18‐1939
   In re Motors Liquidation Co. (Reichwaldt v. General Motors LLC)


                                UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                    FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                                SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT.
CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS
PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE
32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER
IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE
FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
ASUMMARY ORDER@). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE
A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

                At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second
   Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square,
   in the City of New York, on the 19th day of November, two thousand nineteen.

   PRESENT:
              DENNIS JACOBS,
              ROBERT D. SACK,
              PETER W. HALL,
                    Circuit Judges.
   _____________________________________

   In re: Motors Liquidation Company,

                               Debtor.

   ************************************************

   Kaitlyn Reichwaldt,

                               Appellant,
            v.                                                 18‐1939

General Motors LLC,

                 Appellee.
_____________________________________

For Appellant:                       JAMES E. BUTLER, JR., Robert H. Snyder, Jr.
                                     Rory A. Weeks (on the brief), Butler Wooten
                                     & Peak LLP, Atlanta, Georgia.

For Appellee:                        RICHARD C. GODFREY, Andrew B. Bloomer
                                     (on the brief), Kirkland & Ellis LLP,
                                     Chicago, Illinois; ERIN E. MURPHY, C. Harker
                                     Rhodes IV (on the brief), Kirkland & Ellis
                                     LLP, Washington, D.C.; Arthur J. Steinberg,
                                     David M. Fine, Scott I. Davidson, King &
                                     Spalding LLP, New York, New York.

      Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern

District of New York (Furman, J.).

      UPON       DUE   CONSIDERATION,          IT   IS   HEREBY      ORDERED,

ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is

AFFIRMED.

      Appellant Kaitlyn Reichwaldt appeals from a judgment of the United States

District Court for the Southern District of New York affirming a judgment of the

bankruptcy court which held that she is barred by res judicata and the “law of the


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case” doctrine from arguing that General Motors LLC (“New GM”) assumed

liability for punitive damages when it purchased substantially all of the assets of

General Motors Company (“Old GM”) following Old GM’s bankruptcy and

pursuant to a sale under 11 U.S.C. § 363. We assume the parties’ familiarity with

the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal,

which we reference only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm.

                                       I.

      In December 2016, the bankruptcy court entered an order to show cause

(“OSC”) defining a number of threshold issues that it planned to address and

informing those parties served with the OSC that they would be bound by the

bankruptcy court’s rulings on these issues.        Threshold Issue Four, which

concerned punitive damages, asked: “Are Post‐Closing Accident Plaintiffs bound

by the Sale Order or may they bring successor liability claims against New GM

and seek punitive damages in connection therewith notwithstanding [earlier court

rulings]?” J.A. 1459. Reichwaldt, who is a “Post‐Closing Accident Plaintiff,”

was served with the OSC through her counsel.         There is some dispute over

whether Reichwaldt participated in the proceedings conducted to answer this


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question before the bankruptcy court.       That is, the OSC designated Brown

Rudnick LLP and Goodwin Procter LLP to draft the plaintiffs’ opening brief, and

at various points throughout the litigation Reichwaldt’s attorneys have asserted

both that she was and that she was not represented by Goodwin Procter LLP. It

is not material to the outcome of this dispute, however, whether or not she was in

fact represented by Goodwin Procter LLP.

      In July 2017, the bankruptcy court resolved Threshold Issue Four,

explaining that a prior decision holding that New GM did not contractually

assume liability for punitive damages based on Old GM conduct was the “law of

the case” and that, as a matter of bankruptcy law, New GM as successor to an

insolvent entity could not be liable for punitive damages. In re Motors Liquidation

Co. (“July 2017 Decision”), 

, 579‐80 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2017). After the

bankruptcy court issued this opinion, New GM filed a Motion to Enforce the Sale

Order (entered by the bankruptcy court to effectuate the sale of assets) against

Reichwaldt, who had sued New GM in Georgia after she suffered severe burns

resulting from an accident with an Old GM pickup truck. In August 2017, the

bankruptcy court granted the Motion to Enforce, explaining once again that New


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GM did not contractually assume liability for punitive damages resulting from

Old GM’s conduct related to Post‐Closing Accidents and holding that punitive

damages are also not available against New GM based on other successor liability

theories. In re Motors Liquidation Co. (“August 2017 Decision”), 

, 324

(Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2017). The bankruptcy court also held that its July 2017 ruling

was res judicata as to Reichwaldt and that Reichwaldt was otherwise barred by the

law of the case doctrine from asserting that New GM was liable for punitive

damages. 

      As noted, Reichwaldt argues that she appealed both the August 2017

Decision individually and the July 2017 Decision through Goodwin Procter LLP

as one of Those Certain Post‐Closing Accident Plaintiffs.      The district court

consolidated these related appeals, and in May 2018 it affirmed the bankruptcy

court’s holdings that Post‐Closing Accident Plaintiffs could not seek punitive

damages for Old GM conduct and that Reichwaldt was barred by res judicata and

the law of the case from seeking punitive damages against New GM based on Old

GM conduct. In re Motors Liquidation Co., 

, 66‐68 (S.D.N.Y. 2018).




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                                         II.

      “We exercise plenary review over a district court’s affirmance of a

bankruptcy court’s decisions, reviewing de novo the bankruptcy court’s

conclusions of law, and reviewing its findings of facts for clear error.” Matter of

MPM Silicones, L.L.C., 

, 794 (2d Cir. 2017) (internal quotation marks

omitted) (quoting In re Lehman Bros., Inc., 

, 946 (2d Cir. 2015)).

                                         III.

      Res judicata “holds that ‘a final judgment on the merits of an action

precludes the parties or their privies from relitigating issues that were or could

have been raised in that action.’” Monahan v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Corr., 

,

284 (2d Cir. 2000) (quoting Allen v. McCurry, 

, 94, 

, 

(1980)). “To determine whether the doctrine of res judicata bars a

subsequent action, we consider whether (1) the prior decision was a final

judgment on the merits, (2) the litigants were the same parties, (3) the prior court

was of competent jurisdiction, and (4) the causes of action were the same.”

Brown Media Corp. v. K&L Gates, LLP, 

, 157 (2d Cir. 2017) (internal

quotation marks omitted) (quoting In re Layo, 

, 292 (2d Cir. 2006)).


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      Reichwaldt’s primary argument for why she is not barred by res judicata

from arguing that New GM contractually assumed punitive damages is that she

had no prior opportunity to make this argument because the causes of action

were different. The issue identified in Threshold Issue Four involved whether

New GM could be liable for punitive damages on the basis of successor liability.

Reichwaldt contends that this is fundamentally different from the argument that

New GM could be liable for punitive damages on the grounds that it

contractually assumed such liability from its predecessor.

      Reichwaldt’s argument fails because it ignores the fact that contractual

assumption can be a route to successor liability. As we have said, successor

liability may attach to a buyer of a corporation’s assets where the buyer

“expressly or impliedly assumed the predecessor’s tort liability.” New York v.

Nat’l Serv. Indus., Inc., 

, 209 (2d Cir. 2006).1 The district court




1 These forms of successor liability are recognized under both New York law and
traditional common law. As Reichwaldt points out, the underlying sale agreement
states it is to be interpreted using New York law. While other states may have different
successor liability schemes, these differences are not relevant to the question at hand and
were not briefed.


                                            7
recognized as much when it said that “the primary means by which New GM

could have successor liability for claims arising out of Old GM’s conduct is

through contractual assumption of liability.” In re Motors Liquidation 

. The OSC was not required to list explicitly each type of successor liability

claim that could be brought in order to bind parties to rulings resulting from it.

Reichwaldt’s “contractual assumption” argument asserts that New GM is liable

through the very instrument that made it a successor of Old GM. That

argument, however, is part and parcel of a successor liability argument and

should have been raised before the bankruptcy court in response to the OSC.

Reichwaldt is therefore barred from making this argument at this stage of the

litigation.2

       Reichwaldt further argues that, even if she is bound by res judicata, she is

only bound until this Court reverses the district court’s May 2018 judgment,

since she is included in the appeal by Those Certain Post‐Closing Accident




2Even if Reichwaldt were not barred by res judicata, her argument would fail. New GM
did not contractually assume liability for punitive damages for the reasons explained in
the opinion resolving the appeal by Those Certain Post‐Closing Accident Plaintiffs issued
on the same day as this summary order.

                                           8
Plaintiffs. Regardless of whether Reichwaldt is included in that appeal, her

arguments are precluded. For the reasons set forth in an opinion resolving

Those Certain Post‐Closing Accident Plaintiffs’ appeal issued on the same day as

this summary order, the portion of the district court’s May 2018 judgment at

issue in that appeal is affirmed.

                                    *     *     *

      We have reviewed the remainder of Reichwaldt’s arguments and find them

to be without merit.       Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is

AFFIRMED.



                                        FOR THE COURT:
                                        Catherine O=Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court




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