Opinions of the United
2003 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


7-18-2003

USA v. Lacroix
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 02-3490




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"USA v. Lacroix" (2003). 2003 Decisions. Paper 356.
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                                                              NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT


                                     No. 02-3490




                          UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                          v.

                             CHRISTOPHER LACROIX,

                                                     Appellant




     ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
                       DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY
                        (Dist. Court No. 02-cr-00177)
                 District Court Judge: Joseph A. Greenaway


                      Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                   June 16, 2003
                  Before: ALITO, ROTH, and HALL1 , Circuit Judges


                             OPINION OF THE COURT

                            (Opinion filed: July 17, 2003)

ALITO, Circuit Judge:

             Christopher LaCroix pled guilty to a single count of knowingly receiving


      1
       The Honorable Cynthia H. Hall, Senior Circuit Judge for the United States Court
of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, sitting by designation.
stolen money that had crossed state lines, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2315 and 2, and

was sentenced to 85 months’ imprisonment and fined $100,000. In this appeal, he argues

that the District Court erred by increasing his offense level by two levels for willful

obstruction of justice, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1, and by not excusing him from the

$100,000 fine on the ground that he would be unable to pay. We affirm.

              LaCroix’s conviction was based on his receipt of approximately $3,700,000

in cash that had been stolen from the Humboldt Bancorp of Eureka, California, by

Michael Schwartz, the late owner of two businesses that serviced ATMs in New York and

New Jersey. In early December 2001, Schwartz attempted to rent an apartment in West

Palm Beach, Florida, using an assumed name. The rental agent told Schwartz that she

could not help him, but referred him to her boyfriend, LaCroix. Schwartz then paid

LaCroix $10,000 in cash to rent a room in his apartment for three months. Schwartz

bought new furniture and a large screen television and proceeded to drink heavily. He

died on Christmas Day, 2001, but not before he had given LaCroix approximately

$60,000 for safekeeping and a $2,000 Christmas gift. After Schwartz’s death, LaCroix

discovered $90,000 among Schwartz’s effects and $3,500,000 in Schwartz’s van. He

removed this money and placed all or most of it in a storage locker. When LaCroix was

initially questioned by the authorities, he claimed that the only cash he had received from

Schwartz was $1,800 in rent. When LaCroix told authorities about Schwartz’s van, he

omitted to mention the $3,500,000 that he had removed from the van and provided a



                                              2
physical description of a fictitious accomplice named “Scot.” On December 31, 2001,

federal agents told LaCroix that Schwartz had been implicated in the theft of $5,000,000

in cash. After the interview, LaCroix moved $3,000,000 from the storage locker to a

different hiding place in an abandoned house. On January 4, 2002, federal agents

recovered $68,000 from a safety deposit box rented by LaCroix and $3,000,000 from the

abandoned house. LaCroix was arrested on January 9, 2002. He subsequently provided

agents with information that led to the recovery of $540,000 from the rented storage

locker.

              The presentence report (“PSR”) noted that LaCroix had given misleading

statements to investigators and recommended increasing his offense level, pursuant to

U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1 (2001). PSR § 30. The PSR expressed reservations about LaCroix’s

ability to pay a fine in addition to the approximately $1,300,000 in restitution due

Humboldt Bancorp. 

The District Court sentenced LaCroix to 85 months’

imprisonment and fined him $100,000, but did not order restitution, on the ground that

the government had not offered the required proof by a preponderance of the evidence

that LaCroix had ever possessed more cash than was recovered.2 App. at 39-42.

              “We review a district court's factual determination of willful obstruction of

justice for clear error, and its legal interpretation and application of the sentencing




          2
       Of the almost $5,000,000 stolen by Schwartz, around $3,700,000 was recovered
from LaCroix.

                                               3
guidelines under a plenary standard.” United States v. Powell, 

, 467 (3d Cir.

1997). A determination that a defendant wilfully obstructed justice is not clearly

erroneous unless it is “completely devoid of credible evidentiary basis or bears no rational

relationship to the supporting data.” United States v. Haut, 

, 218 (3d Cir.

1997) (quotation mark omitted). The government bears the burden of proving wilful

obstruction by a preponderance of the evidence. United States v. Belletiere, 

, 965 (3d Cir. 1992).

              Section 3C1.1 of the Sentencing Guidelines directs the sentencing court to

increase the offense level by two if it finds that “the defendant willfully obstructed or

impeded, or attempted to obstruct or impede, the administration of justice during the

course of the investigation, prosecution, or sentencing of the instant offense.” U.S.S.G. §

3C1.1. The commentary following Section 3C1.1 offers “a non-exhaustive list of

examples of the types of conduct to which this adjustment applies”, which includes the

“providing [of] a materially false statement to a law enforcement officer that significantly

obstructed or impeded the official investigation or prosecution of the instant offense.” 

              LaCroix claims that the District Court erred because his actions obstructed

the investigation solely in its initial stages and he subsequently “helped significantly with

the recovery of the missing funds.” Appellant’s Br. at 13. The record does not support

this contention. In the weeks before his arrest, LaCroix provided many “materially false



                                              4
statement[s] to . . . law enforcement officer[s] that significantly obstructed or impeded the

official investigation or prosecution of the instant offense.” U.S.S.G. § 3 C1.1, cmt. n.4.

For example, LaCroix did not at first tell authorities that he had been given any cash by

Schwartz, other than $1,800 in rent. He also did not disclose the names of friends and

family to whom he had given portions of Schwartz’s cash. Furthermore, LaCroix did not

mention the existence of Schwartz’s van until after he had emptied it of $3,500,000 and

placed the cash in a storage locker. He also told federal agents that an individual named

“Scott” had driven Schwartz’s van, a statement that he knew to be untrue and that was

bound to impede the investigation. On December 31, 2001, after federal investigators

informed him that Schwartz was a suspect in a $5,000,000 bank theft, LaCroix transferred

$3,000,000 to a new hiding place in an abandoned house. Finally, it was only after he had

been taken into custody that LaCroix told authorities about the $540,000 remaining in the

storage locker.3 Based on the preceding, we cannot say that the District Court’s finding

that the government had met its burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence

that LaCroix willfully obstructed the investigation bore “no rational relationship to the

supporting data.” 

.

              LaCroix further argues that, because the majority of the stolen money was

eventually recovered, he should be exempted from Section 3C1.1. Appellant’s Br. at 13-




       3
         LaCroix may have also misled authorities about the whereabouts of $1,300,000
of stolen cash that remains unaccounted for.

                                              5
14. There is nothing in the language of Section 3C1.1 to support this interpretation. To

the contrary, Section 3C1.1 directs the sentencing court to consider whether the

“defendant willfully obstructed or impeded, or attempted to obstruct or impede, the

administration of justice during the course of the investigation.” U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1

(emphasis added). LaCroix’s many misleading statements to the authorities were, if

nothing else, attempts to obstruct or impede the investigation.

              In sum, the District Court did not err by applying a two-level enhancement

for wilful obstruction of justice, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1.

              LaCroix next argues that the District Court erred in fining him $100,000,

when there was evidence in the PSR that he would be unable to pay that amount.

Appellant’s Br. at 15. Section 5E1.2(a) of the Sentencing Guidelines provides that “[t]he

court shall impose a fine in all cases, except where the defendant establishes that he is

unable to pay and is not likely to become able to pay any fine.” U.S.S.G. § 5E1.2(a).

Because LaCroix did not object to the fine on the ground that he would be unable to pay,

we review the imposition and amount of the fine for plain error. United States v. Torres,

, 313 (3d Cir. 2000). 4 Accordingly, we will not correct any error “unless the

error ‘seriously affect[s] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial

proceedings.’” United States v. Olano, 

, 732 (1993) (quoting United States v.




       4
       At sentencing, LaCroix merely stated that he “need[ed] to object to the fine in the
amount of $100,000”, without stating any ground for his objection. App. at 43.

                                               6
Young, 

, 15 (1985)).

              LaCroix argues that the Court should have found that the judgments and

liens listed in the PSR, in the amount of approximately $40,000, would make it

impossible for him to pay the $100,000 fine. Appellant’s Br. at 16. We note that the PSR

also records that LaCroix’s income was about $40,000 per year and that he was expected

to be able to return to work upon his release from prison. The Court’s imposition of a

$100,000 fine on a single individual who owes an amount equal to his annual income,

$40,000, is not an error that “seriously affect[s] the fairness, integrity or public reputation

of judicial proceedings.’” 

.

              For the foregoing reasons, the Court did not err when it applied the two-

level enhancement for obstruction of justice provided in Section 3C1.1 of the Sentencing

Guidelines and when it did not find, sua sponte, that LaCroix would be unable to pay the

$100,000 fine.




                                               7
TO THE CLERK OF THE COURT:

    Kindly file the foregoing Not Precedential Opinion.




                                 /s/ Samuel A. Alito
                                     Circuit Judge