19-2679
Tulino v. The City of New York

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                        SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST
CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT
ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

        At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the
3rd day of June , two thousand twenty.

Present:    RICHARD C. WESLEY,
            DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON,
            STEVEN J. MENASHI
                  Circuit Judges,
_____________________________________

MICHELLE TULINO,

                          Plaintiff-Appellant,

                 v.                                                    19-2679

THE CITY OF NEW YORK, THE NEW YORK CITY
DEPARTMENT OF SMALL BUSINESS SERVICES, NEW
YORK CITY BUSINESS ASSISTANCE CORPORATION,
SHAAZAD ALI, ISMAIL MOHAMED, ROBERT WALSH,
ANDREW SCHWARTZ, ANTHONY DELL’OLIO, SARAH
KRAUSS, GRETA ARENAS, NARDA AMARILLA-
FERNANDEZ, BRYANA SHENTON, MYRNA MATEO,
PAT DAURIA, AND FRANK CARNESI,

                  Defendants-Appellees.
_____________________________________

For Plaintiff-Appellant:                         STEPHEN BERGSTEIN, Bergstein & Ullrich, LLP, New
                                                 Paltz, NY

For Defendants-Appellees:                        SUSAN PAULSON, of Counsel, (Richard Dearing, Devin

                                                      1
                                             Slack, of Counsel, on the brief), for James E. Johnson,
                                             Corporation Counsel of the City of New York, New
                                             York, NY


        Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of

New York (Rakoff, J.).

        UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

        Plaintiff-Appellant Michelle Tulino appeals from a February 27, 2019 decision by the

United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Rakoff, J.) granting judgment

as a matter of law to the Defendants-Appellees and dismissing Tulino’s constructive discharge

claim under the New York City Human Rights Law (“NYCHRL”).                 From 2007 to 2015, Tulino

worked for the City of New York in a variety of positions principally within the Department of

Small Business Services (“SBS”).       Tulino left her job in 2015 after complaining of gender-based

harassment by her supervisor, Shaazad Ali, and she brought suit against the Defendants-Appellees

asserting a variety of claims, four of which (hostile work environment, retaliation, and constructive

discharge, all pursuant to the NYCHRL, as well as common-law battery) proceeded to trial.               At

the close of Tulino’s case at trial, the district court granted judgment as a matter of law to the

Defendants-Appellees on Tulino’s constructive discharge claim while allowing her other claims

to proceed.    The jury then found for Tulino on her hostile work environment and retaliation

claims. 1   The district court subsequently denied Tulino’s motion for reconsideration of its

constructive discharge ruling and Tulino timely appealed. We assume the parties’ familiarity

with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.


1
  The district court subsequently granted the defense’s motion for remittitur and reduced the damages
awarded by the jury to $1.25 million.


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                                                DISCUSSION

        We review a motion granting judgment as a matter of law de novo.             Cobb v. Pozzi, 

, 101 (2d Cir. 2004). In reviewing a district court’s ruling on a motion for judgment as a

matter of law, “we apply the same standard that is required of the district court.”            Zellner v.

Summerlin, 

, 371 (2d Cir. 2007).            “We consider the evidence in the light most

favorable to the party against whom the motion was made and . . . give that party the benefit of all

reasonable inferences that the jury might have drawn in his favor from the evidence.” See Olsen

v. Stark Homes, Inc., 

, 153 (2d Cir. 2014) (alteration in original) (citation and internal

quotation marks omitted).     On appeal, Tulino argues that the standard for constructive discharge

under the New York City Human Rights Law is unclear and, consequently, we should certify this

case to the Court of Appeals for clarification as to the proper standard.             We disagree that

certification is appropriate, concluding that under any standard proposed by Tulino, the facts of

this case are insufficient to state a constructive discharge claim. 2


2
         To be clear, New York courts have expressed the view, as Tulino asserts, that the proper standard
for constructive discharge claims under the amended NYCHRL has not been fully articulated. See, e.g.,
Simmons-Grant v. Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan, LLP, 

, 92 n.1 (1st Dep’t 2014)
(noting that “[t]his court has not yet ruled as to the contours of a City HRL constructive discharge claim
using enhanced liberal construction analysis required by the New York City Local Civil Rights
Restoration Act of 2005 . . . [a]s such, it should not be assumed that the standards for establishing
constructive discharge under the City HRL are the same as have been set forth for Title VII, either in
respect to the degree of difficulty or unpleasantness of working conditions required to make out the claim
or otherwise”). In 2019, however, the First Department decided Crookendale v. New York City Health
& Hospitals Corporation, 

(1st Dep’t 2019). In Crookendale, the First Department
stated that the standard for constructive discharge under the NYCHRL is whether the defendant
“deliberately created working conditions so intolerable, difficult or unpleasant that a reasonable person
would have felt compelled to resign.”

(quoting Short v. Deutsche Bank Sec., Inc., 

, 66 (1st Dep’t 2010)). In so stating, the court appeared to confirm that the standard remains
unchanged under the amended NYCHRL and that it mirrors the federal standard, see, e.g., Green v.
Brennan, 

, 1776 (2016) (stating that “[t]he constructive-discharge doctrine contemplates a
situation in which an employer discriminates against an employee to the point such that his working
conditions become so intolerable that a reasonable person in the employee’s position would have felt
compelled to resign” (emphasis added) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)). But despite this
holding, the Second Department has since stated, even after Crookendale, that the New York appellate


                                                    3
        On appeal Tulino acknowledges that any standard for constructive discharge relevant to

this case will require deliberate actions taken by the employer sufficient to cause a reasonable

person to feel compelled to resign. But here, the circumstances of Tulino’s employment were

not such that a reasonable person would have felt compelled to resign. After complaining of

Ali’s harassment, Tulino received scheduled raises, see JA 931, and remained at her job in her

current title, see JA 931.    Moreover, Tulino’s complaints resulted in the commencement of an

EEO investigation, JA 933, and it is undisputed that the department assigned Tulino to a different

supervisor, JA 704, and offered her employment in at least one other position where she would not

be supervised by Ali, JA 790.          Though Tulino complains that her work assignments were

reduced, that is typically not considered enough to compel a reasonable person to resign.               See

Petrosino v. Bell Atl., 

, 231 (2d Cir. 2004) (noting that “the law is clear that a

constructive discharge claim cannot be proved by demonstrating that an employee is dissatisfied

with the work assignments she receives within her job title” and that a reduction in responsibilities

would not “support [an employee’s] constructive discharge claim”). 3




courts have not yet conducted the proper liberal construction inquiry to determine the constructive
discharge standard under the NYCHRL. Golston-Green v. City of New York, -- N.Y.S.3d --, No. 2016–
02462, 

, at *9 (2d. Dep’t May 13, 2020). Because we conclude that Tulino’s
constructive discharge claim fails under any standard she proposes here, we need not reach or decide the
question of the proper standard for constructive discharge under the NYCHRL.
3
         Tulino argues that Terry v. Ashcroft, 

(2d Cir. 2003), supports her claim, but the
Terry plaintiff was subjected to significantly more serious conduct calculated as to make him “so
miserable he would quit.”

(noting that plaintiff was, inter alia, denied promotions, isolated
from co-workers, transferred to a different office without warning, and was threatened with “be[ing]
brought up on more charges”). The same is true regarding the other precedent on which Tulino relies.
See, e.g., Teran v. JetBlue Airways Corp., 

, 26 (1st Dep’t 2015) (noting that the only
alternative positions offered to plaintiff to avoid contact with seriously abusive supervisor came with a
steep pay cut); see also Fitzgerald v. Henderson, 

, 358, 367–68 (2d Cir. 2001) (recounting
abuse occurring “every day for 2 ½ years” with escalating severity such that the plaintiff experienced a
psychological breakdown in advance of resignation).


                                                     4
        While there is evidence that two SBS employees stated that Tulino had “offended the

agency” and that she had “no place here” if she did not return to Ali’s division, JA 227, these

remarks, in the context, inter alia, of the offers of employment in other departments, the lack of

any active disciplinary investigations against Tulino, her civil service protections, and her transfer

to a different supervisor, provide no basis on which a jury might reasonably conclude that the

Defendants-Appellees undertook deliberate actions sufficient to compel resignation.                   See

(finding no constructive discharge claim where a transfer would not

have diminished the plaintiff’s “job title, pay, or seniority” and “[a]t most . . . would have delayed

[the plaintiff’s] opportunity to be promoted to a managerial position”). Nor is our recent decision

in Green v. Town of New Haven, 

, 407 (2d Cir. 2020), to the contrary. 4

        Tulino argues that the measures taken to address her complaints and any job security she

might have enjoyed were illusory, since false accusations could have been fabricated to terminate

her employment.      But evidence indicates that the allegations made against Tulino were properly

disregarded, JA 197–98, 233–34, and there is no evidence that further false accusations would

have had any likelihood of success. The same is true for Tulino’s argument that the offer of

transfer to other positions was made in bad faith. The evidence indicates that while Tulino did

not want to leave her position (and could not be fired due to civil service protections), JA 303, 339,

Tulino actually was offered at least one other position, JA 790.        Given these circumstances, the

district court was correct to grant judgment as a matter of law against Tulino on her constructive

discharge claim.


4
        In Green, we noted that “neither an absolute statement nor a direct communication by an ultimate
decisionmaker” of a “termination threat or prediction” is required for a constructive discharge claim, but
did not hold that the arguable presence of a threat automatically makes out such a claim.

                                                    5
                                      *      *      *

       We have considered Tulino’s remaining arguments and find them to be without merit.

Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

                                                 FOR THE COURT:
                                                 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk




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