16-1729
     Singh v. United States Citizenship & Immigration Servs. et al.


 1                                 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 2                                          FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

 3                                                  August Term, 2016

 4   (Argued: December 15, 2016                                         Decided: December 22, 2017)
 5
 6                                                 Docket No. 16-1729
 7
 8   ---------------------------------
 9   AMRITPAL SINGH,
10       Plaintiff-Appellant,
11
12          v.
13
14   UNITED STATES CITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION SERVICES and
15   THOMAS CIOPPA,* District Director, United States Citizenship and Immigration
16   Services’ New York District Office,
17        Defendants-Appellees.
18
19   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
20
21   B e f o r e:      WINTER, JACOBS, and POOLER, Circuit Judges.
22
23            Appeal from a dismissal by the United States District Court for the

24   Southern District of New York (Jesse M. Furman, J.), of a complaint for lack of

25   subject-matter jurisdiction. We agree that the present action functionally

26   constitutes a challenge to a pending removal order and, as such, 8 U.S.C. §

27   1252(a)(5) precludes our exercise of subject-matter jurisdiction.


     *
         District Director Thomas Cioppa is substituted for his predecessor, Phyllis Coven.
 1                                   MICHAEL E. PISTON, New York, N.Y., for
 2                                   Plaintiff-Appellant.
 3
 4                                   BRANDON M. WATERMAN (Benjamin H.
 5                                   Torrance on the brief), for Joon H. Kim, Acting
 6                                   United States Attorney for the Southern District
 7                                   of New York, New York, N.Y., for Defendants-
 8                                   Appellees.
 9   WINTER, Circuit Judge:

10         Amritpal Singh appeals from Judge Furman’s dismissal of his complaint

11   for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. The complaint, relying on the

12   Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”), 5 U.S.C. § 701 et seq., challenged the

13   denial by the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (“USCIS”) of

14   jurisdiction over Singh’s application for an adjustment of his immigration status.

15   The district court concluded that the present action constitutes an indirect

16   challenge to an outstanding removal order issued against Singh and that,

17   therefore, 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(5) precludes subject-matter jurisdiction. We affirm.

18                                    BACKGROUND

19         We assume the accuracy of facts alleged in the complaint. Those

20   allegations are as follows. Singh, a native of India, entered the United States

21   illegally in June 1995. On November 29, 1995, the Immigration and

22   Naturalization Service (“INS”) –– the agency at that time responsible for




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 1   administering the immigration laws –– commenced deportation proceedings

 2   against him. At a December 1995 hearing in San Francisco, California, Singh

 3   conceded his deportability by confirming the accuracy of the INS’s allegations.

 4   The immigration judge then scheduled another hearing for March 1996. Singh

 5   failed to appear at that hearing, and the immigration judge ordered him

 6   deported to India. Singh remained in the United States without any effort visible

 7   on this record to deport him.

 8         In June 2000, he married Jaswant Kaur, a naturalized United States citizen.

 9   That same month, Kaur submitted a Form I-130 Petition to establish her marriage

10   to Singh for purposes of the still-open immigration proceedings. In April 2002,

11   the INS requested additional evidence to establish that Kaur’s marriage to Singh

12   was entered into in good faith and not to evade the immigration laws. Kaur did

13   not respond to the request for additional evidence, and the INS denied her

14   petition.

15         In 2005, Singh filed an application for adjustment of his immigration status

16   based on his marriage to Kaur. At an October 12, 2006 interview pertaining to

17   the adjustment-of-status application, Singh was taken into custody pursuant to

18   the outstanding 1996 deportation order. While in custody, Singh filed a motion




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 1   with the immigration court in San Francisco to reopen the 1996 deportation

 2   order. He claimed that he had no notice of the March 1996 hearing. The

 3   immigration judge denied that motion in November 2006. The Board of

 4   Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) affirmed that denial in January 2007. Singh timely

 5   filed a petition for review and a motion to stay deportation in the Ninth Circuit.

 6   The Ninth Circuit immediately granted Singh a stay of deportation.

 7   Nevertheless, the government deported Singh to India several hours later.

 8          The government conceded that Singh’s removal was improper given the

 9   Ninth Circuit’s stay. Consequently, in May 2007, Singh was temporarily paroled

10   back into the United States by the Attorney General, who exercised his discretion

11   to grant temporary parole to certain aliens. See 8 U.S.C. § 1182(d)(5)(A).

12          After Singh’s return, Kaur filed another Form I-130 Petition, this time with

13   the USCIS, on Singh’s behalf. The USCIS eventually approved Kaur’s petition on

14   May 6, 2009. Accompanying Kaur’s I-130 filing was Singh’s petition to the USCIS

15   for adjustment of his status. This petition raised legal issues at the heart of this

16   case.1 As discussed infra, if Singh’s deportation proceedings remained ongoing,


     1
       Legislative changes altered the administration of the immigration laws during the events described
     above. The Homeland Security Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-296, 116 Stat. 2135, abolished the INS,
     transferring its immigration enforcement function to the newly-created Department of Homeland
     Security, of which the USCIS is a component. The Attorney General's authority was maintained over the
     Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR), which houses the BIA. Additionally, as discussed


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 1   then the immigration court -- the BIA -- had exclusive jurisdiction over his

 2   petition and the USCIS had no power to act on it. On April 6, 2009, the USCIS

 3   dismissed Singh’s application for lack of jurisdiction stating that “jurisdiction of

 4   [his] application and case in general[] still remains with the Immigration Court”

 5   and, therefore, that the USCIS did not have authority to grant the relief Singh

 6   requested. Singh filed a motion for reconsideration, arguing that the USCIS had

 7   jurisdiction over his application for adjustment of status because his deportation

 8   proceedings had terminated when he was removed from the country in February

 9   2007.

10           While Singh’s motion for reconsideration was pending with the USCIS, the

11   Ninth Circuit denied Singh’s petition for review of the January 2007 BIA decision

12   affirming the immigration judge’s denial of Singh’s motion to reopen his

13   deportation proceedings. Singh v. Holder, 483 F. App’x 350 (9th Cir. 2012). The

14   Ninth Circuit rejected Singh’s argument that his 2007 removal terminated his

15   deportation proceedings.

16           On August 8, 2013, the USCIS’s Acting District Director for New York

17   denied Singh’s motion to reconsider the USCIS’s April 6, 2009 decision



     further infra, the REAL ID Act of 2005, Pub. L. No. 109-13, 119 Stat. 231 (2005), affected a general
     reorganization of judicial review of removal orders.


                                                           5
 1   dismissing Singh’s application for adjustment of status. The August 8 decision

 2   noted the Ninth Circuit’s dismissal of Singh’s petition for review and found that

 3   the “USCIS still does not have jurisdiction over [Singh’s] application” because he

 4   was “under an order of deportation.”

 5         After that denial, Singh moved the BIA to reopen the deportation

 6   proceedings to allow adjustment of his status to that of a lawful permanent

 7   resident based on his marriage to Kaur. Singh argued that he was entitled to this

 8   adjustment following the USCIS’s May 6, 2009 approval of the Form I-130 that

 9   Kaur filed on his behalf. The BIA denied Singh’s motion to reopen on December

10   3, 2013.

11         On December 26, 2013, Singh filed another petition for review in the Ninth

12   Circuit, challenging the BIA’s 2013 denial of the motion to reopen. He also

13   moved for a stay of removal pending disposition of the petition, which was

14   granted. See Singh v. Holder, No. 13-74456 (9th Cir. Mar. 21, 2014). On June 3,

15   2015, the government requested that the Ninth Circuit summarily reject Singh’s

16   petition. On July 28, 2017, the Ninth Circuit granted the government’s motion

17   and denied the petition in part and dismissed it in part for lack of jurisdiction.

18   The decision held that the BIA had jurisdiction over the application for




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 1   adjustment of status, that Singh’s motion to reopen was time- and number-

 2   barred, and that the court lacked jurisdiction to review the BIA’s failure to reopen

 3   the deportation proceedings sua sponte. The stay of removal expired September

 4   19, 2017. Singh, No. 13-74456 (9th Cir. Sept. 19, 2017).

 5      On February 23, 2015, while the petition for review was pending in the Ninth

 6   Circuit and a stay of removal was in place, Singh filed the present action. In this

 7   matter, he invokes the APA provisions authorizing judicial review of final

 8   agency actions, see 5 U.S.C. § 706(2), and seeks reversal of the USCIS’s decisions

 9   that it lacks jurisdiction over his application for adjustment of status to that of a

10   lawful permanent resident. Singh’s complaint essentially requests that the USCIS

11   be compelled to adjudicate the merits of his status-adjustment application.

12         On March 30, 2016, the district court determined that it lacked subject-

13   matter jurisdiction over this action and accordingly dismissed Singh’s complaint.

14   This appeal followed.

15                                       DISCUSSION

16         Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction and must independently

17   verify the existence of subject-matter jurisdiction before proceeding to the merits.

18   See, e.g., Doe v. United States, 

, 196 (2d Cir. 2016); City of N.Y. v.




                                                7
 1   Mickalis Pawn Shop, LLC, 

, 125-26 (2d Cir. 2011). Because resolution

 2   of subject-matter jurisdictional issues precedes consideration of the merits, and

 3   we conclude that we lack such jurisdiction, we need not consider the various

 4   rulings of the Ninth Circuit on issues before us save where those rulings are

 5   relevant to our jurisdiction. We review the district court’s decision to dismiss for

 6   lack of subject-matter jurisdiction de novo. See Sharkey v. Quarantillo, 

  75, 82–83 (2d Cir. 2008).

 8         Singh’s complaint invoked federal-question jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.

 9   § 1331, in that it asserted a claim under 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A) of the APA

10   authorizing courts to “hold unlawful and set aside” federal agency actions that

11   are “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance

12   with law.” However, the APA does not empower courts to set aside agency

13   actions where other “statutes preclude judicial review.” See 5 U.S.C. § 701(a)(1).

14   There is such a statute here.

15         As part of the REAL ID Act of 2005, Congress mandated that “the sole and

16   exclusive means for judicial review of an order of removal” should be “a petition

17   for review filed with an appropriate court of appeals.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(5). A

18   “petition for review” is a challenge to an order of removal entered by the BIA.




                                              8
 1   See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1); see also Ruiz-Martinez v. Mukasey, 

, 112-13

 2   (2d Cir. 2008). By restricting judicial review of removal orders solely to

 3   adjudication of petitions for review from a BIA decision, Section 1252(a)(4) makes

 4   the REAL ID Act a statute that “preclude[s] judicial review” of challenges to

 5   removal orders brought under the APA. See 5 U.S.C. § 701(a)(1).

 6         No party contends that the present action is a petition for review of Singh’s

 7   removal order. The principal issue before us is whether Singh’s APA challenge

 8   seeks “judicial review of an order of removal” as that term is used in Section

 9   1252(a)(5). In Delgado v. Quarantillo, 

(2d Cir. 2011) (per curiam), the

10   petitioner sought to compel the USCIS to consider her I-212 application for

11   permission to reapply for admission to the United States. We held that the term

12   “judicial review of an order of removal,” as used in Section 1252(a)(5),

13   encompasses both “direct” and “indirect” challenges to removal orders. 

14   Because Singh’s APA challenge is an “indirect” challenge to his removal order, it

15   falls under Section 1252(a)(5)’s limitation.

16         Delgado instructs that we look to “the substance of the relief that a plaintiff

17   is seeking” in order to determine whether a claim seeks review of a removal

18   order. See 

prohibition applies broadly, not only to




                                               9
 1   situations where the favorable resolution of a plaintiff’s claim would “per se

 2   prevent [the plaintiff’s] removal” but also where the claim “is a necessary

 3   prerequisite to [the plaintiff’s] ultimate goal of adjustment of status.” 

quotation marks omitted). Congress’s intent in enacting the REAL ID

 5   Act provisions at issue was to streamline judicial scrutiny of removal orders by

 6   consolidating those proceedings in one forum and to eliminate the possibility of

 7   piecemeal challenges. See, e.g., Xiao Ji Chen v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 

,

 8   151 n.3 (2d Cir. 2006) (a “primary effect” of the REAL ID Act is to “limit all aliens

 9   to one bite of the apple” (internal quotation marks omitted)). Delgado’s

10   expansive reading of Section 1252(a)(5)’s limitation gives effect to that

11   congressional purpose.

12         Singh’s APA claim seeks to require the USCIS to consider the merits of his

13   adjustment-of-status application. This is the first step in adjusting his status to

14   that of a lawful permanent resident. If he succeeded in becoming a lawful

15   permanent resident, his pending removal order would, he hopes, be rendered a

16   nullity.

17         Critical to the issue is the division of jurisdiction between the BIA and the

18   USCIS. Depending on the circumstances, jurisdiction to consider an adjustment-




                                               10
 1   of-status application lies either with an immigration judge and the BIA or with

 2   the USCIS, but never simultaneously with both. See 8 C.F.R. §§ 245.2(a),

 3   1245.2(a). There is no open issue with regard to Singh being the subject of a BIA

 4   deportation proceeding. Singh was placed in BIA removal proceedings, a

 5   removal order was entered by an immigration judge, and his attempt to reopen

 6   those proceedings failed. Finally, the Ninth Circuit held that those proceedings

 7   were not terminated by Singh’s temporary removal to India. See Singh, 

  App’x at 350. As a result, the immigration court still has exclusive jurisdiction

 9   over any adjustment application Singh might choose to make. See 8 C.F.R. §

10   1245.2(a)(1)(i) (“In the case of any alien who has been placed in deportation

11   proceedings or in removal proceedings (other than as an arriving alien), the

12   immigration judge hearing the proceeding has exclusive jurisdiction to

13   adjudicate any application for adjustment of status the alien may file.”).

14         Given that the USCIS and the BIA do not have concurrent jurisdiction over

15   Singh’s proceedings, the purpose of this action is to shift jurisdiction from the

16   tribunal that has ordered him removed and to render the removal order

17   ineffective. For those reasons, Singh’s claim is one that seeks “judicial review of

18   an order of removal,” 8 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(5), as that term was interpreted in

19   Delgado.


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1         Because Section 1292(a)(5)’s limitation applies here, it “precludes judicial

2   review” under the APA. See 5 U.S.C. § 701(a)(1). With the APA claim barred,

3   there is no basis for federal subject-matter jurisdiction over Singh’s case, and the

4   district court was correct to dismiss it.

5                                      CONCLUSION

6         We have considered Singh’s remaining arguments and find them to be

7   without merit. We affirm.

8




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