Filed: Sep. 21, 2018
Latest Update: Mar. 03, 2020
Summary: 17-1612 United States v. Robinson UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT SUMMARY ORDER RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION ASUMMARY ORD
Summary: 17-1612 United States v. Robinson UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT SUMMARY ORDER RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION ASUMMARY ORDE..
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17‐1612
United States v. Robinson
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION
TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS
GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S
LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH
THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN
ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION ASUMMARY ORDER@). A PARTY
CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT
REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit,
held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City
of New York, on the 21st day of September, two thousand eighteen.
PRESENT:
JOHN M. WALKER, JR.,
DENNIS JACOBS,
GUIDO CALABRESI,
Circuit Judges.
_____________________________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
‐v.‐ 17‐1612
JAMES ROBINSON,
Defendant‐Appellant,
BERNARD COUCH, JR., JONATHAN ANDERSON,
Defendants.
____________________________________
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FOR DEFENDANT‐APPELLANT: Daniel A. McGuinness, Adam D. Perlmutter,
Perlmutter & McGuinness, P.C., New York,
NY.
FOR APPELLEE: Nathan Rehn and Sarah K. Eddy, Assistant
United States Attorneys, for Geoffrey S.
Berman, United States Attorney for the
Southern District of New York, New York, NY.
Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern
District of New York (Scheindlin, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED,
AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
James Robinson was convicted by a jury in the United States District Court for
the Southern District of New York (Scheindlin, J.) of conspiracy to commit bank fraud.
See 18 U.S.C. § 1349. On appeal, Robinson challenges the sufficiency of the evidence as
well as certain evidentiary rulings. We assume the partiesʹ familiarity with the
underlying facts, the procedural history, and the issues presented for review.
1. Robinson argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction
for conspiracy. Specifically, he claims that the only direct evidence of his intent to join
the conspiracy was the testimony of a cooperating witness named Kenneth Nadolny,
which (Robinson argues) the jury should have rejected on credibility grounds. The
argument fails easily.
A challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence fails if “any rational [jury] could
have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” United
States v. Persico, 645 F.3d 85, 105 (2d Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Therefore we assess the evidence put before the jury by “draw[ing] all permissible
inferences in favor of the government and resolv[ing] all issues of credibility in favor of
the jury[‘s] verdict.” United States v. Kozeny, 667 F.3d 122, 139 (2d Cir. 2011)
(emphases added). Our review is thus sharply circumscribed: “It is the province of the
jury[,] and not of the court[,] to determine whether a witness who may have been
inaccurate, contradictory and even untruthful in some respects was nonetheless entirely
credible in the essentials of his testimony.” United States v. OʹConnor, 650 F.3d 839,
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855 (2d Cir. 2011) (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks omitted). Accordingly,
we do not second‐guess a jury’s apparent decision to credit a witness’s testimony except
in extreme cases where the testimony was “incredible as a matter of law,” meaning it
was “incredible on its face” or it “def[ied] physical realities.” United States v. Truman,
688 F.3d 129, 139 (2d Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted). This is not an
extreme case.
In arguing that Nadolny’s testimony was incredible as a matter of law, Robinson
relies on an alleged lack of corroboration for some of Nadolny’s central assertions, his
supposedly combative demeanor on the witness stand, and a single inconsistency.
“The proper place for [such run‐of‐the‐mill] challenge[s] to a witness’s credibility is in
cross‐examination and in subsequent argument to the jury, not in a” request for post‐
trial relief from a verdict. Truman, 688 F.3d at 139 (alteration, citation, and internal
quotation marks omitted). In Truman, we declined to find a witness’s testimony
incredible as a matter of law, despite substantially more pervasive indicia of
unreliability: the witness had been highly combative, refusing to answer any questions
on a key topic; his testimony had included various “inconsistencies”; his attorney had
conceded “that he had perjured himself” in a related state court trial; and the
government had “effective[ly] repudiat[ed]” his testimony. Id. at 139‐40. On top of
that, he had breached a cooperation agreement with prosecutors and acknowledged his
history of criminal activity and substance abuse. See id. at 139. We nonetheless
vacated a grant of post‐trial relief that was based on the witness’s lack of credibility.
No different result is warranted here; the jury’s verdict finds sufficient support in the
record.
2. Robinson argues that the district court deprived him of a meaningful
opportunity to present a defense by prohibiting him (on hearsay grounds) from
testifying about exculpatory out‐of‐court statements purportedly made by two of his co‐
conspirators.
As to testimony about co‐conspirator Kenneth Foote, Robinson’s counsel did not
contemporaneously offer a non‐hearsay basis for admitting the statements, but the court
identified one sua sponte after the defense had rested. The court then invited counsel to
recall his client to the stand in order to elicit the previously excluded testimony; but
counsel declined the offer.
Even assuming that the initial hearsay ruling was erroneous, Robinson’s claim
fails because the court’s curative measures permitted Robinson to present his defense
free of prejudice. District courts are empowered to “correct errors made in the course
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of trial while [they] still ha[ve] the opportunity to do so.” United States v. Burger, 739
F.2d 805, 810 (2d Cir. 1984). This authority includes the “discretion to reopen a case
after the defense has rested” so that previously excluded defense testimony can be
admitted. Id. at 809‐10 (rejecting as “[un]persuasive” defendant’s claim that “the
belated admission of [the] evidence” would have prejudiced his case and that a mistrial
was required instead). An erroneous exclusion may be deemed cured even where, as
here, the defense‐‐as a matter of trial strategy‐‐declined the court’s offer to reopen. See
id. “We conclude that the district court’s offer to reopen the case was sufficient to
render harmless its previous error in excluding [the] evidence,” as “the belated
introduction of th[e] testimony [at issue] would not have been unfairly prejudicial.”
Id. at 810. Robinson cannot use an appeal “to evade the consequences of an
unsuccessful tactical decision.” United States v. Coonan, 938 F.2d 1553, 1561 (2d Cir.
1991).
Robinson also challenges the court’s exclusion of out‐of‐court statements
purportedly made by another co‐conspirator, Nadolny. The court did not extend an
offer to Robinson to retake the stand in order to introduce the previously excluded
Nadolny statements.
Again, Robinson’s counsel failed to offer a non‐hearsay basis for admitting the
statements, either contemporaneously or during the colloquy concerning Foote’s
statements and the court’s offer to reopen. See Fed. R. Evid. 103(a)(2). Accordingly,
any objection to the exclusion of the Nadolny statements was forfeited and our review
is only for plain error. See United States v. Yu‐Leung, 51 F.3d 1116, 1121 (2d Cir. 1995).
Robinson cannot prevail under that exacting standard.
“Th[e] [plain error] standard is met when (1) there is an error; (2) the error is
clear or obvious, rather than subject to reasonable dispute; (3) the error affected the
appellantʹs substantial rights, which in the ordinary case means it affected the outcome
of the district court proceedings; and (4) the error seriously affects the fairness, integrity
or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” United States v. Vilar, 729 F.3d 62, 70 (2d
Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks omitted). Even assuming that the exclusion was
clearly erroneous, Robinson cannot establish that it “had a substantial and injurious
effect . . . on the juryʹs verdict.” United States v. Groysman, 766 F.3d 147, 155 (2d Cir.
2014) (internal quotation marks omitted).
First, Robinson was permitted to introduce Nadolny’s out‐of‐court statements to
make substantially the same point he now claims he was not permitted to make.
Robinson contends on appeal that he was prohibited from offering statements made by
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Nadolny that would have provided the jury an “innocent explanation” for why he
accepted a stolen check from Nadolny. Appellant’s Br. 25. However, Robinson did
provide the jury such an explanation when he testified that Nadolny had told him that
the check was repayment for a loan and that the name on the check‐‐Undertone‐‐was
Nadolny’s company. Robinson fails to identify any additional information that he
would have adduced from Nadolny’s out‐of‐court statements on this point‐‐much less
information that would have swayed the jury‐‐and no such information is apparent in
the record. Robinson therefore fails to sustain his burden of establishing substantial
prejudice from the exclusion. See United States v. Bruno, 383 F.3d 65, 79 (2d Cir. 2004)
(“[T]he defendant . . . bears the burden of persuasion with respect to prejudice [on plain
error review].”).
Finally, Robinson cannot establish that the jury’s verdict would have been
different if he had been permitted to offer further testimony about his supposedly
innocent receipt of the Nadolny check. Nadolny directly testified that Robinson was a
knowing participant in the conspiracy, and the jury evidently credited that testimony.
Even apart from Robinson’s handling of the Nadolny check, there was damning
testimonial and documentary evidence of his criminal activities. Substantial evidence
showed that Robinson, inter alia, created a forged letter to induce a bank to accept for
deposit stolen Undertone checks, directed an associate to deposit additional stolen
checks, and had regular contact with the other conspirators during the course of the
scheme. On this record, we cannot say that the introduction of arguably cumulative
evidence on a narrow point would have occasioned Robinson’s acquittal.
We have considered Robinson’s remaining arguments‐‐including his contention
that the court committed error by directing the invitation to reopen to Robinson’s
counsel rather than to Robinson himself‐‐and find them to be without merit. See
Brown v. Artuz, 124 F.3d 73, 79 (2d Cir. 1997). For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM
the judgment of the district court.
FOR THE COURT:
Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court
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