Kevin Hightower pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to distribute cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. Secs. 841(a)(1) and 846, and one count of possession of a firearm by a felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 922(g)(1). The district court sentenced him as a career offender to 21 years and 10 months of imprisonment, and Hightower appealed from his judgment of conviction and sentence. We affirmed, but later granted rehearing to consider whether a defendant convicted of conspiracy to distribute a controlled dangerous substance is subject to the career offender provisions of the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines.1 Our review is plenary. United States v. Parson, 955 F.2d 858, 863 (3d Cir.1992).

Section 4B1.1 of the Sentencing Guidelines classifies a defendant as a career offender if:

(1) the defendant was at least eighteen years old at the time of the instant offense, (2) the instant offense of conviction is a felony that is either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense, and (3) the defendant has at least two prior felony convictions of either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense.

U.S.S.G. Sec. 4B1.1. The question before us involves the second requirement, specifically, the scope of offenses that fall within the category of a "controlled substance offense."2 The commentary to Sec. 4B1.1 states:

28 U.S.C. Sec. 994(h) mandates that the Commission assure that certain "career" offenders, as defined in the statute, receive a sentence of imprisonment "at or near the maximum term authorized." Section 4B1.1 implements this mandate. The legislative history of this provision suggests that the phrase "maximum term authorized" should be construed as the maximum term authorized by statute....

U.S.S.G. Sec. 4B1.1, comment. (backg'd.) (emphasis added). Based on this commentary, Hightower maintains that the definition of a controlled substance offense is circumscribed by the list of offenses enumerated in "the statute," 28 U.S.C. Sec. 994(h)(1)(B), which does not include conspiracy to distribute a controlled substance in violation of 21 U.S.C. Sec. 846.

Nevertheless, the commentary to Sec. 4B1.1 also states that a controlled substance offense is defined in Sec. 4B1.2, which provides:The term "controlled substance offense" means an offense under a federal or state law prohibiting the manufacture, import, export, distribution, or dispensing of a controlled substance (or a counterfeit substance) or the possession of a controlled substance (or a counterfeit substance) with intent to manufacture, import, export, distribute, or dispense.

U.S.S.G. Sec. 4B1.2(2). The commentary to Sec. 4B1.2 expands the definition to include "the offenses of aiding and abetting, conspiring, and attempting to commit such offenses." U.S.S.G. Sec. 4B1.2, comment, n. 1. Conspiracy to distribute a controlled substance is thus included as a predicate offense for sentencing under the career offender provisions of the Sentencing Guidelines. The question then becomes whether the Sentencing Commission exceeded its statutory authority by expanding the definition of a "controlled substance offense" beyond those offenses specifically listed in 28 U.S.C. Sec. 994(h)(2)(B).

Unlike the guidelines themselves or policy statements, the commentary is not directly authorized in the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984. See Stinson, --- U.S. at ----, 113 S. Ct. at 1917; 28 U.S.C. Secs. 994(a)(1)-(2); U.S.S.G. Ch. 1, Pt. A, 1. In Stinson v. United States, --- U.S. ----, 113 S. Ct. 1913, 123 L. Ed. 2d 598 (1993), however, the Supreme Court addressed "the authoritative weight to be accorded to the commentary to the Sentencing Guidelines." Id. at ----, 113 S.Ct. at 1916. Using the analogy of "an agency's interpretation of its own legislative rule," id. at ----, 113 S.Ct. at 1919, the Stinson Court asserted that

commentary in the Guidelines Manual that interprets or explains a guideline is authoritative unless it violates the Constitution or a federal statute, or is inconsistent with, or a plainly erroneous reading of, that guideline.

Id. at ----, 113 S.Ct. at 1915; see also United States v. Joshua, 976 F.2d 844, 855 (3d Cir.1992) (comparing Sentencing Commission's commentary to administrative agency's interpretation of an ambiguous statute).

Section 1B1.7 of the Sentencing Guidelines attributes the commentary with three different functions:

First, it may interpret the guideline or explain how it is to be applied. Failure to follow such commentary could constitute an incorrect application of the guidelines, subjecting the sentence to possible reversal on appeal. See 18 U.S.C. Sec. 3742. Second, the commentary may suggest circumstances which, in the view of the Commission, may warrant departure from the guidelines. Such commentary is to be treated as the legal equivalent of a policy statement. Finally, the commentary may provide background information, including factors considered in promulgating the guideline or reasons underlying promulgation of the guideline. As with a policy statement, such commentary may provide guidance in assessing the reasonableness of any departure from the guidelines.

U.S.S.G. Sec. 1B1.7. The commentary at issue in Stinson was "interpretive and explanatory" of a portion of the career offender guideline and thus was controlling. See --- U.S. at ----, 113 S. Ct. at 1917-18.3

In this case, the statutory provision referred to in the commentary, 28 U.S.C. Sec. 994(h), provides:

(h) The Commission shall assure that the guidelines specify a sentence to a term of imprisonment at or near the maximum term authorized for categories of defendants in which the defendant is eighteen years old or older and--

(1) has been convicted of a felony that is--

(A) a crime of violence; or(B) an offense described in section 401 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 841), sections 1002(a), 1005, and 1009 of the Controlled Substances Import and Export Act (21 U.S.C. 952(a), 955, and 959), and section 1 of the Act of September 15, 1980 (21 U.S.C. 955a); and

(2) has previously been convicted of two or more prior felonies, each of which is--

(A) a crime of violence; or

(B) an offense described in section 401 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 841), sections 1002(a), 1005, and 1009 of the Controlled Substances Import and Export Act (21 U.S.C. 952(a), 955, and 959), and section 1 of the Act of September 15, 1980 (21 U.S.C. 955a).

The plain language of the statute thus requires the Sentencing Commission to assure that certain offenders receive maximum or near-maximum terms of imprisonment. The problem is that a "controlled substance offense" is not explicitly defined in Sec. 994(h)(1)(B).

The legislative history states that the intent of Sec. 994(h) was to impose "substantial prison terms ... on repeat violent offenders and repeat drug traffickers." S.Rep. No. 225, 98th Cong., 2d Sess. 175 (1983), reprinted in 1984 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3182, 3358; see also United States v. Whyte, 892 F.2d 1170, 1174 (3d Cir.1989). Furthermore, the Senate Report states that subsection (h) is "not necessarily intended to be an exhaustive list of types of cases in which ... terms at or close to authorized maxima should be specified." S.Rep. No. 225, 98th Cong., 2d Sess. 176 (1983), reprinted in 1984 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3182, 3359; see also Parson, 955 F.2d at 867.

We have held that state court convictions can serve as controlled substance offenses under the career offender guideline, and that the Sentencing Commission has the authority to expand the scope of crimes of violence beyond the original congressional definition. In United States v. Whyte, 892 F.2d 1170 (3d Cir.1989), the defendant contended that, for purposes of the career offender guideline, controlled substance offenses were limited to the federal statutes listed in 28 U.S.C. Sec. 994(h) and did not include "convictions obtained under similar or analogous state statutes." Id. at 1174. Whyte rejected this argument, surmising that

[i]f Congress had wanted only convictions under particular federal statutes to serve as predicate offenses, it could have said so quite simply. Instead, Congress referred to 'offenses described in'--not 'convictions obtained under'--those statutes.

Id. Additionally, the court reasoned that the purpose underlying Sec. 994(h) and the possibility of prosecution under 21 U.S.C. Sec. 841 for the same conduct weighed in favor of counting the defendant's state convictions towards career offender status. Id. In Parson, we concluded that Sec. 994(h) served "as a floor for the career offender category, not as a ceiling," 955 F.2d at 867, and that Sec. 994(h) did not bar the Sentencing Commission from including additional predicate offenses within the guideline definition of crimes of violence.

The Commission's authority to implement sentencing policy through the guidelines, however, is not coextensive with its authority to do so through commentary. As discussed above, the function of commentary is to (1) explain or interpret the guidelines, (2) suggest circumstances warranting departure from the guidelines and (3) provide background information on the guidelines. In contrast, "[t]he guidelines provide direction as to the appropriate type of punishment--probation, fine, or term of imprisonment--and the extent of the punishment imposed." Stinson, --- U.S. at ----, 113 S. Ct. at 1917. If "commentary and the guideline it interprets are inconsistent[,] ... the Sentencing Reform Act itself commands compliance with the guideline." Id. at ----, 113 S.Ct. at 1918 (citing 18 U.S.C. Secs. 3553(a)(4), (b)); accord United States v. Vea-Gonzales, 999 F.2d 1326, 1330 (9th Cir.1993); United States v. Mandarelli, 982 F.2d 11, 13 (1st Cir.1992). The Supreme Court explained in Stinson that

[a]lthough amendments to guidelines provisions are one method of incorporating revisions, another method open to the Commission is amendment of the commentary, if the guideline which the commentary interprets will bear the construction. Amended commentary is binding on the federal courts even though it is not reviewed by Congress, and prior judicial constructions of a particular guideline cannot prevent the Commission from adopting a conflicting interpretation that satisfies the standard we set forth today.

--- U.S. at ----, 113 S. Ct. at 1919 (emphasis added).

Although we have not addressed the question presented in this appeal,4 other courts of appeals have, reaching differing results. In United States v. Price, 990 F.2d 1367 (D.C.Cir.1993), the court analyzed the applicability of the career offender provisions to a conviction for conspiracy to commit an offense against the United States in violation of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 371. The Price court asserted that

Price clearly qualified as [a career offender] under the definitions supplied by Sec. 4B1.2 of the Guidelines and its Application Notes. However, because the Sentencing Commission adopted Secs. 4B1.1 & 4B1.2 solely in an effort to fulfill the mandate of 28 U.S.C. Sec. 994(h), and Sec. 994(h) plainly fails to reach conspiracies to commit controlled substance crimes, we vacate the sentence and remand the case to the district court for resentencing.

Id. at 1368. Although some courts had accepted without comment the commentary's inclusion of conspiracy as a controlled substance offense,5 the Price court concluded that the Commission had fashioned the career offender provisions "solely as an implementation of Sec. 994(h)," and had "acted explicitly upon grounds that do not sustain its action." 990 F.2d at 1369-70. Recognizing that the Commission may have discretionary authority under 28 U.S.C. Sec. 994(a) to specify long terms of imprisonment for defendants not specifically covered under Sec. 994(h), the Price court nevertheless held that the commentary to Sec. 4B1.1 was "beyond the Commission's authority under Sec. 994(h)." Id. at 1369.

In United States v. Heim, 15 F.3d 830 (9th Cir.1994), however, the court explicitly held that "the Sentencing Commission did not exceed its statutory authority in including conspiracy within the definition of 'controlled substance offense' in Secs. 4B1.1 and 4B1.2." Id. at 832. The Heim court's reasoning was twofold. First, it noted that "[n]owhere in the commentary to Sec. 4B1.1 does the Commission suggest that it considered Sec. 994(h) to be the sole legal authority for promulgating the career offender guidelines." Id. at 832 (emphasis added).6 Second, the Heim court asserted that "[t]he Commission's decision to go beyond the mandate of Sec. 994(h) is also consistent with the legislative history to Sec. 994(h)." 15 F.3d at 832.

In United States v. Baker, 16 F.3d 854 (8th Cir.1994), the court agreed that "Sec. 994(h) does not define the only crimes for which the Commission may specify a sentence at or near the maximum; it merely declares that the enumerated crimes must be so treated." Id. at 857. The Baker court also expressed "serious doubts about Price's conclusion, derived solely from the commentary, that the only purpose of the career offender Guideline was to implement Sec. 994(h)." Id. Finally, in United States v. Liranzo, 944 F.2d 73 (2d Cir.1991), the court held that the defendant's prior conviction for the attempted criminal possession of cocaine was a controlled substance offense under the "plain language" of the commentary to Sec. 4B1.2 of the guidelines. Id. at 78.

We think that the commentary's expansion of the definition of a controlled substance offense to include inchoate offenses is not "inconsistent with, or a plainly erroneous reading of" Sec. 4B1.2(2) of the Sentencing Guidelines, and that it does not "violate[ ] the Constitution or a federal statute." Stinson, --- U.S. at ----, 113 S. Ct. at 1915. This commentary explains how the guideline should be applied, and we therefore hold that it is binding. The commentary to Sec. 4B1.1, however, is not explanatory or interpretive; rather, this commentary simply provides background information on the career offender guideline. We decline to interpret the commentary to Sec. 4B1.1 in a way that is contrary to the text and legislative history of 28 U.S.C. Sec. 994(h), and which would nullify the commentary to Sec. 4B1.2.

For all these reasons, we will affirm Hightower's judgment of conviction and sentence.