18‐2181
    Treasure Chest Themed Value Mail, Inc. v. David Morris Int’l, Inc.


                            UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                                 SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY
ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF
APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER
IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR
AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A
SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.


                  At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit,
    held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New
    York, on the 30th day of August, two thousand nineteen.

    PRESENT:
                       PETER W. HALL,
                       DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON,
                             Circuit Judges,
                       JANE A. RESTANI,*
                             Judge.



    TREASURE CHEST THEMED VALUE MAIL, INC.,

                                 Plaintiff–Counter‐Defendant–
                                 Appellee,

                       v.                                                No. 18‐2181

    DAVID MORRIS INTERNATIONAL, INC.,

                                 Defendant–Counter‐Claimant–
                                 Appellant.




    *Judge Jane A. Restani, of the United States Court of International Trade, sitting by
    designation.
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Appearing for Appellee:                      Daniel Knox, Knox Law Group, P.C., New York,
                                             NY.

Appearing for Appellant:                     BRIAN LEHMAN, Lehman LG LLC, New York,
                                             NY.




       Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern

District of New York (Buchwald, J.).

       UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED,

AND DECREED that the judgment entered on June 28, 2018, is AFFIRMED.

       Defendant–Counter‐Claimant–Appellant         David    Morris    International,   Inc.

(“David Morris”) appeals from a judgment of the district court following a bench trial

finding David Morris liable to Treasure Chest Themed Value Mail, Inc. (“Treasure

Chest”) for breach of contract. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying

facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.

       In January 2016, David Morris and Treasure Chest entered into a vacation travel

mailing participation agreement. Section 1 of the agreement provides that Treasure Chest

would “include [David Morris’s] information on two sides of an insert in [Treasure

Chest’s] direct mail business campaign to at least 730,000 vacation travelers

nationwide . . . with two logos on response card” and that Treasure Chest would follow

up this advertisement with 300,000 “weekly digital impressions through September 30,

2016[,] for two different products.” App. 64. For its part, David Morris would pay


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$45,000 and up to $50,000 in airfare and hotel accommodations and cruises. Treasure

Chest guaranteed more than 3,000 leads would be produced by the advertising campaign.

Unsatisfied with the lack of resulting business, David Morris declined to pay, which led

to this diversity action.

       At trial, Treasure Chest’s witness averred that all of its contractual obligations had

been met. The District Court credited this evidence.

       David Morris first disputes the district court’s finding that Treasure Chest

performed under the agreement. “We review findings of fact after a bench trial for clear

error and accompanying conclusions of law de novo.” Sleepy’s LLC v. Select Comfort

Wholesale Corp., 

, 527 (2d Cir. 2018). “Mixed questions of law and fact are

reviewed either de novo or under the clearly erroneous standard, depending on whether

the question is predominantly legal or predominantly factual.” Krist v. Kolombos Rest.

Inc., 

, 95 (2d Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted).

“Where there are two permissible views of the evidence, the factfinder’s choice between

them cannot be clearly erroneous.” 

marks omitted).

       “Under New York law, a breach of contract claim requires proof of (1) an

agreement, (2) adequate performance by the plaintiff, (3) breach by the defendant, and

(4) damages.” Fischer & Mandell, LLP v. Citibank, N.A., 

, 799 (2d Cir. 2011).

David Morris challenges only the second element of Treasure Chest’s breach claim.




                                             3
       With respect to the mail campaign, David Morris suggests that even if Treasure

Chest intended to include the David Morris ads in its 2016 mailing, perhaps a third party

with whom Treasure Chest contracted to do the actual printing and mailing failed to

include the David Morris ads. Likewise with respect to the digital impressions: David

Morris speculates that perhaps Treasure Chest’s social media followers were fake (or

even worse, bought), and that sufficient emails were not sent. The problem for David

Morris is that it submitted absolutely no evidence in support of these postulations. We,

then, identify no clear error in the district court’s finding concerning Treasure Chest’s

performance.

       David Morris next insists that the district court should have precluded under

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37(c)(1) certain exhibits included with the affidavit of

Treasure Chest’s founder and CEO, Richard Shane. We review a district court’s Rule

37(c)(1) ruling for abuse of discretion, which we will not identify unless “(1) its decision

rests on an error of law (such as application of the wrong legal principle) or a clearly

erroneous factual finding, or (2) its decision—though not necessarily the product of a

legal error or a clearly erroneous factual finding—cannot be located within the range of

permissible decisions.” See Design Strategy, Inc. v. Davis, 

, 294 (2d Cir. 2006)

(internal quotation marks omitted).

       Treasure Chest’s failure to include in its initial disclosures certain exhibits—

namely, a copy of a mailing receipt (Exhibit D), a sample of digital impressions (Exhibit


                                             4
E), and an email concerning consumer leads (Exhibit F)1—was harmless, and preclusion

(or any other sanction) was therefore not required. As an initial matter, although David

Morris faults the district court for failing to conduct the analysis outlined by this Court

in Design Strategy, David Morris itself presented no such analysis to the district court. In

any event, none of these exhibits was needed to support Treasure Chest’s prima facie case

of breach (and David Morris declined to present any evidence contradicting that case at

trial). It is not disputed that Treasure Chest sent out a mailing, only whether that mailing

included David Morris’s ads—an issue to which the mailing receipt does not speak.

Conversely, the dispute concerning the digital impressions concerns whether they were

disseminated, not their content. Finally, David Morris does not argue on appeal that

Treasure Chest failed to perform under the contract with respect to producing consumer

leads, and so the email relating to such is irrelevant. The district court accordingly acted

well within its discretion by declining to preclude these exhibits at trial.

       We have considered David Morris’s remaining arguments and find them to be

without merit. The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

                                    FOR THE COURT:
                                    CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, Clerk of Court




1The district court did preclude the introduction of Exhibit G, an email concerning a
matchback analysis performed for another of Treasure Chest’s clients.
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