18-2095
Lemonious v. Barr
                                                                                                BIA
                                                                                           Straus, IJ
                                                                                       A045 439 025
                            UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                       SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY
ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL
RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING
A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE
FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”).
A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT
REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

        At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the
3rd day of March, two thousand twenty.

PRESENT:    ROSEMARY S. POOLER,
            JOSEPH F. BIANCO,
                  Circuit Judges,
            JENNIFER CHOE-GROVES,
                  Judge.*
_____________________________________

ANDRE NORBERT LEMONIOUS,

                         Petitioner,

                    v.                                                     18-2095

WILLIAM P. BARR, UNITED STATES
ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                  Respondent.
_____________________________________


FOR PETITIONER:                              RENEE C. REDMAN, Law Office of Renee C.
                                             Redman, New Haven, CT.


* Judge Jennifer Choe-Groves, of the United States Court of International Trade, sitting by
designation.
FOR RESPONDENT:                                VIRGINIA L. GORDON, Trial Attorney (Joseph H.
                                               Hunt, Assistant Attorney General; Margot L. Carter,
                                               Senior Litigation Counsel, on the brief), Office
                                               of Immigration Litigation, United States Department
                                               of Justice, Washington, DC.


       UPON DUE CONSIDERATION of this petition for review of a Board of Immigration

Appeals (“BIA”) decision, it is hereby ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the

petition for review is DENIED.

       Petitioner Andre Norbert Lemonious seeks review of a July 10, 2018 decision of the BIA

affirming a January 18, 2018 decision of an Immigration Judge (“IJ”), denying his motion to

terminate his removal proceedings on the ground that he derived U.S. citizenship from his mother.

In re Andre Norbert Lemonious, No. A045 439 025 (B.I.A. July 10, 2018), aff’g No. A045 439

025 (Immig. Ct. Hartford Jan. 18, 2018).     We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying

facts and procedural history in this case.

   A. Jurisdiction and Standard of Review

       Under the circumstances of this case, we have reviewed the IJ’s decision as supplemented

by the BIA. See Yan Chen v. Gonzales, 

, 271 (2d Cir. 2005).             This Court has

jurisdiction to consider questions of law related to U.S. citizenship.    8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C),

(D); Ashton v. Gonzales, 

, 97 (2d Cir. 2005) (“If [petitioner] is a United States citizen,

then § 1252(a)(2)(C) cannot bar his petition.”). We consider such questions de novo. Nwozuzu

v. Holder, 

, 326 (2d Cir. 2013).




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   B. Physical Custody

       Lemonious’s citizenship claim is governed by the Child Citizenship Act of 2000 (“CCA”),

which provides:

       A child born outside of the United States automatically becomes a citizen
       of the United States when all of the following conditions have been fulfilled:

       (1)     At least one parent of the child is a citizen of the United States,
               whether by birth or naturalization.
       (2)     The child is under the age of eighteen years.
       (3)     The child is residing in the United States in the legal and physical
               custody of the citizen parent pursuant to a lawful admission for
               permanent residence.

8 U.S.C. § 1431(a).

       The sole issue here is whether Lemonious met the statute’s requirement that he was

“residing in the . . . physical custody of the citizen parent,” such that he derived U.S. citizenship

from his mother. See 

If he did, the removal proceedings against him – based

on his prior convictions that constitute aggravated felonies – may be terminated.

       We previously addressed this “physical custody” requirement in Khalid v. Sessions, 

(2d Cir. 2018).    There, the petitioner was in pretrial juvenile detention in Maryland at

the time his father became a naturalized U.S. 

, 133 n.5.      There was no

dispute that before Khalid’s pretrial juvenile detention, the petitioner had continuously resided in

the United States with his father for approximately four years. 

       In Khalid, we held that the term “physical custody” was ambiguous. 

         Then,

after examining “the broader statutory context and its history,” 

law definitions of

‘physical custody’ in the family law context,” 

we found that “physical custody” in

§ 1431(a)(3) is not limited to actual residence, but rather required the Court to look more closely


                                                 3
at the connection between the naturalizing parent and the child, including Khalid’s “particular

custody arrangement at the time [his] parent naturalize[d]” and when he became eligible for

citizenship, 

    We concluded that, despite his federal pretrial juvenile detention,

Khalid met the “physical custody” requirement because his physical separation from his father was

brief and temporary, and the Juvenile and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 created a

framework “for preserving the juvenile’s connection to his or her family and the family’s

continued involvement in the juvenile’s life during the period of federal pretrial detention.” 

   Thus, we found that the petitioner’s brief, pretrial detention did not interrupt his residence

in his father’s physical custody. 

          In reaching this decision in Khalid, we articulated that the critical factors supporting the

conclusion that Khalid satisfied the physical custody requirement were that his custody was brief,

temporary, pre-trial, and in a juvenile facility.       

the Court noted that the

principle of lenity “supports reading ‘physical custody’ not to hinge on the brief and temporary

separation created by Khalid’s pretrial detention, when no court had yet adjudicated Khalid guilty

of any offense.” 

(emphasis added). Throughout the opinion, the Court referred to

how the common understanding of “physical custody” may encompass the exceptional

circumstance where there is a short, temporary physical separation between a parent and child.

see also 

(“[State law] definitions provide some direction and indicate that a

parent’s physical custody of a child does not cease due to a child’s brief, temporary separation

from a parent.” (emphasis added)); 

(“[T]he applicable canons of statutory interpretation

also favor construing the term ‘physical custody’ so that such custody does not terminate upon a

brief, temporary separation from a parent.” (emphasis added)).


                                                    4
       Furthermore, in pointing out the potential unintended results of the BIA’s interpretation,

this Court referred to the temporary separation between a parent and child due to boarding school

or a semester abroad – again focusing on the brief, temporary nature of the separation. 

In distinguishing the facts in Khalid from a situation where a juvenile has been adjudicated guilty,

this Court specifically noted that “[t]here may be reason in such situations to determine that a

minor is not in a naturalizing parent’s physical custody for purposes of 8 U.S.C. § 1431.”       

v. Lynch, 607 F. App’x 745, 745-46 (9th Cir. 2015)). Finally, the Court

reaffirmed the importance of these factors in the conclusion: “[w]e hold that the brief, temporary

separation created by Khalid’s pretrial juvenile detention did not prevent Khalid from satisfying

the ‘physical custody’ requirement of 8 U.S.C. § 1431.” 

   C. Application

       Lemonious’s mother became a naturalized U.S. citizen in March 2004, when Lemonious

was seventeen years old. At the time his mother naturalized and through his eighteenth birthday,

Lemonious was serving three concurrent sentences of one to three years’ imprisonment in a New

York correctional facility pursuant to a youthful offender adjudication.

       None of the factors that we emphasized in Khalid, which supported a finding of “physical

custody” despite the absence of actual residency with the naturalizing parent, are present here.

First, Lemonious’s separation from his mother was neither brief nor temporary.             He was

incarcerated from March 21, 2003 to January 13, 2006, for a total of nearly two years and ten

months.   His mother was naturalized on March 22, 2004, a year after his incarceration began, and

he was released one year and nine months after she became a U.S. citizen. In addition, more than

five months passed between his mother’s naturalization and his eighteenth birthday on September


                                                 5
10, 2004.   Second, unlike Khalid, Lemonious was adjudicated as a youthful offender of a crime

during the relevant timeframe1 and, thus, was not a pretrial detainee.   Third, notwithstanding that

Lemonious was a juvenile when he was incarcerated, he was held in an adult facility at all times

of his imprisonment.    Therefore, although we do not construe physical custody to require “actual

residency,” we conclude that finding citizenship under the particular facts of this case would be

inconsistent with the term “physical custody” in 8 U.S.C. § 1431(a). We reach this conclusion

even when that term is considered in the family law context, as well as the broader statutory context

of the CCA and its history.      Accordingly, because we find that Lemonious was not in the

“physical custody” of his U.S. citizen mother under these factual circumstances, we find that

Lemonious did not derive U.S. citizenship from her when she naturalized.

       For the foregoing reasons, Lemonious’s petition for review is DENIED.            All pending

motions and applications are DENIED and stays VACATED.

                                              FOR THE COURT:
                                              Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court




1
  Although the statute does not specify a relevant timeframe, “a court must determine eligibility
by ‘viewing matters at the time that [an applicant’s parent] became naturalized.’” Henry v.
Quarantillo, 

, 311 (E.D.N.Y. 2010) (discussing a provision repealed by the
CCA, 8 U.S.C. § 1432) (quoting Fierro v. Reno, 

, 6 (1st Cir. 2000)), aff’d, 414 F. App’x
363 (2d Cir. 2011).
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