19-500
Ruesch v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue

                             UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                        SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT.
CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS
PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE
PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A
SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY
MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE
(WITH THE NOTATION ASUMMARY ORDER@). A PARTY CITING TO A
SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT
REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

      At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit,
held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the
City of New York, on the 12th day of February, two thousand twenty.

PRESENT: DENNIS JACOBS,
         RICHARD J. SULLIVAN,
               Circuit Judges,
         JESSE M. FURMAN,
               District Judge. 

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
VIVIAN RUESCH,

                                 Petitioner‐Appellant,

                        v.                                       No. 19‐500‐ag

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE,

                                 Respondent‐Appellee.
‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐



 Judge Jesse M. Furman of the United States District Court for the Southern District of
New York, sitting by designation.
FOR APPELLANT:                          FRANK       AGOSTINO,       Agostino         &
                                        Associates, P.C., Hackensack, N.J.

FOR APPELLEE:                           MARION E.M. ERICKSON, Attorney
                                        (Michael J. Haungs, Attorney, on the brief),
                                        for Richard E. Zuckerman, Principal Deputy
                                        Assistant Attorney General, Tax Division,
                                        U.S. Department of Justice, Washington,
                                        D.C.

      Appeal from an order of the United States Tax Court (Michael B. Thornton,

Judge) dismissing the case and denying Petitioner‐Appellant’s motion to restrain

assessment or collection, or order a refund.

      UPON      DUE      CONSIDERATION,           IT   IS    HEREBY      ORDERED,

ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the order of the United States Tax Court is

AFFIRMED.

      Petitioner‐Appellant Vivian Ruesch (“Appellant”) appeals an order from

the United States Tax Court dismissing her case as moot and for lack of

jurisdiction, and denying her “motion to restrain assessment or collection or to

order refund of amount collected.” Special Appendix (“SPA”) at 8. We assume

the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case,

and the issues on appeal, and recount only those facts necessary to resolve this

appeal.



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      On May 29, 2017, the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) sent Appellant a

“Notice of Levy” related to her income tax for the 2010 tax year. The notice

indicated that the IRS had levied $63 from her state tax refund and applied it to

her outstanding income tax liability for 2010. The notice also informed Appellant

that she still owed $326.66 for her 2010 income taxes, and cautioned that it was

possible the IRS would seize more property if Appellant did not pay the full

amount owed by June 28, 2017. In June 2017, Appellant requested a Collection

Due Process (“CDP”) hearing to challenge the notice. Later in 2017, the Internal

Revenue Appeals Office (“Appeals Office”) conducted a hearing, and on January

3, 2018, sent Appellant a decision letter – which the parties now agree was a notice

of final determination (“Notice of Determination”) for the Notice of Levy –

concluding that, while the Notice of Levy was appropriate, Appellant’s “account

ha[d] been resolved” given that she had paid her 2010 income tax liability in full.

App’x at 18. Notwithstanding this favorable disposition, Appellant appealed the

Notice of Determination to the Tax Court on January 31, 2018.

      On February 12, 2018, the IRS sent Appellant another notice, this time

informing her that it had assessed a $10,000 civil penalty against her pursuant to

26 U.S.C. § 6038(b) for failure to file a Form 5471, Information Return of U.S.



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Persons with Respect to Certain Foreign Corporations, in the 2010 tax year. Unlike

the Notice of Levy, which focused exclusively on Appellant’s 2010 income tax

liability, the § 6038(b) penalty arose from her failure to file the Form 5471 with

respect to a corporation in which Appellant’s husband had an interest. Following

the § 6038(b) notice, Appellant requested another CDP hearing as to this penalty;

to date, no hearing has yet been scheduled, or determination made, by the IRS.

      On January 30, 2019, the Tax Court concluded that Appellant’s appeal of the

January 3, 2018 Notice of Determination was moot because she no longer owed

income tax for the 2010 tax year, and the IRS was “no longer pursuing any

collection action with respect to those liabilities.” SPA at 5. The Tax Court also

concluded that it lacked jurisdiction to consider her challenges to the § 6038(b) civil

penalty, because that penalty constituted a “separate and distinct” action from her

2010 income tax liability, and because the Appeals Office had not yet made a

determination regarding that penalty. Appellant now appeals that 2019 decision,

arguing that the Tax Court should have reviewed the § 6038(b) penalty, and that

res judicata precludes the Commissioner from pursuing that penalty in the future.

      We review the Tax Court’s legal conclusions, including its interpretation of

statutes “delimiting the scope of its own jurisdiction,” de novo, Maier v. Comm’r,



                                          4


, 363 (2d Cir. 2004), and its factual findings for clear error, see Wright

v. Comm’r, 

, 219 (2d Cir. 2009). “The Tax Court is a court of limited

jurisdiction that possesses only those powers expressly conferred upon it by

Congress; it may exercise jurisdiction only pursuant to specific legislative

enactments.” Wright v. Comm’r, 

, 219 (2d Cir. 2009). Congress has

provided that “[t]he Tax Court shall have no jurisdiction . . . to enjoin any action

or proceeding unless a timely appeal has been filed . . . and then only in respect of

the unpaid tax or proposed levy to which the determination being appealed

relates.” 26 U.S.C. § 6330(e).

      An appeal to the Tax Court is generally considered moot when the unpaid

tax liability has been paid, the respondent is no longer seeking the proposed levy,

or the petitioner is no longer seeking a refund of amounts previously levied. See

Greene‐Thapedi v. Comm’r, 

, 7 (2006) (collecting cases). “[I]f a case raises

a question within the jurisdictional purview of the [T]ax [C]ourt, and that question

is subsequently resolved, the case is moot notwithstanding the existence of other

live controversies between the taxpayer and the IRS that do not fall within the

[T]ax [C]ourt’s jurisdiction.” Willson v. Comm’r, 

, 320 (D.C. Cir. 2015);

see 

(concluding that the Tax Court wrongly dismissed a



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case as moot when it still had jurisdiction to resolve an issue raised prior to the

CDP hearing).

      On appeal, Appellant contends that her case is not moot because she is still

challenging the $10,000 penalty assessed by the IRS on February 12, 2018. Relying

on a series of academic articles, Appellant essentially argues that the Tax Court

can hear all issues relevant to the 2010 tax period, and the § 6038(b) penalty falls

within this category because the form she allegedly failed to file – the Form 5471 –

would generally be attached to the 2010 Form 1040. In Wright, however, we held

that the Tax Court ought to consider all issues over which it has statutory

jurisdiction that were “final” as part of the Notice of 

. This is because the Tax Court’s jurisdiction “depends upon the issuance of a

valid notice of determination . . . .” Kaplan v. Comm’r, 552 F. App’x 77, 78 (2d Cir.

2014); see also Freije v. Commʹr, 

, 25 (2005) (concluding that the Tax

Court’s “jurisdiction is defined by the scope of [a notice of] determination” issued

by the Appeals Office).

      Here, the Notice of Determination was issued on January 3, 2018, well before

the § 6038(b) penalty was assessed on February 12, 2018. Therefore, it was

impossible for the $10,000 penalty to be considered at the CDP hearing, or for the



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Appeals Office to decide through the Notice of Determination whether

Appellant’s challenges to that penalty were meritorious. Following the Court’s

logic in Wright, we agree with the Commissioner that the January 3, 2018 Notice

of Determination was not the IRS’s final determination as to the § 6038(b) penalty.

Absent such a final determination, the Tax Court lacked jurisdiction over the

§ 6038(b) penalty and therefore properly dismissed the case. Of course, Appellant

may continue to challenge the § 6038(b) penalty at another CDP hearing, to which

the Commissioner concedes she is entitled to, see 26 C.F.R. § 301.6330‐1(d), and

which is “in process,” Commissioner’s Brief at 25. It is in that proceeding, not here,

that Appellant should press her argument that the § 6038(b) penalty is barred by

res judicata, an issue on which we intimate no view.

      We have considered the rest of Appellant’s arguments and find them to be

without merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the decision of the Tax Court.

                                 FOR THE COURT:
                                 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court




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