Filed: Mar. 12, 2018
Latest Update: Mar. 03, 2020
Summary: 17-0040-cv Paganas v. Total Maintenance Solution, LLC, et al. UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT SUMMARY ORDER RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT'S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WI
Summary: 17-0040-cv Paganas v. Total Maintenance Solution, LLC, et al. UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT SUMMARY ORDER RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT'S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WIT..
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17‐0040‐cv
Paganas v. Total Maintenance Solution, LLC, et al.
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY
ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE
OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURTʹS LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A
SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE
FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION ʺSUMMARY ORDERʺ). A
PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED
BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second
Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in
the City of New York, on the 12th day of March, two thousand eighteen.
PRESENT:
GUIDO CALABRESI,
DENNY CHIN,
SUSAN L. CARNEY,
Circuit Judges.
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ANTHONY PAGANAS,
Plaintiff‐Appellant,
v. 17‐0040‐cv
TOTAL MAINTENANCE SOLUTION, LLC,
Defendant‐Third‐Party‐
Plaintiff‐Counter‐
Defendant‐Appellee,
ARON WEBER, REGGIE TARTAGGLIONE,
Defendants‐Third‐Party‐
Plaintiffs‐Appellees,
ST. JOHNʹS UNIVERSITY,
Third‐Party‐Defendant‐
Counter‐Claimant.
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FOR PLAINTIFF‐APPELLANT: ROBERT S. POWERS, Law Office of Robert S.
Powers, North Babylon, New York.
FOR DEFENDANT‐THIRD‐ PERRY S. HEIDECKER, Milman Labuda Law
PARTY‐PLAINTIFF‐COUNTER Group, PLLC, Lake Success, New York.
‐DEFENDANT‐APPELLEE and
DEFENDANTS‐THIRD‐PARTY
‐PLAINTIFFS‐APPELLEES:
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of
New York (Weinstein, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is VACATED
and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings.
Plaintiff‐appellant Anthony Paganas appeals from a judgment entered
December 6, 2016, dismissing his claims for overtime pay under the Fair Labor
Standards Act (ʺFLSAʺ), 29 U.S.C. § 207(a)(1), and the New York Labor Law (ʺNYLLʺ),
N.Y. Lab. Law § 650 et seq. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of
Total Management Solution, LLC (ʺTMSʺ), Aron Weber, and Reggie Tartagglione. We
assume the partiesʹ familiarity with the underlying facts, procedural history, and issues
on appeal.
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TMS employed Paganas as a building manager at St. Johnʹs University
(ʺSt. Johnʹsʺ) in Queens, New York, from July 2007 to May 2014. Paganas was
responsible for supervising the cleaning and the maintenance of several residential halls
and sports facilities at St. Johnʹs. His duties included making sure his assigned
buildings were kept clean, inspecting those buildings for deficiencies, and setting up
specific rooms for meetings or events. Each morning, Paganas attended management
meetings, which were normally led by Richard Rossi, Paganasʹs supervisor and the
director of site maintenance for TMS from December 2007 to March 2011. At these
meetings, Rossi distributed special work orders to Paganas, who then selected the
cleaners to carry out the orders.
Paganas supervised the work of somewhere between six and fifteen
cleaners. According to Rossi, Paganas was not permitted to perform cleaning duties
himself under the collective bargaining agreement between Local 32BJ and TMS.
Paganas, however, testified that he sometimes performed cleaning duties alongside the
cleaners. As building manager, Paganas also had the authority to direct the cleaners in
their work and reallocate workers in his buildings to compensate for shortages of
personnel due to sickness or vacation.
TMS paid Paganas an annual salary of $80,000. By separate agreement
between Paganas and the St. Johnʹs Athletic Department, Paganas was paid an
additional $250 per game to oversee St. Johnʹs athletic facilities during basketball games.
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In addition to his regular supervisory duties as campus building manager, Paganas
handled some off‐campus work and event set‐ups. In his off‐campus and event set‐up
duties, Paganas did not supervise any TMS employees.
On September 21, 2015, Paganas filed the complaint below alleging that
TMS violated the overtime wage provisions of the FSLA and the NYLL. Following
discovery, TMS moved for summary judgment. On October 14, 2016, the district court
gave notice of a hearing to take place prior to a decision on the summary judgment
motion, and asked the parties to provide information about whether Paganas qualified
for any exemptions to the overtime requirements of the FLSA and the NYLL. In
response, TMS asserted that Paganas qualified for both the ʺexecutiveʺ and
ʺadministrativeʺ exemptions under 29 U.S.C. § 213(a)(1) and N.Y. Lab. Law § 651(5)(c).
The district court held the evidentiary hearing on October 18, 2016, at which Paganas
and Rossi testified, and subsequently granted TMSʹs motion for summary judgment on
December 5, 2016, finding that the executive exemption applied. Paganas timely
appealed.1
This Court reviews de novo a district courtʹs grant of summary judgment,
ʺconstruing the evidence in the light most favorable to the non‐moving party and
drawing all reasonable inferences in its favor.ʺ Alibrandi v. Fin. Outsourcing Servs., Inc.,
1 The district court also dismissed TMSʹs claims against St. Johnʹs. TMS has not challenged that ruling on
this appeal.
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333 F.3d 82, 85 (2d Cir. 2003) (citation omitted). ʺSummary judgment is appropriate
only if it can be established that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that
the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.ʺ Id. (citation and internal
quotation marks omitted).
The FLSA prohibits employment for more than a specified number of
hours per week without proper overtime compensation. See 29 U.S.C. §§ 203, 207, 213.
Certain employees are exempt from the FLSAʹs overtime requirements, however,
including those employed in a ʺa bona fide executive, administrative, or professional
capacity.ʺ 29 U.S.C. § 213(a)(1). ʺʹ[B]ecause the FLSA is a remedial act, its exemptions
. . . are to be narrowly construed,ʹ and the burden rests on the employer to prove that a
particular employee is exempt from the Actʹs requirements.ʺ Havey v. Homebound
Mortg., Inc., 547 F.3d 158, 163 (2d Cir. 2008) (quoting Martin v. Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., 949
F.2d 611, 614 (2d Cir. 1991)). The NYLL ʺmandates overtime pay and applies the same
exemptions as the FLSA.ʺ Reiseck v. Universal Commcʹns of Miami, Inc., 591 F.3d 101, 105
(2d Cir. 2010). Accordingly, we discuss the FLSA only and do not engage in a separate
analysis of the NYLL exemptions. See Ramos v. Baldor Specialty Foods, Inc., 687 F.3d 554,
556 n.1 (2d Cir. 2012).
I. Executive Exemption
Although the FLSA does not define the term ʺexecutiveʺ for purposes of
the exemption, the statute directs the Department of Labor (ʺDOLʺ) to do so by
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regulation. See 29 U.S.C. § 213(a)(1). The DOL regulations ʺhave the force of law and
are to be given controlling weight unless they are found to be arbitrary, capricious, or
manifestly contrary to the statute.ʺ Freeman v. Natʹl Broad. Co., 80 F.3d 78, 82 (2d Cir.
1996) (citation omitted). Under a four‐factor test promulgated by the DOL, an
ʺemployee employed in a bona fide executive capacityʺ means any employee: (1)
ʺ[c]ompensated on a salary basis pursuant [above a prescribed level]ʺ; (2) ʺ[w]hose
primary duty is management of the enterprise in which the employee is employed or of
a customarily recognized department or subdivision thereofʺ; (3) ʺ[w]ho customarily
and regularly directs the work of two or more other employeesʺ; and (4) ʺ[w]ho has the
authority to hire or fire other employees or whose suggestions and recommendations as
to the hiring, firing, advancement, promotion or any other change of status of other
employees are given particular weight.ʺ 29 C.F.R. § 541.100(a)(1)‐(4).
We conclude that there is no genuine issue of fact as to the first and third
factors of the executive exemption. As to the first factor, the parties do not dispute that
Paganasʹs annual salary of $80,000 exceeds the minimum salary requirements under the
FLSA and the NYLL. As to the third factor, Paganas oversaw, on average, six cleaners
in his assigned buildings, and so there is no genuine dispute that he ʺcustomarily and
regularly direct[ed] the work of two or more other employees.ʺ 29 C.F.R.
§ 541.100(a)(3).
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We conclude, however, that there is a genuine issue of fact as to the
second and fourth factors. As to the second factor, we find a genuine dispute as to
whether Paganasʹs primary duty was management. An employeeʹs ʺprimary dutyʺ is
the ʺprincipal, main, major or most important duty that the employee performs.ʺ 29
C.F.R. § 541.700(a). The relevant regulations define ʺmanagementʺ as including, but not
limited to, ʺactivities such as . . . directing the work of employees; . . . planning the
work; . . . [and] apportioning the work among the employees.ʺ 29 C.F.R. § 541.102.
Merely performing some nonexempt duties, however, does not mean that an
employeeʹs primary duty was not management. See Callari v. Blackman Plumbing Supply,
Inc., 988 F. Supp. 2d 261, 277 (E.D.N.Y. 2013); 29 C.F.R. § 541.700(b).
Paganas was responsible for several buildings on St. Johnʹs campus, and
he acknowledged that at times an average of six cleaners reported to him. Paganasʹs job
involved overseeing the cleanersʹ work, instructing cleaners to carry out work orders,
and monitoring his buildings to make sure they were clean. Paganas also had the
authority to reassign cleaners if his buildings were short‐staffed. Paganas received
compensation much greater than the cleaners he supervised. Finally, his supervisor
testified that he was not permitted to help with cleaning duties under TMSʹs agreement
with the union.
Paganas testified, however, that 90 percent of his work was non‐
supervisory physical cleaning. The district court held that this ʺtestimony is not
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creditedʺ and ʺfound [it] to be untrue,ʺ and so determined that Paganasʹs primary duty
was management. Paganas v. Total Maint. Sol., LLC, 220 F. Supp. 3d 247, 260 (E.D.N.Y.
2016). The district court erred, however, because ʺa district court generally cannot grant
summary judgment based on its assessment of the credibility of the evidence
presented.ʺ Rogoz v. City of Hartford, 796 F.3d 236, 246 (2d Cir. 2015) (internal citations
and quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, viewing the evidence in the light most
favorable to Paganas, his testimony raised a genuine dispute as to whether his primary
responsibilities were management activities.
As to the fourth factor, we find that the district court also erred when it
determined that there was no genuine dispute concerning whether Paganas had
authority to change or to recommend the change of another employeeʹs status. The
district court found:
Plaintiff claims that he did not have the authority to hire and fire
employees. But management testified that plaintiff had the
authority to recommend discipline of employees, and in fact made
recommendations of discipline in individual cases. Mr. Rossi
testified that plaintiff did in fact recommend discipline of employees,
and made those recommendations to upper management. Plaintiff
did not contradict this testimony. He has not raised a genuine
dispute as to a material fact.
Paganas, 220 F. Supp. 3d at 262 (citations omitted). In fact, Paganas testified that: he
never recommended disciplinary actions or warning against porters; he did not have
the authority to hire or fire employees; and he never made any recommendations to
hire, promote, or fire employees. While it is correct that Paganas twice answered that
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he did not remember if he ever recommended discipline, he was less equivocal in other
testimony. Additionally, TMS identified only one purported instance in which Paganas
recommended disciplinary action. During this incident, Paganas was with the assistant
director when they saw an employee was taking an illegal break, and the assistant
director ʺdisciplined [the employee] right then and there.ʺ Appʹx at 200. Paganas
testified, ʺDid I recommend it? No, I didnʹt because the [assistant director] caught [the
employee] . . . himself.ʺ Id. at 201.
Moreover, even if Paganas had the authority to recommend a change in an
employeeʹs status, as TMS argues, TMS has not demonstrated that Paganasʹs
recommendations were ʺgiven particular weight.ʺ 29 C.F.R. § 541.100(a)(4); see also 29
C.F.R. § 541.105 (providing factors to consider in determining if the recommendations
are given particular weight). ʺʹ[A]n occasional suggestion with regard to the change in
status of a co‐workerʹ is not sufficient to show that an employeeʹs recommendations . . .
were given a particular weight.ʺ Karropoulos v. Soup du Jour, Ltd., 128 F. Supp. 3d 518,
535 (E.D.N.Y. 2015) (quoting 29 C.F.R. § 541.105).
Thus, construing the evidence in the light most favorable to Paganas, there
is a genuine dispute as to whether Paganas had authority to recommend a change in an
employeeʹs status. Accordingly, we find that the district court erred in granting
summary judgment to TMS based on the executive exemption.
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II. Administrative Exemption
The district court did not address the administrative exemption in its
decision. In its discussion of whether Paganasʹs ʺprimary dutyʺ could be classified as
ʺmanagementʺ under the executive exemption, the district court cited language from 29
C.F.R. § 541.200(a)(2), which addresses the administrative exemption. The executive
and administrative exemptions should be treated separately, however, as they require
the employer to show prove different facts regarding an employeeʹs work. See, e.g.,
Reiseck, 591 F.3d at 107 n.7 (refusing to address the executive exemption because only
the administrative exemption was at issue). Accordingly, on remand, we instruct the
district court to consider in the first instance whether Paganas qualifies for the
administrative exemption under 29 C.F.R. § 541.200.
. . .
We have considered TMSʹs remaining arguments and find them to be
without merit. Accordingly, we VACATE the judgment of the district court and
REMAND the case for further proceedings.
FOR THE COURT:
Catherine OʹHagan Wolfe, Clerk
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