Defendant William M. Dorsey pled guilty to three counts of bank robbery. On June 4, 1998, the district court sentenced him as a career offender under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1 because of his prior convictions of aggravated and simple assault. Defendant challenges the sentence on the ground that a Pennsylvania simple assault is not a "crime of violence" for purposes of the career offender guideline.

Whether a particular crime constitutes a crime of violence is a question of law and the Court's review is plenary. U.S. v. McQuilkin, 97 F.3d 723, 727 (3d Cir.1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1253, 117 S. Ct. 2413, 138 L. Ed. 2d 178 (1997). The burden is on the government to prove guideline enhancements by a preponderance of the evidence. U.S. v. Miele, 989 F.2d 659, 663 (3d Cir.1993).

Whether simple assault qualifies as a predicate offense for purposes of the career offender guideline is an issue of first impression for the Third Circuit. The Eastern District of Pennsylvania has held that it does. U.S. v. Watson, No. CRIM. 92-672, 1993 WL 287621, at * 4 (E.D.Pa. July 23, 1993). See also U.S. v. Pratt, 913 F.2d 982, 993 (1st Cir.1990) (simple assault constituted career offender predicate).

Under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1, a defendant is a career offender if (1) the defendant was at least 18 years of age at the time he committed the instant offense of conviction; (2) the instant offense is a felony that is either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense; and (3) the defendant has at least two prior felony convictions of either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense. As to the first two elements, bank robbery is a crime of violence and the defendant was over 18 when he committed the instant offense. As to the third element, defendant's prior conviction for aggravated assault constitutes one of the predicate offenses. McQuilkin, 97 F.3d at 728. Therefore, the question is whether one of defendant's two convictions for simple assault constitutes the second predicate offense.

Section 4B1.1 states that the predicate offense must be a "prior felony conviction." Application Note 3 to section 4B1.2 states that, for purposes of determining career offender status under the guidelines, a "prior felony conviction" is one that is "a prior adult federal or state conviction for an offense punishable by death or imprisonment for a term exceeding one year, regardless of whether such offense is specifically designated as a felony and regardless of the actual sentence imposed." As a second degree misdemeanor, the defendant's simple assault is punishable by a term of imprisonment for a term of more than one year. See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 1104. Therefore, the defendant's conviction for simple assault is a felony for purposes of section 4B1.1.

The sole remaining issue is whether simple assault is a "crime of violence." A "crime of violence" includes an offense that (1) "has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another" or (2) "... involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another." U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a). In Pennsylvania, a person is guilty of "simple assault" if he "(1) attempts to cause or intentionally, knowingly or recklessly causes bodily injury to another; (2) negligently causes bodily injury to another with a deadly weapon; or (3) attempts by physical menace to put another in fear of imminent serious bodily injury." 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2701(a). Because all three parts of Pennsylvania's definition of simple assault necessarily involve "conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury," a conviction under the statute is one for a "crime of violence." See Pratt, 913 F.2d at 993.

Defendant argues his conviction for simple assault cannot constitute a predicate offense because he could have been convicted if he recklessly caused bodily injury and a conviction for reckless injury does not fit within the definition of "crime of violence." That simple assault can be committed recklessly does not mean the conduct does not present a serious potential risk of physical injury. First, the Pennsylvania penal code states "a person acts recklessly with respect to a material element of an offense when he consciously disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the material element exists or will result from his conduct." 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 302 (1998). Second, purely reckless crimes may count as predicate offenses for purposes of career offender guideline. McQuilkin, 97 F.3d at 729; U.S. v. Parson, 955 F.2d 858, 874 (3d Cir.1992).

Defendant also argues the sentence should be vacated because the court did not consider the facts contained in the charging documents. However, sentencing judges are not required to examine the actual underlying behavior when conducting career offender analysis. McQuilkin, 97 F.3d at 727. See also Taylor v. U.S., 495 U.S. 575, 601, 110 S. Ct. 2143, 109 L. Ed. 2d 607 (1990) ("the practical difficulties and potential unfairness of a factual approach are daunting").

The sentence entered June 4, 1998 will be affirmed.