Filed: Mar. 18, 2020
Latest Update: Mar. 18, 2020
Summary: 19-1036-cv Montgomery v. New York City Transit Auth. UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT SUMMARY ORDER RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT'S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NO
Summary: 19-1036-cv Montgomery v. New York City Transit Auth. UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT SUMMARY ORDER RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT'S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOT..
More
19‐1036‐cv
Montgomery v. New York City Transit Auth.
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURTʹS LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST
CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
ʺSUMMARY ORDERʺ). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON
ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second
Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in
the City of New York, on the 18th day of March, two thousand twenty.
PRESENT: REENA RAGGI,
DENNY CHIN,
RICHARD J. SULLIVAN,
Circuit Judges.
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐x
VIOLET V. MONTGOMERY,
Plaintiff‐Appellant,
‐v‐ 19‐1036‐cv
NEW YORK CITY TRANSIT AUTHORITY,
Defendant‐Appellee.
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐x
FOR PLAINTIFF‐APPELLANT: LOCKSLEY O. WADE, Law Office of
Locksley O. Wade, LLC, New York,
New York.
FOR DEFENDANT‐APPELLEE: STEVEN GERBER (Beth L. Kaufman
and Jeremy Miguel Weintraub, on the
brief), Schoeman Updike Kaufman &
Gerber LLP, New York, New York.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of
New York (Furman, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND
DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Plaintiff‐appellant Violet V. Montgomery appeals from a judgment of the
district court entered March 20, 2019, dismissing her claims against defendant‐appellee
New York City Transit Authority (ʺNYCTAʺ). By memorandum opinion and order
entered March 19, 2019, the district court granted NYCTAʹs motion for summary
judgment, dismissing Montgomeryʹs gender‐ and race‐based employment
discrimination claims under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (ʺTitle VIIʺ), 42
U.S.C. § 2000e et seq.; Section 1981 of the Civil Rights Act of 1871 (ʺSection 1981ʺ), 42
U.S.C. § 1981; the New York State Human Rights Law (the ʺNYSHRLʺ), N.Y. Exec. Law
§ 290 et seq.; and the New York City Human Rights Law (the ʺNYCHRLʺ), N.Y.C.
Admin. Code § 8‐101 et seq. On appeal, Montgomery argues that the trial court erred in
(1) denying her motion to strike NYCTAʹs motion for summary judgment and (2)
granting NYCTAʹs motion for summary judgment. We assume the partiesʹ familiarity
with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.
‐2‐
BACKGROUND
In 2012, NYCTA posted a job opening for a management position. Eight
candidates, including Montgomery and Robert Gorvetzian, were interviewed for the
position by a four‐person panel.1 The panel preferred Gorvetzian for the position, but it
did not extend him an offer because an investigation by NYCTAʹs Equal Employment
Opportunity (ʺEEOʺ) office revealed there was a ʺperceptionʺ that the hiring process
was ʺtainted.ʺ J. Appʹx at 264. The EEO office recommended that the interview process
begin afresh with a new panel. In January 2014, NYCTA re‐posted the job opening and
replaced two people on the panel. Of the 46 applicants, seven were chosen for
interviews.2 Because one candidate withdrew, six candidates were interviewed for the
position, including Montgomery and Gorvetzian. The panelists independently scored
each candidate on a 1‐to‐5 scale across seven categories, wrote notes about each
candidateʹs strengths and weaknesses, and ranked the candidates in order of
preference. 3
Each member of the panel ranked Montgomery as their third or fourth
choice for the position, primarily awarding her 3s and 4s across all seven categories.
1 There was one non‐voting member on the panel from Human Resources.
2 Of the 46 resumes NYCTA reviewed, three appeared to be from female applicants. Two
of these three candidates were selected for interviews.
3 Like the first panel, there was one non‐voting member on the 2014 panel. Nonetheless,
the Record contains four evaluation sheets for Montgomery and three evaluation sheets for
Gorvetzian. All four members of the panel emailed their rankings after the interviews were
conducted.
‐3‐
The only category where her average was higher than Gorvetzianʹs was ʺEducation,ʺ
where she received several scores of 4 or better. As a strength, the hiring manager on
the panel, Robert Moakler, noted that Montgomery was ʺenthusiastic ‐‐ very
loud/thunderous,ʺ J. Appʹx at 115, but each panelist noted at least one weakness, with
two members commenting that she did not present her ideas clearly and another noting
that she ʺwas not specific about anything,ʺ J. Appʹx at 117.
In contrast, each member of the panel ranked Gorvetzian as his or her top
choice for the position. Indeed, every panelist awarded him 5s for ʺRelated Job
Experienceʺ and ʺCommunication Skills,ʺ and he earned a 5 from at least one panelist in
every category except ʺEducation,ʺ where he received 3s across the board. J. Appʹx at
119‐21. None of the panelists provided any negative comments about Gorvetzian, and
all made positive comments about his presentation. Following the interviews, Moakler
sent a memo to Human Resources explaining that Gorvetzian was ʺthe best candidate
for the position,ʺ noting specifically how his role as superintendent prepared him for
the promotion. J. Appʹx at 129. Thereafter, Gorvetzian was offered and accepted the
job.
Montgomery filed a complaint with the U.S. Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission (the ʺEEOCʺ) claiming she was discriminated against based
on her gender and race. Specifically, she alleged that ʺa white male with less education,
qualifications, and experienceʺ was given the job instead of her, J. Appʹx 143, and she
‐4‐
expressed dissatisfaction that two members of the 2012 panel were on the 2014 hiring
panel despite the EEO officeʹs prior recommendation. Moreover, according to
Montgomeryʹs district court complaint, ʺ[t]he EEOC found that there was probable
cause to believe that Montgomery was a victim of unlawful workplace discrimination
based on her race and gender.ʺ D. Ct. Dkt. No. 32 at Ex. 7.
During discovery, Moakler was deposed on April 20, 2018, and was asked,
in part, about two notes he took during the 2012 interview process ‐‐ that Montgomery
ʺbegan to get loud,ʺ J. Appʹx at 416, and that Montgomery ʺ[b]egan yelling to
demonstrateʺ how she handled insubordinates, J. Appʹx 418. He stated that those notes
were observations about Montgomeryʹs volume. Another member of the 2012 panel,
Barry Henry, was deposed the same day, and he was asked to search for the notes he
took during the initial interview process.4 NYCTA moved for summary judgment on
June 27, 2018, and produced Henryʹs notes on July 10, 2018, several weeks before
Montgomery filed her memorandum in opposition to NYCTAʹs motion for summary
judgment but after the close of discovery. In her memorandum in opposition,
Montgomery moved to strike NYCTAʹs motion for summary judgment and reopen
discovery because NYCTA disclosed certain information after discovery closed;
Montgomery claimed she would have changed her litigation strategy in light of the
later‐produced documents. By memorandum opinion and order entered March 19,
4 Henry was one of the two panelists replaced for the 2014 interviews.
‐5‐
2019, the district court granted NYCTAʹs motion for summary judgment. In a footnote,
the district court denied Montgomeryʹs motion to strike as moot, noting that the court
did not rely on any of the materials that formed the basis of Montgomeryʹs objections.
This appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
1. Montgomeryʹs Motion to Strike
ʺA district court has broad discretion to manage pre‐trial discovery
and we review its decisions on these matters only for abuse of discretion.ʺ Wood v.
F.B.I., 432 F.3d 78, 84‐85 (2d Cir. 2005). Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56, ʺ[i]f a
nonmovant shows by affidavit or declaration that, for specified reasons, it cannot present
facts essential to justify its oppositionʺ to summary judgment, the court may defer or
deny summary judgment, reopen limited discovery, or ʺissue any other appropriate
order.ʺ Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(d) (emphasis added).
Here, the district court did not abuse its discretion when it denied
Montgomeryʹs motion to strike and refused to reopen discovery. First, the district court
did not rely on Henryʹs notes to grant summary judgment. This was not an abuse of
discretion, as those notes were from the 2012 interview process, and Henry was not
involved in the 2014 interview process. Second, Montgomery has not alleged any
ʺspecified reasons,ʺ id., as to how her litigation strategy would have changed had she
seen Henryʹs notes earlier. Third, the other documents NYCTA produced after the close
‐6‐
of discovery related to NYCTAʹs attempt to prove that Montgomery worked for an
entity other than NYCTA, which, as the district court noted, had no bearing on the
success of Montgomeryʹs discrimination claim. Accordingly, the district court did not
abuse its discretion when it denied Montgomeryʹs motion to strike NYCTAʹs summary
judgment motion and reopen discovery.
2. NYCTAʹs Motion for Summary Judgment
ʺWe review a district courtʹs grant of summary judgment de novo.ʺ Marvel
Characters, Inc. v. Kirby, 726 F.3d 119, 135 (2d Cir. 2013). On review, we ʺconstru[e] the
evidence in the light most favorable to the non‐moving party and draw[] all reasonable
inferences in her favor.ʺ Abbey House Media, Inc. v. Simon & Schuster, Inc.,
869 F.3d 53, 55
(2d Cir. 2017). Summary judgment can only be entered when ʺthere is no genuine
dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.ʺ Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A genuine dispute requires evidence that ʺwould permit a
reasonable juror to find for the party opposing the motion.ʺ Figueroa v. Mazza,
825 F.3d
89, 98 (2d Cir. 2016).
To defeat summary judgment in an employment discrimination case
under Title VII, Section 1981, and the NYSHRL, the plaintiffʹs ʺadmissible evidence
must show circumstances that would be sufficient to permit a rational finder of fact to
infer that the employerʹs employment decision was more likely than not based in whole
or in part on discrimination.ʺ Kirkland v. Cablevision Sys., 760 F.3d 223, 225 (2d Cir. 2014)
‐7‐
(alterations omitted); see also Gorzynski v. JetBlue Airways Corp., 596 F.3d 93, 106 (2d Cir.
2010) (describing burden‐shifting framework for proving an employment
discrimination claim). Here, the district court determined that Montgomery failed to
present evidence that would permit a reasonable factfinder to conclude that NYCTAʹs
reasons for promoting Gorvetzian were pretextual or that NYCTA picked Gorvetzian
over Montgomery more likely than not for a discriminatory reason. We agree.
First, there was ample, contemporaneous evidence that Gorvetzian was
the best applicant for the promotion. The panelists independently rated each candidate
across seven categories and independently ranked each candidate. Every member of
the panel rated Gorvetzian as the best applicant, and no member of the panel ranked
Montogmery better than third. Indeed, Gorvetzian was given a higher rating than
Montgomery in six out of the seven categories, and no panelist wrote a negative
comment about him. Moreover, Moakler wrote a detailed, one‐page memo explaining
why the panel selected Gorvetzian for the promotion. Montgomery presented no
evidence of pretext.
Second, Montgomery failed to present any concrete evidence that she was
discriminated against because of her gender or race. To prove both her gender and race
discrimination claims, she relied entirely on Moaklerʹs comments about her being
ʺloud,ʺ claiming these were coded language for both gender and racial stereotypes. The
record, however, belies this point. Most notably, Moaklerʹs 2014 comment ‐‐ that she
‐8‐
was ʺenthusiastic ‐‐ very loud/thunderous,ʺ J. Appʹx at 115 ‐‐ is listed as one of
Montgomeryʹs strengths. And to the extent Moaklerʹs 2012 comments ‐‐ which he
explained in his deposition were objective statements about Montgomeryʹs volume
during the interview ‐‐ are relevant, they are not enough for a reasonable jury to
conclude that discrimination played a role in NYCTAʹs decision to hire Gorvetzian
instead of Montgomery. Given the absence of evidence of discrimination and the
extensive evidence that Gorvetzian was the better‐qualified applicant, no reasonable
jury could find pretext or a discriminatory motive. Accordingly, the district court did
not err in granting NYCTAʹs motion for summary judgment on Montgomeryʹs federal
and state claims.
We also agree with the district court that Montgomery failed to prove her
NYCHRL claim. Such a claim must be analyzed separately from the federal and state
claims, as the NYCHRL is broader and more permissive. See Velazco v. Columbus
Citizens Found., 778 F.3d 409, 411 (2d Cir. 2015). A discrimination claim is actionable
under the NYCHRL where an employee is treated ʺless wellʺ because she belongs to a
protected class. Mihalik v. Credit Agricole Cheuvreux N. Am., Inc.,
715 F.3d 102, 110‐11 (2d
Cir. 2013). Under the NYCHRL ʺsummary judgment is appropriate if the record
establishes as a matter of law that discrimination or retaliation played no role in the
defendantʹs actions.ʺ Ya‐Chen Chen v. City Univ. of New York,
805 F.3d 59, 76 (2d Cir.
2015) (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). Despite this less stringent
‐9‐
standard, no reasonable juror could find that Montgomery was treated ʺless wellʺ
because she belongs to a protected class or that discrimination played any role in the
application process. Accordingly, the district court did not err when it granted
summary judgment on Montgomeryʹs NYCHRL claim.
* * *
We have considered Montgomeryʹs remaining arguments and conclude
they are without merit. For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the
district court.
FOR THE COURT:
Catherine OʹHagan Wolfe, Clerk
‐10‐
