KEARSE, Circuit Judge:

Petitioner Constitution Pipeline Company, LLC ("Constitution"), petitions pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 717r(d)(1) for review of an April 22, 2016 decision of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation ("NYSDEC" or the "Department") denying Constitution's application for certification pursuant to § 401 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, more commonly known as the Clean Water Act (or "CWA"), 33 U.S.C. § 1341 ("§ 401 certification"), that Constitution's proposed interstate natural gas pipeline would comply with New York State (or "State") water quality standards (or "WQS"). NYSDEC denied the application on the ground that Constitution had not provided sufficient information. In its petition, Constitution contends principally (1) that NYSDEC exceeded the § 401(a) time limitations for the State's review of the application and that NYSDEC must therefore be ordered to notify the United States Army Corps of Engineers ("USACE" or "Army Corps of Engineers" or "Army Corps") that the State has waived its right to act upon Constitution's § 401 certification application, thereby allowing USACE to issue a permit to petitioner under § 404 of the Clean Water Act, see 33 U.S.C. § 1344(a); and (2) alternatively, that Constitution submitted sufficient information and that NYSDEC's decision should be vacated on the ground that its denial of the application was arbitrary, capricious, and ultra vires, and that NYSDEC should be ordered to grant the requested § 401 certification. To the extent that Constitution challenges the timeliness of the NYSDEC decision, we dismiss the petition for lack of jurisdiction. As to the merits, we conclude that NYSDEC's actions were within its statutory authority and that its decision was not arbitrary or capricious, and we deny the petition.

I. BACKGROUND

Constitution proposes to construct a 121-mile interstate natural gas pipeline in Pennsylvania and New York, approximately 98 miles of which would be in New York. In connection with this project (the "Project"), Constitution applied for, to the extent pertinent here, a "certificate of public convenience and necessity" from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission ("FERC"), 15 U.S.C. § 717f(c), a CWA § 401 water quality certification (or "WQC") from New York State that the Project would comply with State water quality standards (see 6 N.Y.C.R.R. parts 701 to 704), and a CWA § 404 permit from the Army Corps of Engineers to allow discharges into United States navigable waters.

A. Proceedings Before FERC

In September 2012, FERC announced that it would prepare an environmental impact statement ("EIS") for Constitution's Project and asked Constitution to submit a feasibility study explaining how it would install the pipeline across waterbodies (generally using that term to refer to streams but not wetlands). For such installations, there is a trenched method — a dry open-cut crossing — which involves diverting a stream, digging a trench through the banks and stream bed, installing and burying the pipeline, and then allowing the stream to resume flowing in the stream bed. (See, e.g., FERC Final Environmental Impact Statement ("FEIS") pages 2-21 to 2-22.) There are also trenchless crossing methods — including Horizontal Directional Drill (or "HDD"), Direct Pipe (or "DP"), and conventional bore — which involve digging pits on either side of a waterbody and boring or drilling underneath the stream. FERC asked Constitution to provide information with regard to trenchless construction methods for crossing several categories of streams, including those classified by the states as sensitive or high quality and those greater than 30 feet wide where a dry construction method would not be feasible.

1. Constitution's Trenchless Feasibility Study

Constitution submitted to FERC a study discussing trenchless crossing methods. (See Constitution, Feasibility Study: Trenchless Construction Methods for Sensitive Environmental Resource Crossings (Nov. 2013) ("Constitution 2013 Feasibility Study" or "Study") pages 1-3 to 1-5.) Trenchless methods do not disturb soil or organisms in the stream banks, stream bed, or in the stream itself, but require disturbing surrounding areas to clear space for installation pits; there are also risks of mid-project drill breakage, with leakage of drill fluid into the waterbody. (See Constitution 2013 Feasibility Study page 2-3; FEIS page 2-24.) Use of the trenched method does not require as much installation space or present the risk of drill failure; but it requires stream diversion and digging into the stream bed and banks. (See, e.g., FEIS pages 2-21 to 2-22.)

The Constitution feasibility study dealt principally with locations where the waterbody was designated by New York or Pennsylvania as sensitive or high quality. (See Constitution 2013 Feasibility Study pages 2-2 to 2-3.) As a result, Constitution eliminated from consideration for trenchless crossings all but 89 of the 251 New York waterbodies that would be crossed by the pipeline or affected by pipeline construction.

The remaining 89 locations were addressed in three phases. The Study's "Phase I[] Desktop Analysis" (id. pt. 1.0 page 1-1) further reduced the number of New York waterbodies considered by Constitution for trenchless crossings from 89 to 26, in part by eliminating streams less than 30 feet wide, even if they were classified by New York as sensitive or high-quality (see id. pages 2-1, 2-3). Constitution stated that trenchless crossings for such narrower waterbodies would potentially require workspace requirements significantly greater than those generally needed for a conventional dry crossing method. (See id. page 2-3.) Thus, unless such a waterbody was immediately associated with a larger wetland and/or waterway complex crossed by the Project or was located in the immediate vicinity of a proposed rail or roadway crossing, "Constitution did not evaluate waterbody crossings less than 30 feet in width" (id.).

Phase II was a "Cost/Time/Construction Workspace Impact Analysis." (Id. page 3-1; see also id. pt. 1.0 page 1-1 ("Trenchless construction methods are limited" not only by such matters as "underlying geology, available workspace, [and] available time," but also by "available finances budgeted for a capital project.").) This phase eliminated waterways from trenchless-crossing consideration largely on the basis of expense; as a result, there remained only 13 waterbody crossings in New York for which Constitution planned to investigate a "formal trenchless construction design." (Id. pages 3-2 to 3-4 & tbl.3.2-1.) The Study stated that Phase III, a "geotechnical field analysis" of each of the 13 locations, was in progress. (Id. page 5-1.) Constitution thus planned to use the trenched method for 238 of the 251 New York waterbodies to be crossed.

2. NYSDEC Comments and the FEIS

In connection with FERC's announcement of a planned EIS for the Constitution pipeline — and its subsequent draft EIS ("DEIS") — NYSDEC submitted numerous letters to FERC. The first noted that NYSDEC's preferred method for crossing waterbodies is a trenchless method, in particular

(November 7, 2012 Letter from NYSDEC to FERC at 3 (emphasis added).) Stating that the DEIS should identify the New York classification of each stream the proposed pipeline would cross, NYSDEC urged FERC to "evaluate cases where other methods are proposed" and have Constitution "explain why HDD will not work or is not practical for that specific crossing." (Id. (emphasis added).)

A May 2013 letter again stated that "NYSDEC's preferred methodology for all stream crossings is ... (HDD)"; that letter also stated that "[w]ithin stream crossings, pipelines should be buried at least 6' below a stream bottom. Minimum cover depth is not subject to variance based on field conditions." (May 28, 2013 Letter from NYSDEC to FERC ("NYSDEC May 2013 Letter") at 1-2 (emphasis added).)

In September 2013, NYSDEC wrote to join a request by the Army Corps for additional analysis of whether the Constitution pipeline could be routed along a certain interstate highway, a route referred to as "Alternative M." (September 25, 2013 Letter from NYSDEC to FERC at 1.) Constitution responded by arguing that Alternative M would have greater environmental impact than Constitution's proposed route and noting likely difficulties in obtaining highway agencies' approvals. (See October 22, 2013 Letter from Constitution to NYSDEC at 2-4.)

In 2014, FERC issued its DEIS, which drew criticism from several sources including NYSDEC. (See, e.g., March 24, 2014 Letter from NYSDEC to FERC and Army Corps at 1-2 (urging a revised DEIS to include "geotechnical feasibility studies for all trenchless crossing locations," as well as "site specific blasting plans that include protocols for in-water blasting and the protection of aquatic resources and habitats" (emphasis added)); April 7, 2014 Letter from NYSDEC to FERC and Army Corps ("NYSDEC April 2014 Letter") at 1-5 (adding additional comments and requesting additional analysis of Alternative M which, in NYSDEC's view, would reduce the amount of disturbance of higher-quality waterbodies).)

FERC issued its FEIS in 2014 without significantly expanding on several aspects of the DEIS. It did not address NYSDEC's concern that Constitution had not developed site-specific blasting plans. (See FEIS pages 4-15 to 4-16; DEIS page 4-16.) The FEIS added discussion of two new versions of Alternative M proposed by NYSDEC (see FEIS pages 3-46 to 3-47), but rejected them without analyzing disturbances to high-quality waterbodies (compare id. pages 3-32 to 3-47 with NYSDEC April 2014 Letter at 3-4). And the FEIS stated that the pipeline would be buried 60 inches below streams in normal soil conditions and 24 inches in areas of "consolidated rock" (FEIS page 2-16), as contrasted with the NYSDEC May 2013 Letter's statement that the pipe needed to be buried "at least 6' below a stream bottom" (NYSDEC May 2013 Letter at 2).

The FEIS expanded on the DEIS's waterbody crossing information but repeated DEIS explanations for why relatively few crossings were slated to be crossed by trenchless techniques, stating, inter alia, that "[a]ccording to Constitution, trenchless crossing methods are not practical [except in limited circumstances] for waterbody crossings less than 30 feet in width" and that "Constitution indicated that such crossings would be impractical due to minimum length requirements, depth of pipeline considerations, and workspace requirements," and describing the areas that would be required for trenchless crossing "[a]ccording to Constitution" (FEIS page 4-50). The FEIS stated that

(Id. page 4-56 (emphasis added).) FERC added:

(FEIS, App'x S, page S-52 (emphases added).) The FEIS noted that Constitution had completed geotechnical feasibility studies at only two New York sites. (See FEIS page 4-4.)

B. Proceedings Before NYSDEC

While its application to FERC for a certificate of public convenience and necessity was pending, Constitution submitted an application to the Army Corps for a CWA § 404 permit for the discharge of dredged or fill material while constructing the pipeline and to NYSDEC for a CWA § 401 certification that the Project would comply with State water quality standards. In December 2014, NYSDEC issued a notice that Constitution's application was complete; but on December 31, it asked Constitution for more information about stream crossings. In January-March 2015, Constitution submitted more information to NYSDEC, and on April 27, 2015, at NYSDEC's request, Constitution withdrew and resubmitted its § 401 application. (Constitution had also withdrawn and resubmitted its § 401 application at NYSDEC's request in May 2014.)

1. Stream-Crossing Information Requests by NYSDEC

On January 23, 2015, staff from Constitution and NYSDEC met to discuss trenchless stream-crossing methods (see January 14, 2015 email from NYSDEC Project Manager Stephen M. Tomasik to Constitution engineering consultant Keith Silliman; January 27, 2015 email from Tomasik to Constitution Environmental Project Manager Lynda Schubring ("NYSDEC January 27, 2015 email")). Prior to that meeting, Constitution wrote to NYSDEC stating that it had

(January 22, 2015 Letter from Schubring to Tomasik at 1.) Constitution also stated that six other originally proposed trenchless crossings would be crossed by a trenched method, "to address various concerns raised by [state and local] authorities relative to the trenchless crossings of specific public roadways and associated infrastructure." (Id. at 2.) After the January 23 meeting, NYSDEC requested additional documents that Constitution personnel had said informed its decision to use the trenched crossing method at two locations, as well as "information about stream crossings that we requested on 12/31/2014." (NYSDEC January 27, 2015 email).

In response, Constitution submitted feasibility evaluations based on geotechnical studies for four locations: two wetlands crossings and two waterbody crossings. One of the waterbody feasibility evaluations concluded that using either HDD or DP was infeasible due to subsurface soil conditions; the other did not address the feasibility of trenchless crossing methods, and instead discussed only a contingency open-cut crossing to be used if the proposed DP crossing failed.

In February 2015, Constitution submitted to NYSDEC a document titled "Draft Trenchless Feasibility Study Edits" ("Constitution 2015 Feasibility Draft") that appears to be a version of part of the 2013 trenchless feasibility study that Constitution had submitted to FERC, merely expanding on the manner in which each trenchless method operates. Again there was no discussion of stream crossings site-by-site. The Constitution 2015 Feasibility Draft stated that

(Id. at 1 (emphases added).) It also discussed the Direct Pipe method, stating that "it is likely that additional forest will require clearing to perform DP for most of the protected stream crossings," and that "[m]any" streams are in valleys whose slopes make the DP method infeasible. (Id. at 2-3 (emphases added).) In addition, the Constitution 2015 Feasibility Draft stated that DP technology is of "limited availability," leading Constitution to conclude that using "DP technology for ... streams less than 30 feet in width is not a realistic or viable expectation within a reasonable period of time." (Id. at 3 (emphasis added).)

In March 2015, NYSDEC sent Constitution a list of 20 waterbody locations that NYSDEC "wants crossed via HDD," stating that NYSDEC "is still expecting an evaluation as to whether an HDD is technically feasible for each of these streams." (March 17, 2015 email from NYSDEC Major Project Management Unit Chief Christopher M. Hogan to Silliman (emphasis added).) In April 2015, as indicated above, Constitution withdrew and resubmitted its § 401 WQC request.

2. Subsequent Discussions

In May 2015, NYSDEC noted that it had agreed to "eliminate" four streams from "further consideration for trenchless crossing methods." (May 22, 2015 email from Tomasik to Schubring, Silliman, et al.)

In July 2015, a member of NYSDEC's staff emailed to certain Army Corps staff members a "Confidential" message attaching a "VERY PRELIMINARY version of a Constitution permit" (July 20, 2015 email from Tomasik to Kevin J. Bruce et al., Army Corps), which included a table of 19 locations that "shall be crossed using a trenchless construction method" — unless an "experienced and qualified engineer" concludes that the techniques are "not constructible or not feasible" (Confidential Draft NYSDEC Certification Conditions at 17). The draft, however, required Constitution, "[p]rior to beginning construction of any trenchless stream crossing," to "submit a[] ... `Trenchless Crossing Plan' for each trenchless stream crossing," including "detailed engineering plans" for each location. (Id. at 18 (emphases added).)

In September 2015, Constitution submitted to NYSDEC an Environmental Construction Plan, attached to which was a Blasting Plan. (See Constitution, Environmental Construction Plan 50 (Aug. 2015).) This plan listed 253 "[a]reas of shallow depth to bedrock crossed by the [pipeline]" in New York, but stated that "[a] final determination on the need for blasting will be made at the time of construction." (Constitution, Blasting Plan (Aug. 2015) ("Blasting Plan") pages 1-1, 1-2 & tbl.1.2-2, 4-1.) The Blasting Plan identified regulations and a permit that would govern blasting in Pennsylvania, but stated that "[a]ll blasting operations in New York will be conducted in accordance with an in-stream b[l]asting protocol to be prepared by Constitution." (Id. page 4-1 (emphasis added).)

C. NYSDEC's Decision Denying § 401 Certification

In a 14-page letter to Constitution dated April 22, 2016, NYSDEC denied Constitution's application for CWA § 401 certification ("NYSDEC Decision" or "Decision"), stating that "the Application fails in a meaningful way to address the significant water resource impacts that could occur from this Project and has failed to provide sufficient information to demonstrate compliance with New York State water quality standards," NYSDEC Decision at 1. Although also noting the lack of adequate information as to such issues as the feasibility of the Alternative M route, blasting information, pipe burial depth, and wetlands crossings, see, e.g., id. at 11-14, the Decision focused principally on Constitution's failure to provide information with respect to stream crossings.

NYSDEC noted that Constitution's Project "would disturb a total of 251 streams..., 87 of which support trout or trout spawning," and that "[c]umulatively, construction would disturb a total of 3,161 linear feet of streams and result in a combined total of 5.09 acres of temporary stream disturbance impacts." NYSDEC Decision at 8. It stated that although

Id. (emphasis in original).

The Decision stated that because some form of trenchless technology is the "most protective method for stream crossings,"

Id. (footnote omitted) (emphasis added).

Table 2 in the Decision principally chronicled NYSDEC's requests of Constitution-both directly and indirectly in its submissions to FERC — and noted Constitution's resistance, including the following:

NYSDEC Decision at 9-10 (emphases added).

Although the Decision's Table 2 ended with the February 2015 entry, the Decision noted that Constitution's "unwillingness to provide a complete and thorough[] Trenchless Feasibility Study" persisted:

Id. at 11 (emphasis added). The NYSDEC Decision stated that

NYSDEC Decision at 12 & nn.10-11. The Decision added that

NYSDEC Decision at 12; see 6 N.Y.C.R.R. § 608.9(a)(2) ("The applicant" for a CWA § 401 certification "must demonstrate compliance with sections 301-303, 306 and 307 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as implemented by ... water quality standards and thermal discharge criteria set forth in Parts 701, 702, 703 and 704 of this Title....").

II. DISCUSSION

In its petition for review (or "Petition"), Constitution contends principally (1) that NYSDEC failed to issue its Decision within a reasonable time as required by § 401 and thus must be required to inform USACE that NYSDEC has waived its right to rule on Constitution's application for a WQC, thereby enabling the Army Corps to grant Constitution a permit for its pipeline Project, or (2) alternatively, that Constitution submitted sufficient information and that NYSDEC's decision should be vacated on the ground that its denial of the application was arbitrary, capricious, and ultra vires, and that NYSDEC should be ordered to grant the requested § 401 certification. For the reasons that follow, we (1) conclude that Constitution's first contention, which would have us treat NYSDEC's Decision as an act that is void, lies beyond the jurisdiction of this Court, and (2) conclude that NYSDEC's Decision was not ultra vires, arbitrary, or capricious.

A. Constitution's Argument that NYSDEC Waived Its § 401 Authority

The Natural Gas Act (or "NGA"), 15 U.S.C. §§ 717-717z, sets out provisions with respect to, inter alia, the construction of transportation facilities for natural gas, see id. § 717f. Such projects are also subject to restrictions under other federal statutes, including provisions of the Clean Water Act, see, e.g., id. § 717b(d)(3). Section 401 of the CWA requires an applicant for a federal permit to conduct any activity that "may result in any discharge into the navigable waters" of the United States to obtain "a certification from the State in which the discharge ... will originate ... that any such discharge will comply with," inter alia, the state's water quality standards. 33 U.S.C. § 1341(a)(1).

As to petitions for review relating to such applications, § 717r of the NGA divides jurisdiction between the Circuit in which the facility is proposed to be constructed and the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. It states, in pertinent part, as follows:

15 U.S.C. §§ 717r(d)(1)-(2) (emphases added). We regard subsection (2) — titled "Agency delay" — as encompassing not only "an alleged failure to act" but also an allegation that a failure to act within a mandated time period should be treated as a failure to act. This is the nature of Constitution's first argument.

Constitution points out that CWA § 401 provides that "[i]f" a "State ... agency" from which an applicant for a federal permit has sought a water quality certification "fails or refuses to act on [the] request for certification, within a reasonable period of time (which shall not exceed one year) after receipt of such request, the certification requirements of this subsection shall be waived with respect to such Federal application." 33 U.S.C. § 1341(a)(1). Constitution argues that NYSDEC did not issue its Decision until 32 months after Constitution submitted its initial application, 16 months after NYSDEC issued notice that that initial application was complete, 15 months after the deadline imposed by FERC, nearly a year ("359 days") after Constitution's 2015 withdrawal-and-resubmission of its application — and eight months after Constitution claims it was advised by NYSDEC that NYSDEC "had everything it needed to issue a Section 401 Certification." (Constitution brief in support of Petition at 28-29.) Constitution argues that NYSDEC "waived its right" to rule on the certification application and must be required to so notify the Army Corps. (Id. at 37.)

We note first that there is nothing in the administrative record to show that NYSDEC received the information it had consistently and explicitly requested over the course of several years — much less anything to support Constitution's claim that NYSDEC said "it had" all of the information it required "to issue" the requested certification (id. at 29). Although Constitution proffered in this Court non-record declarations from certain of its personnel, those "outside-the-record declarations and associated portions of [Constitution]'s brief" were stricken. Constitution Pipeline Co. v. Seggos, No. 16-1568 (2d Cir. Oct. 3, 2016).

Second, Constitution's "waive[r]" argument is that the NYSDEC Decision must be treated as a nullity by reason of NYSDEC's "failing to act within the prescribed time period under the CWA" (Constitution brief in support of Petition at 37 (emphasis added)). Such a failure-to-act claim is one over which the District of Columbia Circuit would have "exclusive" jurisdiction, 15 U.S.C. § 717r(d)(2). See generally Weaver's Cove Energy, LLC v. Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, 524 F.3d 1330, 1332 (D.C. Cir. 2008). Accordingly, we dismiss Constitution's timeliness argument for lack of jurisdiction.

B. Constitution's Challenge to the Merits of NYSDEC's Decision

Judicial review of an administrative agency's denial of a CWA § 401 certificate is limited to grounds set forth in the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. §§ 701-706. We review the agency's interpretation of federal law de novo; if the agency correctly interpreted federal law, we review its factual determinations under the arbitrary-and-capricious standard, see id. § 706(2)(A); Islander East Pipeline Co. v. McCarthy, 525 F.3d 141, 150 (2d Cir. 2008) ("Islander East II"); Islander East Pipeline Co. v. Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, 482 F.3d 79, 94 (2d Cir. 2006) ("Islander East I").

1. Federal Law

Constitution argues that as a matter of law, NYSDEC's "jurisdiction to review" — and "in effect, veto" — FERC determinations is preempted by FERC's performance of its obligations under the National Environmental Policy Act ("NEPA"), 42 U.S.C. §§ 4321-4370h, to prepare a DEIS and a FEIS. (Constitution brief in support of Petition at 37, 39.) We disagree that NYSDEC's action was preempted.

Although NEPA requires federal-agency review of virtually any possible environmental effect that a proposed action may have, see generally 40 C.F.R. § 1502.16, it does not impose substantive standards. See Robertson v. Methow Valley Citizens Council, 490 U.S. 332, 350, 109 S.Ct. 1835, 104 L.Ed.2d 351 (1989). "[T]hrough a set of action-forcing procedures," NEPA "require[s] that agencies take a hard look at environmental consequences," but it is "well settled that NEPA itself does not mandate particular results[; it] simply prescribes the necessary process." Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Thus, NEPA states, in pertinent part, that "[n]othing in section 4332 or 4333 of this title shall in any way affect the specific statutory obligations of any Federal agency... to act, or refrain from acting contingent upon the recommendations or certification of any ... State agency." 42 U.S.C. § 4334.

We note also that while the Natural Gas Act generally preempts state laws, it states that "[e]xcept as specifically provided[,]... nothing" in the NGA "affects the rights of States under ... the [CWA] (33 U.S.C. § 1251 et seq.)," 15 U.S.C. § 717b(d). CWA § 511, in turn, preserves the states' authority to determine issues of a planned project's effect on water quality. See 33 U.S.C. § 1371(c)(2)(A). CWA § 401(a)(1) requires that an entity such as Constitution, proposing to construct an interstate pipeline, obtain from each state in which the pipeline is to be constructed a certification that "any ... discharge" from a proposed activity "will comply with the applicable provisions of [33 U.S.C. §§] 1311, 1312, 1313, 1316, and 1317." 33 U.S.C. § 1341(a)(1). Sections 1311, 1312, 1316, and 1317 establish, and allow the Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") to establish, standards governing numerous aspects of water quality; and § 1313 allows states to develop their own water quality standards and submit them to the EPA for approval. If the EPA approves a state's water quality standards, it publishes a notice of approval and they become the state's EPA-approved standards, regulating water quality in that state. See 33 U.S.C. §§ 1313(a), (c).

The New York State water quality standards, approved by the EPA, see generally 42 Fed. Reg. 56,786, 56,790 (Oct. 28, 1977), are found in 6 N.Y.C.R.R. parts 701 to 704, and were invoked by the NYSDEC Decision, which stated that "[d]enial of a WQC may occur when an application fails to contain sufficient information to determine whether the application demonstrates compliance with the above stated State water quality standards and other applicable State statutes and regulations due to insufficient information." NYSDEC Decision at 7; see also id. at 12 nn.10-11 and accompanying text (quoted in Part I.C. above). The State standards classify waterbodies in terms of, inter alia, potability and their suitability for various activities such as swimming and fishing, see 6 N.Y.C.R.R. pt. 701; they set standards for characteristics such as water odor, color, and turbidity, see id. pt. 703; and they regulate thermal discharges into waterbodies, see id. pt. 704.

Thus, the relevant federal statutes entitled NYSDEC to conduct its own review of the Constitution Project's likely effects on New York waterbodies and whether those effects would comply with the State's water quality standards.

CWA § 401(a)(1), as pertinent here, states that "[n]o license or permit shall be granted if [a § 401] certification has been denied by the State," 33 U.S.C. § 1341(a)(1). Thus, we have indeed referred to § 401 as "a statutory scheme whereby a single state agency effectively vetoes an energy pipeline that has secured approval from a host of other federal and state agencies." Islander East II, 525 F.3d at 164 (emphases added); accord Keating v. FERC, 927 F.2d 616, 622 (D.C. Cir. 1991) ("Through [the § 401 certification] requirement, Congress intended that the states would retain the power to block, for environmental reasons, local water projects that might otherwise win federal approval." (emphasis added)).

Constitution also argues that NYSDEC's demands for information with regard to, e.g., possible alternative routes for the planned pipeline (see, e.g., NYSDEC Decision at 3 (NYSDEC "asked Constitution to analyze alternative routes that could have avoided or minimized impacts to an extensive group of water resources")), as well as Constitution's planned blasting sites and the depth at which the pipe would be buried, exceeded NYSDEC's authority (Constitution brief in support of Petition at 38). We need not address all of these contentions. A state's consideration of a possible alternative route that would result in less substantial impact on its waterbodies is plainly within the state's authority. See, e.g., Islander East II, 525 F.3d at 151-52. And where an agency decision is sufficiently supported by even as little as a single cognizable rationale, that rationale, "by itself, warrants our denial of [a] petition" for review under the arbitrary-and-capricious standard of review. See, e.g., id. at 158.

2. Application of the Arbitrary-and-Capricious Standard

Under the arbitrary-and-capricious standard, "[a] reviewing court may not itself weigh the evidence or substitute its judgment for that of the agency." Islander East II, 525 F.3d at 150. "Rather," we "consider[ ] whether the agency `relied on factors which Congress has not intended it to consider, entirely failed to consider an important aspect of the problem, offered an explanation for its decision that runs counter to the evidence before the agency, or is so implausible that it could not be ascribed to a difference in view or the product of agency expertise.'" Id. at 150-51 (quoting Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Ass'n of the United States, Inc. v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43, 103 S.Ct. 2856, 77 L.Ed.2d 443 (1983) ("State Farm")).

Islander East II, 525 F.3d at 151 (internal quotation marks omitted). If there is "sufficient evidence in the record to provide rational support for the choice made by the agency," we must uphold its decision. Id. at 152.

Usually, the agency's choice concerns whether the applicant's submission of the relevant information warrants the granting of the application. In the present case, as summarized in Part I.C. above, NYSDEC denied Constitution's application because Constitution refused to provide information that NYSDEC had repeatedly requested with regard to, inter alia, issues such as those just discussed in Part II.B.1. above, and issues as to the feasibility, site-by-site, of trenchless methods for most of the 251 stream crossings planned in New York. Constitution does not contend that those requests were not made. Indeed, in its own brief in this Court, Constitution acknowledges that the NYSDEC Decision (the "Denial") explained that NYSDEC had requested but had not received sufficient information with regard to:

(Constitution brief in support of Petition at 21-22.) Nowhere does Constitution claim to have provided the above categories of information; rather, it insists that it provided NYSDEC with "sufficient" information (id. at 52-62) because use of trenchless crossing methods for streams less than 30 feet wide is not "an industry recognized standard" (Constitution 2015 Feasibility Draft at 1).

However, in order to show that an agency's decision — or its request for additional information as to alternative methods — is arbitrary and capricious, "it is not enough that the regulated industry has eschewed a given [technology]." State Farm, 463 U.S. at 49, 103 S.Ct. 2856. Industry preferences do not circumscribe environmental relevance.

In Marsh v. Oregon Natural Resources Council, 490 U.S. 360, 109 S.Ct. 1851, 104 L.Ed.2d 377 (1989), the Supreme Court considered whether a federal agency, presented with new evidence, should have been required to file a new supplemental environmental impact statement; the Court stated that the matter of whether additional information is "significant" is "a classic example of a factual dispute the resolution of which implicates substantial agency expertise," as to which the courts "must defer to the informed discretion of the responsible... agencies," id. at 376-77, 109 S.Ct. 1851 (internal quotation marks omitted). We cannot conclude that any less deference is due an agency's determination that it should not grant a permit application where it has already determined that additional information is needed, and the applicant refuses to supply it. Cf. University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics v. Shalala, 180 F.3d 943, 955 (8th Cir. 1999) (where agency regulations required substantiation of costs for which reimbursement was sought, denial of reimbursement based on inadequate documentation was not arbitrary and capricious); Mendoza v. Secretary, DHS, 851 F.3d 1348, 1356 (11th Cir. 2017) (denial of visa application where applicants declined to answer relevant questions relating to eligibility was not arbitrary and capricious; the applicants "were free to refuse to answer [the agency's] questions ... but they did so at their own peril"). Indeed, an agency's decision may be found "arbitrary and capricious" for "issuing a permit with insufficient information." Utahns For Better Transportation v. United States Department of Transportation, 305 F.3d 1152, 1192 (10th Cir. 2002) (emphasis added).

Here, the record amply shows, inter alia, that Constitution persistently refused to provide information as to possible alternative routes for its proposed pipeline or site-by-site information as to the feasibility of trenchless crossing methods for streams less than 30 feet wide — i.e., for the vast majority of the 251 New York waterbodies to be crossed by its pipeline — and that it provided geotechnical data for only two of the waterbodies.

In sum, NYSDEC is responsible for evaluating the environmental impacts of a proposed pipeline on New York waterbodies in light of the State's water quality standards. Applying the arbitrary-and-capricious standard of review, we defer to NYSDEC's expertise as to the significance of the information requested from Constitution, given the record evidence supporting the relevance of that information to NYSDEC's certification determination. We conclude that the denial of the § 401 certification after Constitution refused to provide relevant information, despite repeated NYSDEC requests, was not arbitrary or capricious.

CONCLUSION

We have considered all of Constitution's arguments and have found in them no basis for granting the petition for review. Insofar as the petition contends that the NYSDEC Decision is a nullity on the ground that it was untimely, the petition is dismissed for lack of jurisdiction; to the extent that the petition challenges the NYSDEC Decision on the merits, the petition is denied.