This appeal by Cordis Corp. ("Cordis"), the defendant in a patent infringement lawsuit brought against it by Medtronic AVE, Inc. ("Medtronic AVE"), requires us to decide whether Cordis's claim that it has a license to use certain patents should be determined by an arbitrator. The District Court held that the dispute was not arbitrable, and enjoined arbitration. We will vacate and remand Because the parties are fully familiar with the background facts and procedural history we need not set them forth, and limit our discussion to our ratio decidendi.1

Medtronic AVE's suit alleges that Cordis is infringing certain patents (the "Boneau patents") in the field of coronary stents. Cordis asserts as one of its defenses that it has a license to use the patents under a Settlement and License Agreement (the "Agreement") that it entered into with the parent corporation of Medtronic AVE to settle prior litigation.2 At the District Court, Cordis sought to stay the proceedings in the infringement suit and compel arbitration on the issue of its license defense. Medtronic AVE opposed. The District Court first held that the dispute was arbitrable, but then on reconsideration held that it was not. The District Court entered an order enjoining arbitration, and denied Cordis's motion to stay its proceedings. Cordis appeals to this Court under 9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(1)(A), which provides for interlocutory review of an order "refusing a stay of any action" pending arbitration.

The contract dispute at issue is governed by state law (New York law, under § 11.04 of the Agreement), though we are also guided by cases decided under the Federal Arbitration Act, codified as amended at 9 U.S.C. § 1-16. These cases, which lay down the overarching principles by which arbitration clauses are interpreted, are Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Construction Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 24 (1983) (explaining that there is a "liberal federal policy favoring arbitration"); AT&T Technologies, Inc. v. Communications Workers of America, 475 U.S. 643, 650 (1986) ("`[An] order to arbitrate ... should not be denied unless it may be said with positive assurance that the arbitration clause is not susceptible of an interpretation that covers the asserted dispute.'" (quoting United Steelworkers of Am. v. Warrior & Gulf Navigation Co., 363 U.S. 574, 582-83 (1960))); First Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 943 (1995) ("[A]rbitration is simply a matter of contract between the parties; it is a way to resolve those disputes — but only those disputes — that the parties have agreed to submit to arbitration."); and Suter v. Munich Reinsurance Co., 223 F.3d 150, 155 (3d Cir.2000) ("`Any doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration.'" (quoting Patten Sec. Corp. v. Diamond Greyhound & Genetics, Inc., 819 F.2d 400, 405-07 (3d Cir.1987))).

These are useful guidelines, and they are all easily satisfied in this case because we conclude that the contract clearly makes this dispute arbitrable. Two provisions from the agreement command our attention. First is language from Article V, which is captioned "Resolution of Patent Disputes":

In addition [to other provisions specific to certain enumerated patents], any dispute, claim, or controversy arising under this Agreement which relates to patent matters, the resolution of which is not specifically provided for [in another part of the Agreement], shall be resolved pursuant to binding arbitration....

Agreement § 5.02. Second is language from Article X, which is captioned "Alternative Dispute Resolution":

Any dispute, claim, or controversy ("disputes") arising from or relating to this Agreement or alleged breaches thereof (excluding all disputes related to patent matters, such as all disputes related in whole or in part to a Licensed Patent or any patent alleged to be a Licensed Patent or related to whether a product is in the Field, which disputes shall be resolved pursuant to Article V) ... shall be resolved by binding Alternative Dispute Resolution....

Agreement § 10.01. Article X and Article V provide (in sections we have not reproduced) somewhat different procedures for dispute resolution.

We agree with Cordis that Article X establishes a seamless division of "dispute[s], claim[s], [and] controvers[ies]" into two classes: Those that are arbitrable under Article X and those that are arbitrable under Article V, the latter being "disputes related to patent matters." So long as a dispute "aris[es] from or relat[es] to" the Agreement, it must be arbitrated under either Article V or Article X. There is simply no basis in the plain language of the Agreement for Medtronic AVE's contention that there is an unspoken third category of disputes (to which putative class the instant dispute would belong) that is not governed by either Article V or Article X. This is not "Scylla and Charybdis" where one may pass in the narrow channel between; rather, in the Agreement, "all roads lead to Rome," for the license issue is either subject to Article V, or if it is not subject to Article V, then it is necessarily subject to Article X.

These conclusions, of course, depend upon the accuracy of the proposition that the dispute in question "aris[es] from or relat[es] to" the Agreement. The District Court held on reconsideration that, this being a licensing agreement, only disputes about licensed patents would "aris[e] from or relat[e] to" the Agreement. Since the Court concluded that the Boneau patents were not licensed under the Agreement (and hence not covered by the Agreement), it held that this dispute did not arise from the Agreement, and hence was not arbitrable. Medtronic AVE endorses this reasoning on appeal. We disagree.

Preliminarily, we note the longstanding rule that courts "have no business weighing the merits" of the issue proposed to be arbitrated. United Steelworkers of Am. v. Am. Mfg. Co., 363 U.S. 564, 568 (1960). This was, as the District Court recognized, the effect of its ruling on reconsideration. This alone does not render the District Court's analysis incorrect, for there may be cases in which a preliminary ruling on the merits is unavoidable. In this case, however, a review of (and ruling on) the merits was entirely unnecessary because the District Court erred in its construction of the Agreement's "arising from" language.

We give an expansive interpretation to "arising from." As we explained in Battaglia v. McKendry, 233 F.3d 720, 727 (3d Cir.2000), "when phrases such as `arising under' and `arising out of' appear in arbitration provisions, they are normally given broad construction." Coupled with our usual strong presumption in favor of arbitrability, see, e.g., Sharon Steel Corp. v. Jewell Coal & Coke Co., 735 F.2d 775, 778 (3d Cir.1984), a clause providing for the arbitration of all matters "arising from" an agreement overwhelmingly suggests that a given dispute is arbitrable. Cordis also directs us to interpretations of similar language in a variety of other arbitration agreements. For example, in Sweet Dreams Unlimited, Inc. v. Dial-A-Mattress International, Inc., 1 F.3d 639, 642 (7th Cir.1993), the Court interpreted an arbitration clause applying to disputes "arising out of the agreement" as covering "any dispute between the contracting parties that is in any way connected with their contract."3

Moreover, as arbitration clauses are close cousins of jurisdictional provisions, we can look to the "arising under" language of Article III, section 2 of the United States Constitution. "A case `arises' under the Constitution or a law of the United States ... whenever its correct decision depends on the construction of either." Black's Law Dictionary 108 (6th ed. 1990). Adapting that principle to this case, a dispute will "aris[e] from" the Agreement whenever the correct resolution of the dispute depends on the construction of the Agreement. The validity of Cordis's license defense unquestionably turns on the construction of the Agreement.

This interpretation is confirmed by the language of the Agreement itself. As quoted above, § 10.01 of the Agreement carves out (in the "excluding ..." clause) certain disputes from the coverage of Article X. Of course, something can be excluded only if it would otherwise be included, and so disputes "related to patent matters, such as disputes related in whole or in part to a Licensed Patent or any patent alleged to be a Licensed Patent" must be a subset of the larger set of disputes "arising from or relating to this Agreement or alleged breaches thereof." Because Cordis seeks to arbitrate a "dispute related ... in part to... [a] patent alleged to be a Licensed Patent," the question whether Cordis enjoys a license to the Boneau patents does indeed arise under the Agreement, and hence is arbitrable.

New York law, which governs our interpretation of the Agreement, unquestionably supports this interpretation. In Shaw Group Inc. v. Triplefine International Corp., 322 F.3d 115, 120 (2d Cir.2003), the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit applied New York law to interpret an arbitration clause which provided that "[a]ll disputes [between the parties] concerning or arising out of this Agreement shall be referred to arbitration." The Court interpreted the "arising out of" language very broadly, holding that it required referring even the issue of arbitrability to the arbitrator. See id. at 121-25. Furthermore, in that discussion, the Court noted that in Smith Barney Shearson Inc. v. Sacharow, 689 N.E.2d 884 (N.Y. 1997), the New York Court of Appeals had broadly construed language providing for the arbitration of "any controversy." Clearly "any dispute, claim, or controversy" (as used in Article X of the Agreement) is at least as expansive as "any controversy" (as used in the Smith Barney Shearson agreement).

Moreover, Medtronic AVE has advanced no plausible argument why the "arising from" language should not be construed this way. By contrast, for example, the plaintiff in Battaglia — who, like Medtronic AVE, sought to avoid arbitration — advanced an argument on appeal that the structure of the agreement at issue rendered the arbitration clause inapplicable to certain matters. See Battaglia, 233 F.3d at 728-29. Medtronic AVE offers no such argument, yet the requirement of "positive assurance" that an arbitration clause is inapplicable places the burden squarely on Medtronic AVE in this case. See AT&T Techs., 475 U.S. at 650 ("`[An] order to arbitrate ... should not be denied unless it may be said with positive assurance that the arbitration clause is not susceptible of an interpretation that covers the asserted dispute.'" (quoting Warrior & Gulf Navigation Co., 363 U.S. at 582-83)). We cannot plausibly say — let alone say with "positive assurance" — that the "arising from" language does not require arbitration of the license issue.

Finally, we note that our decision comports with the long line of cases that hold that arbitrability is ultimately a question for the arbitrator to resolve. See Sharon Steel, 735 F.2d at 779 ("[T]he Federal Arbitration Act gives the arbitrator the power to determine the scope of the arbitration clause as well as the substantive merits of the claim." (citing Acevedo Maldonado v. PPG Indus., 514 F.2d 614, 617 (1st Cir.1975)).

We limit our holding to the arbitrability of the existence vel non of a license to the Boneau patents, but we also note Cordis's counsel's position at oral argument that Cordis seeks to arbitrate only the license issue, and does not argue that Medtronic AVE's entire lawsuit should be referred to arbitration.4 We need not decide whether arbitration in this case should proceed under the provisions of Article V or Article X; the parties may be able to agree between themselves, and if not, the District Court should have the opportunity to resolve that issue in the first instance. And we of course intimate no view on the merits of the controversy. See Am. Mfg. Co., 363 U.S. at 567-68.

The order of the District Court will be vacated, and the case remanded with instructions for the District Court to enter an order compelling arbitration of the license issue. The mandate shall issue forthwith.

I concur in the outcome reached by my colleagues, which vacated the District Court's denial of arbitration. I agree that the District Court erred in reaching the merits of the dispute to decide arbitrability. I also agree that "all roads lead to Rome," i.e., arbitration (though there may be one more road not mentioned in Judge Becker's opinion). But I disagree with my colleagues' blanket statement that arbitrability itself is a question for the arbitrator.

It is unnecessary to leave the resolution of arbitrability to the arbitrator in this case. In Sharon Steel Corp. v. Jewell Coal and Coke Co., 735 F.2d 775, 779 (3d Cir.1984), we did so because "[t]he heart of the problem in th[at] case [wa]s the fact that the question of arbitrability [wa]s intertwined with the merits...." We do not have the same problem here because, as Judge Becker notes, reviewing the merits is wholly unnecessary to decide the question of arbitrability. As a result, the scope (or applicability) of an arbitration agreement is a question for judicial determination. Medtronic AVE, Inc. v. Advanced Cardiovascular Systems, Inc., 247 F.3d 44, 54 (3d Cir.2001) ("[Under the Federal Arbitration Act,] the issue of whether the dispute is within the scope of the agreement requires district court resolution." (citing AT&T Techs., Inc. v. Communication Workers of Am., 475 U.S. 643, 649 (1986); PaineWebber Inc. v. Hartmann, 921 F.2d 507, 510-11 (3d Cir.1990))). There is no harm here, however, for my colleagues and I do decide that the dispute is arbitrable rather than leaving that decision to the arbitrator.

I make one other comment — less substantive but necessarily lengthier. It is that there may be yet another "road to Rome." I begin for background with the dispute (which, of course, we are not deciding). At base, it is whether, under the Settlement and License Agreement, Cordis has a license to the Boneau patents owned by Medtronic AVE.5 If so, Cordis is not infringing these patents by using them.

Medtronic claims that the Boneau patents are not licensed to Cordis. It points to § 1.03 of the Agreement, which defines the patents subject to its cross-licensing provisions. Section 1.03 provides that licensed patents under the Agreement "means any and all patents ... that are... owned by Medtronic or its Affiliates ... on the Effective Date." Medtronic AVE emphasizes that, on "the Effective Date [of the Agreement]" — November 4, 1997 — the Boneau patents were not owned by Medtronic or its Affiliates. Appellee's Br. at 29-30. They belonged to AVE, who was not affiliated with Medtronic at that time. Id. at 30. Thus, Medtronic AVE argues, Medtronic could not have licensed out the patents it did not own as of November 4, 1997. Id. at 30-31.

Cordis counters by pointing out that § 1.01 of the Agreement defines "Affiliate" as "any entity that is controlled by [Medtronic], on the Effective Date or, subject to Sections 11.02(d) or 11.02(e)6 hereof, becomes controlled by such party, after the Effective Date." Appellant's Br. at 13 (footnote and emphasis added). Cordis claims that because AVE, the owner of the Boneau patents, became controlled by Medtronic after November 4, 1997, it is an "Affiliate" of Medtronic under the Agreement whose patents (including Boneau patents) can be licensed by Cordis. Id.

Medtronic AVE does not dispute "Affiliate" includes after-acquired companies such as itself under § 1.01.7 It argues, however, that § 1.01 merely meant to confer the benefit of the cross-license to after-acquired companies without any corresponding obligation to cross-license their patents (such as the Boneau patents). Appellee's Br. at 30. Cordis counters that after-acquired companies are subject to the obligation of licensing their patents, by pointing to § 11.02(a), which provides that the Agreement "shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of Medtronic ... and [its] Affiliates," and "Affiliates" include after-acquired companies. Medtronic AVE does not respond to this argument. It, however, claims that its patents are not covered under § 11.02 because § 11.02(d) (the scrambled carve-out provision quoted in note 2) specifically refers to the products, and not the patents, of major competitors.

I agree with Cordis that this dispute is a merits question that should be decided by the arbitrator, not by our Court.8 If the arguments proceed as set out above, the resolution of that dispute turns on how to read § 1.01 and § 11.02 of the Agreement. Insofar as the resolution of the issue depends on the reading of § 1.01 ("Affiliate"), the issue is arbitrable under Article X, which covers "[a]ny dispute, claim, or controversy ... arising from or relating to this Agreement...." To the extent that the dispute involves interpreting what obligation, if any, is imposed on after-acquired affiliates by § 11.02, the issue is subject to the arbitration clause in § 11.02(g), which provides that "[a]ny dispute, claim, or controversy arising under the provisions of this Section 11.02 shall be resolved pursuant to binding arbitration ... under the provisions of Article X...."

In any event, and under any interpretation, the analytical path leads to arbitration. Thus I concur.