 Decided: August 15, 2016) Docket No. 15-2776 MAGO INTERNATIONAL, Plaintiff-Appellant, -v.- LHB AG, Defendant-Cross-Claimant-Appellee.* _ * The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to amend the caption as set forth above. Before: STRAUB, WESLEY, and LIVINGSTON, Circuit Judges. _ Appeal from an order and judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern
Summary: 15-2776 Mago Int’l, LLC v. LHB AG UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT _ August Term 2015 (Argued: June 15, 2016 Decided: August 15, 2016) Docket No. 15-2776 MAGO INTERNATIONAL, Plaintiff-Appellant, -v.- LHB AG, Defendant-Cross-Claimant-Appellee.* _ * The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to amend the caption as set forth above. Before: STRAUB, WESLEY, and LIVINGSTON, Circuit Judges. _ Appeal from an order and judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern ..
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15‐2776
Mago Int’l, LLC v. LHB AG
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
______________
August Term 2015
(Argued: June 15, 2016 Decided: August 15, 2016)
Docket No. 15‐2776
MAGO INTERNATIONAL,
Plaintiff‐Appellant,
‐v.‐
LHB AG,
Defendant‐Cross‐Claimant‐Appellee.*
______________
* The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to amend the caption as set
forth above.
Before:
STRAUB, WESLEY, and LIVINGSTON, Circuit Judges.
______________
Appeal from an order and judgment of the United States
District Court for the Southern District of New York (McMahon,
J.), entered after resolution of cross‐motions for summary
judgment. The District Court granted summary judgment to
defendant LHB AG on the basis of plaintiff Mago International’s
failure to comply strictly with the terms of a standby letter of
credit. We AFFIRM the order and judgment of the District Court.
______________
THEODORE GEIGER, New York, NY, for Plaintiff‐
Appellant.
MARK A. BERMAN (Jeremy B. Stein, on the brief),
Hartmann Doherty Rosa Berman & Bulbulia, LLC, New York,
NY, for Defendant‐Cross‐Claimant‐Appellee.
______________
WESLEY, Circuit Judge:
Mago International (“Mago”) appeals from an order and
judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern
District of New York (McMahon, J.), in which judgment was
entered in favor of LHB AG (”LHB”) after resolution of cross‐
motions for summary judgment. The central question concerns
whether Mago complied with terms of a standby letter of credit
(“SLOC”) issued by LHB—specifically, whether the submission
of unsigned copies of bills of lading complied with the letter’s
requirement that Mago provide a “photocopy of [a bill of lading]
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evidencing shipment of the goods to the applicant.” App. 101.
The District Court concluded that the unsigned copies did not
evidence shipment and thus Mago did not strictly comply. We
agree and accordingly affirm the order and judgment of the
District Court.
BACKGROUND
In 2011, Mago—a company based in New York—entered
into a contract to sell chicken, beef, and other meat products to
NTP Genita (“Genita”), a company based in Pristina, Kosovo. As
is common in international transactions, in order to ensure it
received payment, Mago required Genita to obtain an SLOC,
issued by Bank for Business, a Kosovar bank, and confirmed by
LHB. Under the terms of the letter, if Genita failed to pay Mago
within forty‐five days after the date of an invoice, Mago could
present a defined set of documents to LHB and obtain payment
on the SLOC. Among the documents LHB required was a
“photocopy of B/L evidencing shipment of the goods to the
applicant.” App. 101.
Mago shipped twelve containers of products to Genita
under four invoices, designated 199(1‐5), 199(6‐7), 208(1‐2), and
208(3‐5), respectively. Genita defaulted on all four invoices.
Mago tendered its first set of documents to LHB on September
19, 2012, including two unsigned bills of lading for each of the
two 199 invoices. App. 114–21. LHB rejected this tender for, inter
alia, not containing signed bills of lading. App. 129. Mago’s
second tender cured other deficiencies identified by LHB but
contained the same unsigned bills of lading for the two 199
invoices. App. 139–44. LHB again rejected the tender, emailing
Mago’s managing director that the unsigned bills of lading were
not in conformity with the terms of the letter. Mago’s third
tender occurred on October 8, 2012, the last day possible to
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submit a demand for payment. As all previous tenders had
done, this one contained signed bills of lading for the 208
invoices—but instead of unsigned bills of lading for the 199
invoices, Mago provided two telexes from the shipping
company, Mediterranean Shipping Company (“MSC”). These
telexes announced that MSC had retained the original, signed
bills of lading in its files and authorized release of the shipments
to Genita without the latter presenting the original bill of lading.
App. 160, 166. LHB rejected this tender as well. Finally, on
October 11, 2012, Mago tendered a set of documents containing
signed bills of lading for each invoice. App. 172–84. LHB
rejected this tender as untimely. App. 185.
Mago then filed suit in the Southern District alleging
wrongful dishonor of the SLOC and naming both LHB and Bank
for Business as defendants.2 On April 1, 2015, both LHB and
Mago cross‐moved for summary judgment. The District Court
issued its order granting LHB’s motion and denying Mago’s
motion on August 4 and entered judgment on August 6. Mago
timely appealed from both the order and the judgment.
DISCUSSION
An SLOC is an agreement by a bank to pay a beneficiary
on behalf of a customer who obtains the letter, if the customer
defaults on an obligation to the beneficiary. See, e.g., Tudor Dev.
Grp. v. U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co., 968 F.2d 357, 360 (3d Cir. 1992).
“Originally devised to function in international trade, a letter of
credit reduced the risk of nonpayment in cases where credit was
extended to strangers in distant places” Voest‐Alpine Int’l Corp. v.
Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A., 707 F.2d 680, 682 (2d Cir. 1983). “The
2 However, Bank for Business was never served with the complaint,
and the District Court dismissed it from the case. App. 238.
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issuing bank, or a bank that acts as confirming bank for the
issuer, takes on an absolute duty to pay the amount of the credit
to the beneficiary, so long as the beneficiary complies with the
terms of the letter.” Beyene v. Irving Tr. Co., 762 F.2d 4, 6 (2d Cir.
1985). However, “[i]n order to protect the issuing or confirming
bank, this absolute duty does not arise unless the terms of the
letter have been complied with strictly.” Id. “Adherence to this
rule ensures that banks, dealing only in documents, will be able
to act quickly, enhancing the letter of credit’s fluidity. Literal
compliance with the credit therefore is also essential so as not to
impose an obligation upon the bank that it did not undertake
and so as not to jeopardize the bank’s right to indemnity from its
customer.” Voest‐Alpine, 707 F.2d at 682–83. Therefore, “[i]n
determining whether to pay, the bank looks solely at the letter
and the documentation the beneficiary presents[] to determine
whether the documentation meets the requirements in the
letter.” Marino Indus. Corp. v. Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A., 686
F.2d 112, 115 (2d Cir. 1982). “The corollary to the rule of strict
compliance is that the requirements in letters of credit must be
explicit and that all ambiguities are construed against the bank.
Since the beneficiary must comply strictly with the requirements
of the letter, it must know precisely and unequivocally what
those requirements are.” Id. (citations omitted).
As the District Court noted, resolution of this case turns
on whether Mago strictly complied with the terms of the
SLOC—specifically, whether presentation of unsigned copies of
bills of lading satisfy the credit’s requirement that Mago submit
a “photocopy of B/L evidencing shipment of the goods to the
applicant.” App. 101.3 Mago argues principally that, under the
3 We review de novo a district court’s grant of summary judgment, and
“[w]here there are no disputed issues of material fact, our task is to
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Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (the
“UCP”) and interpretive guidance issued by the International
Chamber of Commerce Banking Commission, where a letter of
credit requires “copies” of transport documents like bills of
lading, those copies do not need to be signed. Although the letter
does explicitly incorporate the UCP and even assuming Mago
interprets the UCP correctly, Mago’s argument fails for the
simple reason that LHB’s letter did not simply require a copy of
a bill of lading, but required one that “evidenc[ed] shipment of
the goods to the applicant.” App. 101. Thus, whatever general
guidelines are applicable, the copies here were required to
evidence shipment. Because the bill of lading at issue required a
signature to evidence shipment, the presentation of those
documents did not strictly comply with the terms of the letter.
Even though the unsigned copies of the bills of lading
here reflect the name of a ship and purported date of shipment,
absent the carrier’s signature, there is no evidence that the
shipping information on the bill of lading reflects the actual
shipment of the goods—precisely the information that the SLOC
requires. Notably, the signature block on the bills where the
carrier would have signed is immediately preceded by language
to that effect:
RECEIVED by the Carrier in apparent good
order and condition (unless otherwise stated
determine whether the district court correctly applied the law.” Mario
v. P&C Food Mkts., Inc., 313 F.3d 758, 764 (2d Cir. 2002) (internal
quotation marks omitted). “We must resolve any documentary
ambiguity in [Mago’s] favor at this stage of the proceedings, because
in ruling upon a motion for summary judgment, we construe
ambiguous contractual terms in favor of the party opposing the
motion.” Bouzo v. Citibank, N.A., 96 F.3d 51, 58 (2d Cir. 1996).
6
herein) the total number or quantity of
Containers or other packages or units indicated
in the box entitled Carrier’s Receipt for carriage
subject to all the terms and conditions thereof
from the Place of Receipt or Port of Loading to
the Port of Discharge or Place of Delivery,
whichever is applicable.
App. 181. Without the carrier’s signature, the presented copy of
the bill of lading does not appear to fulfill the terms of the SLOC.
While copies of bills of lading may not generally require
signatures, see INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BANKING PRACTICE FOR
THE EXAMINATION OF DOCUMENTS UNDER DOCUMENTARY CREDITS
SUBJECT TO UCP 600 (“ISBP”) ¶ 20, the copies of the bill of lading
here appear to require such a signature to satisfy the SLOC’s
requirement that the document “evidenc[e] shipment of the
goods to the applicant.” App. 101; see also UCP 600, Art. XIV
(“[B]anks will accept the document as presented if its content
appears to fulfill the function of the required document.”
(emphasis added)). Although Mago presented telexes that it
claimed also evidenced shipment, those telexes cannot satisfy the
letter’s requirement that such evidence be contained in a bill of
lading. For the same reason, Mago’s argument that the SLOC did
not explicitly require a signature is unavailing; it explicitly
required evidence of shipment in the bill of lading, and the bill
of lading at issue required a signature for confirmation of
shipment. Accordingly, neither the unsigned bills of lading nor
the telexes tendered by Mago in its presentations to LHB
satisfied the requirement of strict compliance, and LHB was
entitled to reject the presentations. See Beyene, 762 F.2d at 6–7.
Mago finally argues that the District Court erred in
granting summary judgment to LHB on the entire amount of the
SLOC since Mago presented conforming documents with respect
7
to the 208 invoices covering five containers of food products.
Instead, Mago contends, the District Court should have not have
granted summary judgment to LHB on those invoices. But
Mago’s complaint does not present invoice‐specific claims to the
District Court, nor does it anywhere request at least partial
payment on the 208 invoices. App. 18–21, 45–47. During oral
argument on the summary judgment motions, the District Court
expressly asked for clarification on the differences between the
199 and 208 invoices—Mago still did not contend it was owed at
least partial payment on the SLOC. Supp. App. 177–86. In its
summary judgment order, the District Court expressly noted
that Mago had briefed nothing regarding the 208 invoices and
further noted that that it did not know whether that was
“because Mago was paid with respect to the 208 invoices or
because the failure to present conforming documents for the 199
invoices meant that Mago forfeited payment even for invoices
that did on their face confirm to the terms of Item 46A.” App.
242. Mago did not move for reconsideration or otherwise argue
this point; it simply filed a notice of appeal.
“We have repeatedly held that if an argument has not
been raised before the district court, we will not consider it . . . .”
Kraebel v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Hous. Pres. & Dev., 959 F.2d 395, 401 (2d
Cir. 1992) (citation omitted). We have, on occasion, permitted
new arguments in support of “a proposition presented below.”
Eastman Kodak Co. v. STWB, Inc., 452 F.3d 215, 221 (2d Cir. 2006).
But Mago is not making a new argument for a proposition made
below; it never requested this relief from the District Court. In
fact, Mago still has not made an argument that the law permits
(much less requires) partial payment on an SLOC.4 It has cited
4 LHB’s briefing argues that while the UCP permits partial draws on
the SLOC, Mago never made a request for a partial draw and thus
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no case law on appeal, merely requesting vacatur and remand to
the District Court for consideration in the first instance—on the
basis of what theory we have not been told. Where a party has
had such numerous occasions to request certain relief from the
District Court and, failing to do so, has presented no legal
argument of error to us on appeal, we will not set aside the
District Court’s judgment.
CONCLUSION
We have considered all of Mago’s arguments and find
them to be without merit. For the reasons stated in this opinion,
we AFFIRM the order and judgment of the District Court.
LHB could only evaluate the presentation as a whole. Because we hold
Mago forfeited its claims to partial payment, we need not address
whether LHB has correctly stated the law governing partial draws.
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