Filed: Jan. 30, 2019
Latest Update: Mar. 03, 2020
Summary: 17-2452 Silipigno v. United States UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT SUMMARY ORDER RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY OR
Summary: 17-2452 Silipigno v. United States UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT SUMMARY ORDER RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORD..
More
17‐2452
Silipigno v. United States
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST
CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON
ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second
Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley
Square, in the City of New York, on the 30th day of January, two thousand
nineteen.
PRESENT: AMALYA L. KEARSE,
DENNIS JACOBS,
ROBERT D. SACK,
Circuit Judges.
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐X
DAVID B. SILIPIGNO,
Plaintiff‐Appellant,
‐v.‐ 17‐2452
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Defendant‐Appellee.
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐X
1
FOR APPELLANT: William J. Dreyer (Lauren S. Owens,
on the brief), Dreyer Boyajian LLP,
Albany, NY.
FOR APPELLEE: Julie Ciamporcero Avetta, Tax
Division (Grant C. Jaquith, United
States Attorney for the Northern
District of New York; Richard E.
Zuckerman, Principal Deputy
Assistant Attorney General; Thomas
J. Clark, Tax Division, on the brief),
United States Department of Justice,
Washington, DC.
Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the
Northern District of New York (Kahn, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court be
AFFIRMED.
David B. Silipigno appeals from a judgment of the United States District
Court for the Northern District of New York (Kahn, J.) dismissing his complaint
in part and granting summary judgment for the government on his remaining tax
claim. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the
procedural history, and the issues presented for review.
Silipigno filed suit seeking a tax refund of $806,586 (plus statutory interest)
for the 2004 tax year, and $509,752 (plus statutory interest) for the 2005 tax year,
based on net operating loss (“NOL”) carrybacks from the 2009 and 2007 tax years,
respectively.
On the parties’ cross‐motions for summary judgment, the district court:
(1) dismissed the refund claim for the 2004 tax year on the ground that Silipigno’s
failure to timely file a proper refund claim with the Internal Revenue Service
2
(“IRS”) deprived the court of jurisdiction; and (2) granted the government’s
motion with respect to the 2005 refund claim on the ground that the NOL
carryback claimed for 2005 would be offset by a significant deficiency resulting
from Silipigno’s underreporting of his 2005 income taxes.
“We review de novo a district court’s legal conclusion with respect to
subject matter jurisdiction.” Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A. v. Am. Nat. Bank &
Tr. Co. of Chicago, 93 F.3d 1064, 1070 (2d Cir. 1996) (citing In re Vogel Van &
Storage, Inc., 59 F.3d 9, 11 (2d Cir. 1995)). We likewise review a grant of
summary judgment de novo. Authors Guild, Inc. v. HathiTrust, 755 F.3d 87, 93–
94 (2d Cir. 2014). The moving party bears the burden to demonstrate the absence
of any genuine disputes of material fact; and we “view the evidence in the light
most favorable to the party opposing summary judgment, [] draw all reasonable
inferences in favor of that party, and [] eschew credibility assessments.”
Amnesty Am. v. Town of W. Hartford, 361 F.3d 113, 122 (2d Cir. 2004) (internal
quotation marks omitted).
1. “[T]he United States, as sovereign, is immune from suit, save as it
consents to be sued . . . and the terms of its consent to be sued in any court define
that court’s jurisdiction to entertain the suit.” United States v. Dalm, 494 U.S.
596, 608 (1990) (internal quotation marks omitted). “Through 28 U.S.C.
§ 1346(a)(1), Congress has broadly consented to suits against the United States in
the district courts for the refund of any federal taxes alleged to have been
erroneously or illegally assessed or collected[.]” United States v. Forma, 42 F.3d
759, 763 (2d Cir. 1994) (internal quotation marks omitted). “But, other statutory
provisions, as well as the Supreme Courtʹs interpretation of § 1346(a)(1), establish
a range of restrictions that qualify a taxpayerʹs right to bring an independent
refund suit in the district court.” Id. “Specifically, 26 U.S.C. § 7422(a) provides
that a taxpayer must have first filed a ‘claim for refund or credit’ with the IRS to
maintain a refund suit[.]” Id. “[A]n informal claim is sufficient to satisfy the
statutory prerequisite of a timely administrative claim found in 26 U.S.C.
§ 7422(a),” provided that “a satisfactory informal claim must at least alert the IRS
that the taxpayer seeks a refund and must also indicate the grounds upon which
the taxpayer’s claim is based.” Id. at 767 n.13 (internal quotation marks and
alterations omitted).
3
Silipigno argues that he timely filed a satisfactory informal refund claim for
2004 in the form of his Form 1045 tentative application for refund, which
requested a refund based on his claimed NOL carryback from the 2009 tax year.
However, a tentative application for refund based on an NOL carryback “shall
not constitute a claim for credit or refund.” 26 U.S.C. § 6411(a); see also Kirsh v.
United States, 258 F.3d 131, 132 (2d Cir. 2001). Because Silipigno failed to timely
file a refund claim for the 2004 tax year as required by 26 U.S.C. § 7422(a), his
claim falls outside of the government’s consent to refund suits under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1346(a)(1), and the district court (as it held) lacked jurisdiction to entertain his
claim. See Dalm, 494 U.S. at 608.
2. “In a tax refund suit, the burden of proof is on the taxpayer to prove
an overpayment of tax and the amount he is entitled to recover.” Heublein, Inc.
v. United States, 996 F.2d 1455, 1461 (2d Cir. 1993) (citations omitted). The
district court ruled that even if Silipigno is entitled to carry back to 2005 his
claimed $1,414,014 NOL from 2007, he failed to submit evidentiary support for
$4,510,050 in “cost of goods” expenses that he subtracted from his gross business
income on his 2005 return, and that therefore no reasonable jury could find that
Silipigno discharged his burden to prove his entitlement to a refund for the 2005
tax year.
Silipigno first argues that the district court’s review of expenses claimed on
his 2005 return was improper because the limitations period under 26 U.S.C.
§ 6501(h) for the assessment of a deficiency in his 2005 taxes had expired.
However, “in an action brought pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1346(a)(1) for a refund of
taxes already paid to the government, the district court is required to redetermine
the entire tax liability.” R.E. Dietz Corp. v. United States, 939 F.2d 1, 4 (2d Cir.
1991); see also Lewis v. Reynolds, 284 U.S. 281, 283 (1932) (“Although the statute
of limitations may have barred the assessment and collection of any additional
sum, it does not obliterate the right of the United States to retain payments
already received when they do not exceed the amount which might have been
properly assessed and demanded.”), modified, 284 U.S. 599.
Silipigno additionally argues that the “cost of goods” deduction in his 2005
return was valid. But his conclusory assertions do not meaningfully contest the
4
district court’s determination that there was a “complete lack of records”
submitted in support of the expenses claimed on Silipigno’s 2005 return.
App. 173. Accordingly, we find no error in the district court’s conclusion that
Silipigno has failed to discharge his burden of proving that he is entitled to a
refund for the 2005 tax year, and that the government was therefore entitled to
summary judgment on that claim. See Burnet v. Houston, 283 U.S. 223, 228
(1931) (“The impossibility of proving a material fact upon which the right to relief
depends simply leaves the claimant upon whom the burden rests with an
unenforceable claim[.]”).
3. Silipigno argues that the government should be equitably estopped
from denying his refund requests, because the IRS allegedly misrepresented to
him that his 2004 and 2005 refund claims would be granted, and failed to notify
him that they were being disallowed at a time when he could have amended his
2007 and 2009 returns and may have had better access to documentation for his
claims. As to Silipigno’s 2004 refund claim, equitable considerations do not alter
the fact that his claim is not cognizable in district court under the controlling
jurisdictional statutes. See Dalm, 494 U.S. at 611. With respect to his 2005
refund claim, in particular his failure to prove that the deduction claimed on his
2005 return was valid, “the Supreme Court has stated on a number of occasions
[that] the allowance of deductions does not turn upon general equitable
considerations.” Andrew Crispo Gallery, Inc. v. Comm’r of Internal Revenue, 16
F.3d 1336, 1341 (2d Cir. 1994) (citing Deputy v. du Pont, 308 U.S. 488, 493 (1940)).
We have considered Silipigno’s remaining arguments and conclude they
are without merit. The judgment of the district court is therefore AFFIRMED.
FOR THE COURT:
CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, CLERK
5