RWI filed a motion for contempt sanctions, arguing that the preliminary injunction forbade Mrs. Woods' involvement with Alexander and Let's Play Dolls. After discovery and a four-day hearing, the district court rejected most of RWI's contentions, finding only one violation of the preliminary injunction: dissemination of the Alice Darling announcement. The district court awarded RWI $107,000 in damages, which reflected the time and expense RWI's management incurred preparing for the contempt proceeding. Attorneys' fees of $68,707.52 were also awarded. Mrs. Woods and Alexander now appeal.

The district court had jurisdiction over RWI's claims under 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1338 and 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1367. This court has appellate jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1291. See United States Steel Corp. v. Fraternal Ass'n of Steel Haulers, 601 F.2d 1269, 1272 (3d Cir.1979).

II.

The district court found that Mrs. Woods and Alexander did not respect the injunction in three ways. First, "[d]efendants promoted and advertised that dolls manufactured by Alexander were designed by Mrs. Woods by identifying 'Alice Darling' as Mrs. Woods and as the designer of 'Let's Play Dolls.' " Robin Woods, Inc. v. Woods, 815 F. Supp. 856, 868 (W.D.Pa.1992). This, the district court said, violated paragraph one of the injunction which forbids "promoting or advertising ... dolls manufactured by Alexander ... which ... are ... identified with Robin F. Woods." Second, "[d]efendants, by their promotional campaign, designated or identified specific dolls manufactured by Alexander for which Mrs. Woods provided services." Id. This, the district court said, violated paragraph five of the injunction which forbids "designating or identifying any specific dolls ... for which Robin F. Woods provided services." Third, "[d]efendants identified Mrs. Woods as having provided services for the dolls of the 'Let's Play Dolls' line ... in ... promotion of the doll." Id. This, the district court said, violated paragraph eight of the injunction which forbids defendants from "identifying Robin F. Woods as having provided any services for any dolls manufactured by ... Alexander ... in connection with ... promotion of the doll." Id.

Mrs. Woods and Alexander attack the district court's ruling, noting that civil contempt must be proved by clear and convincing evidence; where there is ground to doubt the wrongfulness of the conduct, they insist, there is no contempt. They further claim that they acted in good faith, with the advice of counsel, and without an intent to arrogate RWI's goodwill. Finally, they contend that their use of "Robin Woods" was arguably outside the scope of a vague injunction and consistent with the purpose of the injunction and that this substantial compliance with the injunction renders the finding of contempt inappropriate. We find these arguments unpersuasive.

Contempt, as Mrs. Woods and Alexander correctly note, must be proved by clear and convincing evidence:

The plaintiff has a heavy burden to show a defendant guilty of civil contempt. It must be done by "clear and convincing evidence," and where there is ground to doubt the wrongfulness of the conduct, he should not be adjudged in contempt.

Quinter v. Volkswagen of America, 676 F.2d 969, 974 (3d Cir.1982) (quoting Fox v. Capital Co., 96 F.2d 684, 686 (3d Cir.1938)). In this case, however, there is no ground to doubt the wrongfulness of the conduct--the injunction forbade identification of Mrs. Woods with Alexander's dolls in promotional materials and the Alice Darling announcement made such an identification.

Contrary to Mrs. Woods' and Alexander's assertions, good faith is not a defense to civil contempt. We recently held in Harley-Davidson, Inc. v. Morris, 19 F.3d 142, 148-49 (3d Cir.1994), that "willfulness is not a necessary element of civil contempt," and, accordingly, that "evidence ... regarding ... good faith does not bar the conclusion ... that [the defendant] acted in contempt."

Contemnors, as Mrs. Woods and Alexander correctly note, are sometimes excused when they violate vague court orders: there is a "longstanding salutary rule in contempt cases that ambiguities and omissions in orders redound to the benefit of the person charged with the contempt." Eavenson, Auchmuty & Greenwald v. Holtzman, 775 F.2d 535, 544 (3d Cir.1985). This well established principle does not aid the appellants here, however. While we too perceive some vagueness in paragraph 5 of the injunction, the prohibitions that paragraphs 1 and 8 were intended to impose seem crystal clear to us. As paragraph 8 puts it: "Defendants ... are enjoined from identifying Robin F. Woods as having provided any services for any dolls manufactured by ... Alexander Doll Company ... in connection with any ... promotion of the dolls."

Some courts, as Mrs. Woods and Alexander correctly note, have recognized a substantial compliance defense to contempt citations:

[S]ubstantial compliance with a court order is a defense to an action for civil contempt.... If a violating party has taken 'all reasonable steps' to comply with the court order, technical or inadvertent violations of the order will not support a finding of civil contempt.

General Signal Corp. v. Donallco, Inc., 787 F.2d 1376, 1379 (9th Cir.1986). Even if this court were to recognize substantial compliance as a defense to contempt, however, it would not apply to Mrs. Woods and Alexander. Although Mrs. Woods and Alexander acted in good faith and on the advice of counsel, see Robin Woods, Inc. 815 F. Supp. at 875, their violation was not technical or inadvertent--they consciously chose to associate Mrs. Woods with dolls that Alexander would manufacture. The district court's contempt citation thus must stand.

III.

Mrs. Woods and Alexander dispute the sanctions that the district court imposed on them, maintaining that it was an abuse of discretion to award RWI $68,505.72 in attorneys' fees and $107,000 in damages for the time and expense that RWI's management incurred in preparing for the contempt proceeding. "The standard of our review of a district court sanction for civil contempt is whether the district court abused its wide discretion in fashioning a remedy." Delaware Valley Citizens' Council v. Pennsylvania, 678 F.2d 470, 478 (3d Cir.1982), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 969, 103 S. Ct. 298, 74 L. Ed. 2d 280 (1982).

A.

RWI sought attorneys' fees of $104,062.53 plus an expert witness fee of $11,976.00. The district court awarded only $68,707.52, because "plaintiff was largely unsuccessful on its motion for contempt, sanctions, and attorneys' fees." Mrs. Woods and Alexander maintain that attorneys' fees cannot be awarded to RWI because their conduct, even if contumacious, was not willful--they acted in good faith on the advice of counsel without intent to harm RWI.

Sanctions for civil contempt serve two purposes: "to coerce the defendant into compliance with the court's order and to compensate for losses sustained by the disobedience." McDonald's Corp. v. Victory Investments, 727 F.2d 82, 87 (3d Cir.1984). Compensatory awards seek to ensure that the innocent party receives the benefit of the injunction:

the Court will be guided by the principle that sanctions imposed after a finding of civil contempt to remedy past noncompliance with a decree are not to vindicate the court's authority but to make reparation to the injured party and restore the parties to the position they would have held had the injunction been obeyed.

Hudson Transit Lines, Inc. v. Freund, 509 F. Supp. 1172, 1178 (E.D.N.Y.1981).

Based on this understanding of the functions served by sanctions for civil contempt, we reject the notion that a finding of willfulness is a prerequisite to an award of attorneys' fees against the violator of an injunction. As the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit explained in Cook v. Ochsner Found. Hosp., 559 F.2d 270, 272 (5th Cir.1977):

It matters not whether the disobedience is willful[;] the cost of bringing the violation to the attention of the court is part of the damages suffered by the prevailing party and those costs would reduce any benefits gained by the prevailing party from the court's violated order. Because damages assessed in civil contempt cases are oftentimes compensatory (instead of coercive) the mental state of the violator should not determine the level of compensation due.

Only with an award of attorneys' fees can RWI be restored to the position it would have occupied had Mrs. Woods and Alexander complied with the district court's injunction. Accordingly, accepting both the district court's findings regarding good faith and advice of counsel and the appellants' assertion that they intended no harm to RWI, we find no basis for disturbing the award of attorneys' fees.

B.

The district court ordered Mrs. Woods and Alexander to pay RWI $107,000 as compensation for "management's time and expense in preparing for the contempt litigation." Robin Woods, Inc., 815 F. Supp. at 875. The court explained its decision in this way: "A successful party proving contempt is entitled to recover, by way of civil fine, the expense of investigating the violation of the order [and] preparing for and conducting the contempt proceeding, in addition to attorneys' fees." Id.

The $107,000 figure was based solely on the following testimony from RWI executive David Lamont:

Q. You said you spent some management time preparing for this hearing..... Before coming here did you examin[e] the company's books and records to determine how much time was expended in preparing for this hearing today for the sanctions?

A. Yes, I did.

. . . . .

Q. Let's go to how much time. You said you studied the time and you are familiar with the cost of your time. Is that correct?

A. Sure.... I look at my payroll records, sure.

Q. You are the chief financial officer of the company. Is that correct?

A. Yes.

Q. Now, can you tell this court how much money was expended by the Robin Woods Company on management time, in-house management time, in preparing for the sanctions hearing today?

. . . . .

A. Through the spring and summer, I kept track of the rough proportions of time that each of my key people were spending preparing for this case. I tracked it on a month-by-month basis, and through October it adds up to about $107,000.

Just as attorneys' fee awards are "remedial and designed to compensate complainants for losses incurred as a result of the contemnors' violations," Roe v. Operation Rescue, 919 F.2d 857, 869 (3d Cir.1990), so too are awards to cover the other expenses involved in demonstrating violations. NLRB v. Local 825, Int'l Union of Operating Eng'rs, AFL-CIO, 430 F.2d 1225, 1229 (3d Cir.1970), cert. denied, 401 U.S. 976, 91 S. Ct. 1200, 28 L. Ed. 2d 326 (1971). Thus, there can be no doubt that the district court had the authority to order Mrs. Woods and Alexander to compensate RWI for the time and expense its management incurred in enforcing the district court's injunction.

Turning to the amount of the award, we note that the district court enjoys wide, but not unlimited, discretion in fashioning appropriate compensatory sanctions:

The framing of sanctions for civil contempt is committed to the sound discretion of the trial court.... But this discretion is not unlimited. Compensatory sanctions ... must not exceed the actual loss suffered by the party that was wronged.

Elkin v. Fauver, 969 F.2d 48, 52 (3d Cir.1992), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 113 S. Ct. 473, 121 L. Ed. 2d 379 (1992).

We believe the district court in this case stepped over the line that separates acceptable and unacceptable exercises of discretion. It reduced its award of counsel fees to reflect RWI's limited success and then, without explanation, proceeded to award all of the other expenses incurred by RWI in connection with its contempt motion. For this reason, on the basis of the record, the award of other expenses without an adjustment for the limited degree of RWI's success can only be characterized as arbitrary and we have no choice but to vacate it.1

IV.

We will reverse the judgment of the district court and remand with instructions to enter an order finding appellants in contempt and awarding attorneys' fees of $68,707.52. We leave to the discretion of the district court whether to reopen the record and give further consideration to the application for expenses.

Mrs. Woods was formerly associated with Robin Woods, Inc. (RWI). Mrs. Woods resigned from RWI in December 1991. A federal court, on February 7, 1992, preliminarily ruled that RWI owns the trade name "Robin Woods" and that Mrs. Woods may not use her name to identify any dolls which she designs. Accordingly, Mrs. Woods has assumed a new trade name "Alice Darling" to identify the dolls she designs for the Alexander Doll Company

Because we thus find the award of expenses arbitrary, and because Mr. Lamont's testimony provides no basis for allocating expenses between successful and unsuccessful contentions, it is unnecessary for us to reach the issue of whether that testimony, given its conclusory nature, would otherwise provide sufficient support for an award. We regard that issue as a very close one and express no opinion on it