17-2266
    Duffy v. Wallace


                            UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                    SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY
ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF
APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER
IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN
ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION ASUMMARY ORDER@). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY
ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

                  At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit,
    held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of
    New York, on the 14th day of September, two thousand eighteen.

    PRESENT:
                BARRINGTON D. PARKER,
                PETER W. HALL,
                RAYMOND J. LOHIER, JR.,
                      Circuit Judges.
    _____________________________________

    Daniel Duffy, Jr.,

                             Plaintiff-Appellant,

                       v.                                                 17-2266

    Jack Wallace, Parole Officer II,
    Individual Capacity, Official Capacity,
    Stephen Noto, Parole Manager, Individual
    Capacity, Official Capacity, Beverly Smith,
    Licensed Clinical Social Worker, Individual
    Capacity, Official Capacity,

                             Defendants-Appellees.

    _____________________________________



                                                     1
FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT:                                               Daniel Duffy, Jr., pro se,
                                                                       Suffield, CT.

FOR AMICUS-CURIAE:                                                     Terrence M. O’Neill,
                                                                       Assistant Attorney General,
                                                                       for George Jepsen, Attorney
                                                                       General for the State of
                                                                       Connecticut, Hartford, CT.


       Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the District of

Connecticut (Covello, J.).


       UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

       Appellant Daniel Duffy, proceeding pro se, appeals the district court=s judgment sua sponte

dismissing his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying

facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.

       This Court reviews dismissals pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915A de novo. McEachin v.

McGuinnis, 

, 200 (2d Cir. 2004). “We may affirm on any ground supported by the

record[.]” Algarin v. Town of Wallkill, 

, 139 (2d Cir. 2005).

       Here, an independent review of the record and relevant case law reveals that the defendants,

all of them State officers, are entitled to qualified immunity. Under the doctrine of qualified

immunity, “government officials performing discretionary functions generally are shielded from

liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or

constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.” Harlow v. Fitzgerald,

, 818 (1982). “The issues on qualified immunity are: (1) whether plaintiff has shown

facts making out violation of a constitutional right; (2) if so, whether that right was clearly
                                                  2
established; and (3) even if the right was clearly established, whether it was objectively reasonable

for the [officials] to believe the conduct at issue was lawful.” Gonzalez v. City of Schenectady,

, 154 (2d Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks omitted). Courts have discretion to

decide the order in which they consider whether the officers violated a federal right, and whether

the right was clearly established. Tolan v. Cotton, 

, 1866 (2014) (per curiam).

       The Supreme Court has instructed that courts should not ‘“define clearly established law

at a high level of generality,’ since doing so avoids the crucial question whether the official acted

reasonably in the particular circumstances that he or she faced.” Plumhoff v. Rickard, 

, 2023 (2014) (quoting Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 

, 742 (2011)). While this Court has

ruled that the State owes a parolee some duty under the Eighth Amendment, Jacobs v. Ramirez,

(2d Cir. 2005) (per curiam), this very general right has not been sufficiently

particularized to the facts of this case so as to have become clearly established in the circumstances

presented here, White v. Pauly, 

, 552 (2017) (per curiam). The State officers,

therefore, could not have reasonably known that their conduct was unlawful. Kisela v. Hughes,

, 1153 (2018) (per curiam) (“An officer cannot be said to have violated a clearly

established right unless the right’s contours were sufficiently definite that any reasonable official

in the defendant’s shoes would have understood that he was violating it.”) (internal citation and

quotation marks omitted)).

       We have considered all of Duffy’s arguments and find them to be without merit.

Accordingly, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.


                                               FOR THE COURT:
                                               Catherine O=Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court

                                                  3