Filed: Dec. 22, 2017
Latest Update: Mar. 03, 2020
Summary: 17-1074 Star Funding Inc. v. Tire Ctrs., LLC, et al. UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT SUMMARY ORDER RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NO
Summary: 17-1074 Star Funding Inc. v. Tire Ctrs., LLC, et al. UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT SUMMARY ORDER RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOT..
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17‐1074
Star Funding Inc. v. Tire Ctrs., LLC, et al.
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST
CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
ASUMMARY ORDER@). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON
ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second
Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley
Square, in the City of New York, on the 22nd day of December, two thousand
seventeen.
PRESENT: DENNIS JACOBS,
REENA RAGGI,
CHRISTOPHER F. DRONEY,
Circuit Judges.
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐X
STAR FUNDING, INC.,
Plaintiff‐Appellant,
‐v.‐ 17‐1074
TIRE CENTERS, LLC, DBA TCI TIRE
CENTERS,
Defendant‐Cross‐Defendant‐Third‐
Party Plaintiff‐Appellee,
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VAULT MINERALS, LLC, CHRIS J.
DELLINGES, J. EDWARD MARTIN,
Defendants‐Cross‐Claimants,
and
JASON EVERETT POWELL,
Third‐Party Defendant.
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐X
FOR PLAINTIFF‐APPELLANT ALEX SPIZZ (Debra Bodian
STAR FUNDING, INC.: Bernstein, on the brief), Tarter
Krinsky & Drogin LLP; New York,
NY.
FOR DEFENDANT‐APPELLEE PETER W. HERZOG III,
TIRE CENTERS, LLC: Wheeler Trigg O’Donnell LLP; St.
Louis, MO.
Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the
Southern District of New York (Daniels, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is
AFFIRMED.
Star Funding, Inc. (“Star”) appeals from the judgment of the United States
District Court for the Southern District of New York (Daniels, J.) granting
summary judgment in favor of Tire Centers, LLC (“TCi”) and dismissing Star’s
claims against TCi. Star contends that it presented sufficient evidence to the
district court to create a disputed issue of material fact on the question of
whether a TCi employee, Jason Powell, had apparent authority to enter into
purchase agreements on behalf of TCi. We assume the parties’ familiarity with
the underlying facts, the procedural history, and the issues presented for review.
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Star, a commercial lender specializing in high‐risk loans, made four such
loans to Vault Minerals, LLC (“Vault”) in order to finance so‐called “tire flips,” in
which Star purchased “off‐the‐road” tires on behalf of Vault and promptly resold
them to a designated Vault customer. To allay Star’s concern that Vault’s
overseas customers might renege, Vault proposed selecting a domestic “back‐up
purchaser” and identified TCi, providing contact information for Powell. Star
confirmed TCi’s credit score and checked out Powell: his business card, which
identified him as a Business Development Manager and included his TCi email
address, his LinkedIn profile, and a purchase order that he provided. In reliance
on Powell’s representations that TCi would serve as back‐up purchaser, Star
agreed to finance the transactions.
In September 2013, John Eckerd, the founder of Vault, contacted Powell
and asked him to provide a back‐up purchase order for tires in TCi’s name that
Vault would submit to Star. In consultation with Eckerd, Powell created a
fraudulent TCi purchase order and failed to obtain authority from his TCi
superiors to purchase the tires. Vault sent the ostensible purchase order to Star
with instructions that Star should not disclose to anyone that TCi was the
transaction’s back‐up purchaser. The first two tire flip transactions proceeded
with the original purchasers, and no one at TCi became aware of the purchase
order other than Powell. However, the original purchasers fell through with
respect to two transactions in April and June 2014, each worth $1,626,720. When
TCi was called upon to purchase the tires, it refused to do so, arguing that Powell
lacked authority to issue the purchase orders.
Star filed an action regarding the third and fourth transactions against TCi,
Vault, and Vault’s two LLC members. Star alleged five claims against TCi; Star
did not appeal the dismissal of three of them. After discovery, the court granted
TCi’s motion for summary judgment on the remaining two claims, for breach of
contract and promissory estoppel. Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
54(b), Star now appeals the district court’s dismissal of the promissory estoppel
count.
Rule 54(b) provides that a “court may direct entry of a final judgment as to
one or more, but fewer than all, claims or parties only if the court expressly
determines that there is no just reason for delay.” Determining just reason for
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delay is “left to the sound judicial discretion of the district court.” Curtiss‐
Wright Corp. v. Gen. Elec. Co., 446 U.S. 1, 8 (1980). “At the same time, . . . any
abuse of that discretion remains reviewable by the Court of Appeals.” Id. at 10
(internal quotation marks omitted) (emphasis in original). District courts may
not repeat the formulaic language of Rule 54(b), but should, rather, offer a
reasoned, even if brief, explanation. See Harriscom Svenska AB v. Harris Corp.,
947 F.2d 627, 629 (2d Cir. 1991). Here, the district court memo endorsed Star’s
request for entry of final judgment, without providing a reasoned explanation.
“On rare occasions we have excused the absence of an adequate
explanation where the reasons for the entry of judgment were obvious and a
remand to the district court would result only in unnecessary delay in the appeal
process.” O’Bert ex rel. O’Bert v. Vargo, 331 F.3d 29, 41 (2d Cir. 2003) (internal
quotation marks and alterations omitted). This is such an appeal.
Star’s claims against TCi concern Powell’s apparent authority to enter into
the purchase orders; the only remaining issue before the district court is a
determination of the amount of damages against Vault and the individual
defendants. Even if Vault or the individual defendants were to pursue an appeal
of that issue, or if TCi, Vault, or the individual defendants were to seek appeals
of the cross‐claims against each other, those appeals would not concern Powell’s
apparent authority. Accordingly, the issue in this appeal is separable from the
rest of the case, and it is unlikely that we will be asked to revisit the same issue in
a subsequent appeal. See Curtiss‐Wright, 446 U.S. at 8 (holding that it was
“proper for the District Judge here to consider such factors as whether the claims
under review were separable from the others remaining to be adjudicated and
whether the nature of the claims already determined was such that no appellate
court would have to decide the same issues more than once even if there were
subsequent appeals”).
“[T]he standard against which a district court’s exercise of discretion [in
granting certification] is to be judged is the interest of sound judicial
administration.” Id. at 10 (internal quotation marks omitted). The reasons for
the entry of final judgment here are obvious. Because briefing is complete,
dismissing the case now for lack of jurisdiction would cause unnecessary delay
and expense to the parties.
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We review a grant of summary judgment de novo. Authors Guild, Inc. v.
HathiTrust, 755 F.3d 87, 93–94 (2d Cir. 2014). The moving party bears the burden
of demonstrating the absence of any genuine issues of material fact; and we
“view the evidence in the light most favorable to the party opposing summary
judgment, [] draw all reasonable inferences in favor of that party, and [] eschew
credibility assessments.” Amnesty Am. v. Town of W. Hartford, 361 F.3d 113,
122 (2d Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks omitted).
To recover under a theory of apparent authority, a plaintiff‐third party
must establish that “(1) the principal was responsible for the appearance of
authority in the agent to conduct the transaction in question and (2) the third
party reasonably relied on the representations of the agent.” Herbert Constr. Co.
v. Cont’l Ins. Co., 931 F.2d 989, 993‐94 (2d Cir. 1991) (internal citations and
quotation marks omitted).
The first element entails a showing of “words or conduct of the principal,
communicated to a third party, that give rise to the appearance and belief that
the agent possess authority to enter into a transaction.” Standard Funding Corp.
v. Lewitt, 89 N.Y.2d 546, 551 (1997) (internal citations and quotation marks
omitted) (emphasis in original). New York courts have consistently held that
apparent authority cannot exist without evidence of misleading conduct or
words by the principal. See, e.g., Hallock v. State, 64 N.Y.2d 224, 231 (1984)
(“[T]he existence of ‘apparent authority’ depends upon a factual showing that
the third party relied upon the misrepresentation of the agent because of some
misleading conduct on the part of the principal.”); E.F. Hutton & Co. v. First Fl.
Sec., Inc., 654 F. Supp. 1132, 1143 (S.D.N.Y. 1987) (“The law in New York is quite
clear that one who wishes to rely on an agent’s apparent authority must be able
to point to particular instances of misleading conduct by the principal which
gives a false impression that the putative agent had authority to act for him.”)
(internal citations and quotation marks omitted); UA‐Columbia Cablevision of
Westchester, Inc. v. Fraken Builders, Inc., 464 N.Y.S.2d 814, 815 (2d Dep’t 1983)
(“[A]pparent authority can bind a principal only where there was some
misleading conduct on the part of the principal.”).
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Since TCi gave Powell the title of “Business Development Manager,” Star
argues that TCi cloaked Powell with the apparent authority to enter into the
purchase orders. But the cases on which Star relies for this argument involved
either high‐level corporate officers or evidentiary showings not present here. For
example, in In re Zaffron, “the fact that [the agent] held the title of Vice President
of Operations [] cloaked him with the appearance of authority,” 303 B.R. 563, 571
(Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 2004) (emphasis added), and in Merlite Indus. v. Valassis
Inserts, Inc., the court held that there was an issue of fact as to whether the Vice
President of Sales had apparent authority to bind the company, No. 89 Civ. 3848,
1991 WL 150223, at *2 (S.D.N.Y July 30, 1991). See also Bardach v. Weber, 42
N.Y.S.3d (1st Dep’t 2016) (holding that record failed to show that partner in an
accounting firm did not have apparent authority as a matter of law). In Prop.
Advisory Grp., Inc. v. Bevona, the court ruled that a building “managing agent”
had apparent authority to enter into a collective bargaining agreement, after
receiving testimony that “it was common practice and custom throughout the
commercial building industry in New York City for managing agents to bind
owners of buildings to collective bargaining agreements with the Union. . . .” 718
F. Supp. 209, 211‐12 (S.D.N.Y. 1989). Here, Powell’s job title reflects that he was
not a TCi officer, director, or executive who had apparent authority to bind the
company, and Star conceded to the district court that it lacked evidence that it
was the “common practice and custom” for Business Development Managers to
purchase tires in any amount, let alone millions of dollars worth of them:
The Court: Is there some testimony in this case by anybody on your side or
their side that a person with this kind of title in any of these businesses
necessarily has this authority?
Mr. Spizz: No, your honor.
App’x 392‐93.
A closer analogy to this case is VFP Invs. I LLC v. Foot Locker, Inc., in
which Foot Locker’s “Director of In‐Store Marketing” and “Divisional Vice
President of Franchise Development” falsely verified certain invoices from a
manufacturer to one of the manufacturer’s potential lenders. No. 152153/15, 2015
WL 6499513, at *1‐*3 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. New York Cty. Oct. 22, 2015), aff’d, 48
6
N.Y.S.3d 27 (1st Dep’t 2017). The lender sought recovery from Foot Locker on
the ground that the employees had apparent authority; the court held, however,
that their job titles were insufficient to establish their authority regarding
accounting matters to a reasonable person, and “[the lender] merely had to
contact Foot Locker’s accounting department to learn that [the employees] were
not authorized to verify receivables.” Id. at *4. Powell’s job title was similarly
insufficient to establish authority to enter purchase orders for millions of dollars
worth of tires. Accordingly, Star has presented no evidence to establish that TCi
engaged in misleading conduct.
The district court did not decide the second element for establishing
apparent authority under New York law: whether Star reasonably relied on
Powell’s representations. App’x 398‐400. This consideration likewise cuts
against Star’s claim.
Star argues that it had no duty to inquire about Powell’s authority. The
duty to inquire arises when “the facts and circumstances are such as to put him
on inquiry, the transaction is extraordinary, or the novelty of the transaction
alerts the third party to the danger of fraud.” Herbert Constr., 931 F.2d at 995‐96
(internal citation and quotation marks omitted). “[T]he duty of inquiry amounts
to an alternative way of asking whether the third party reasonably relied on the
representations of the agent that he possessed authority to bind the principal.”
Id. at 996.
In Edinburg Volunteer Fire Co. v. Danko Emergency Equip. Co., the court
held that the plaintiff failed to make a reasonable inquiry where the plaintiff
should have been, and was, suspicious of some aspects of the transaction,
inquired of the agent, “but blindly accepted his answer without contacting
defendant to confirm this unusual arrangement.” 867 N.Y.S.2d 547, 550 (3d
Dep’t 2008). Star similarly viewed the listing of Vault as the customer on the
purchase orders as suspicious, but failed to follow up in any manner other than
to contact Powell, who responded that “[w]e issued a [purchase order] to Vault
because that’s who we are buying the tires from.” App’x 205. But Powell’s
answer makes little sense considering that the purchase orders specified that TCi
would buy the tires from Vault whereas the tires were to be shipped to Vault.
And it was surely arresting that the purchase orders provided that the tires ‐‐
7
each of which is 11‐feet tall and 8,000 pounds ‐‐ would be shipped to Vault’s
address at an office park in Dallas, Texas.
Finally, Star relies on Goldston v. Bandwith Tech. Corp., which held that
“the risk of loss from an unauthorized act of a dishonest employee falls on the
corporation which appointed him to act on its behalf and not on the party who
relies on his apparent authority.” 859 N.Y.S.2d 651, 655 (1st Dep’t 2008) (emphasis
added). However, Goldston does not provide an independent basis to establish
apparent authority. For the foregoing reasons, Star has failed to establish either
element of apparent authority, and equitable principles therefore do not afford
Star relief.
We have considered Star’s remaining arguments and conclude that they
are without any merit. The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
FOR THE COURT:
CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, CLERK
8