Opinions of the United
2005 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


6-22-2005

Perryman v. H&R Trkng Inc
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 03-4806




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                                                                NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT


                                     No. 03-4806


                             ARTHUR PERRYMAN, JR.,

                                       Appellant

                                           v.

       H & R TRUCKING, INC., and/or; H & R TRUCKING CO., and/or;
        H & R TRUCKING COMPANY OF NORTHFIELD, INC., and/or;
   H&R TRUCKING CO. OF NORTHFIELD, LLC; JOHN DOE OWNER, #1-5;
            JOHN DOE COMPANY, #1-5; JOHN DOE INC., #1-5;
                    RYDER TRUCK RENTAL, INC.;
JOHN DOE OWNER, #6-10; JOHN DOE COMPANY #6-10; JOHN DOE INC., #6-10;
         JEFFREY V. MILLER; JOHN DOE 1-5; RICHARD ROE 1-10;
      RICHARD ROE COMPANY 1-10; RICHARD ROE INC., 1-10 jointly,
                     severally and/or in the alternative


                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                              for the District of New Jersey
                         (D.C. Civil Action No. 01-cv-05860)
                      District Judge: Honorable Freda L. Wolfson


                      Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                    June 9, 2005

        Before: AMBRO, VAN ANTWERPEN and TASHIMA*, Circuit Judges




       * Honorable A. Wallace Tashima, Senior United States Circuit Judge for the Ninth
Circuit Court of Appeals, sitting by designation.
                               (Opinion filed June 22, 2005)




                                         OPINION


AMBRO, Circuit Judge

       Appellant Arthur Perryman filed an action in the District Court for injuries

sustained when his tractor-trailer allegedly was struck by another tractor-trailer driven by

Jeffrey Miller, an employee of H&R Trucking, Inc. After a trial, the jury assessed

comparative responsibility for the accident at 60% for Miller and 40% for Perryman and

determined a gross damages award of $39,000 in Perryman’s favor. Dissatisfied with this

result, Perryman sought a new trial on the basis of, inter alia, several alleged erroneous

evidentiary rulings. The District Court denied this motion and Perryman timely appealed.

For the reasons described below, we reject each of Perryman’s contentions and affirm the

judgment of the District Court.1 Because we write solely for the parties, we do not recite

the facts underlying this appeal.

                                             I.

       Perryman first argues that Miller’s counsel improperly influenced the verdict by

referring in closing argument to evidence not before the jury. Specifically, Perryman

alleges that Miller’s counsel held up a voluminous appendix of Perryman’s medical



  1
   We have jurisdiction to review the District Court’s final order pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §
1291.

                                              2
records that had been admitted into evidence only in part. Perryman does not dispute that

the most relevant portions of that medical history were properly introduced at trial. His

objection is confined to the jury’s exposure to the volume (and, by implication, extent) of

his medical history. This timely objection was rejected by the District Court at trial.

       “‘The remarks of counsel [are] required to be confined to the evidence admitted in

the case. . . . Reversible error is committed when counsel’s closing argument to the jury

introduces extraneous matter that has a reasonable probability of influencing the

verdict.’” Reed v. Philadelphia, Bethlehem & New England R. R. Co., 

,

133-34 (3d Cir. 1991) (quoting Ayoub v. Spencer, 

, 170 (3d Cir.), cert.

denied, 

(1977)). “In matters of trial procedure such as that involved here,

the trial judge is entrusted with wide discretion because he is in a far better position than

we to appraise the effect of the improper argument of counsel.” 

       In this case, we easily conclude that the District Court acted well within its

discretion when it determined that counsel’s physical reference to the appendix did not

produce a reasonable probability of improper influence. In light of the evidence of pre-

existing medical conditions that was properly admitted, we agree with the District Court

that counsel’s errant implication concerning the extent of Perryman’s medical history was

harmless and does not warrant a new trial.

                                           II.

       Perryman next contends that the District Court incorrectly applied Fed. R. Evid.



                                                 3
609(a)(1) when it determined that the prejudicial effect of admitting evidence as to the

nature of Miller’s prior crime outweighed its potential probative value.2 Rule 609(a)(1)

provides that, for the purposes of attacking the credibility of a witness, evidence of the

witness’ conviction of a crime punishable by one or more years in prison is admitted if the

court determines that the probative value of admitting the evidence outweighs its

prejudicial effect. See, e.g., 

. Miller was convicted of sexual

assault, a crime punishable by more than one year of imprisonment. The District Court

concluded that admitting evidence of Miller’s criminal conviction would yield a net

probative effect so long as the specific nature of the crime committed was not disclosed to

the jury.

       We are not swayed by Perryman’s position that the District Court erred by denying

him the opportunity to inform the jury that Miller had been convicted of sexual assault.

Perryman stresses the importance of each witness’ credibility in his case. Likewise, the

District Court properly considered the importance of meaningful credibility assessments

to an informed jury verdict in this case, weighing that interest against the extremely

prejudicial effect that would be caused by the jury’s knowledge of a prior sexual assault

conviction. The District Court concluded that admission of less prejudicial




  2
    With regard to Perryman’s remaining arguments, we review the District Court’s
decision whether to admit evidence for abuse of discretion, but exercise plenary review
over its construction of the Federal Rules of Evidence. United States v. Johnson, 

, 100 (3d Cir. 2004).

                                              4
evidence—namely, the fact of Miller’s conviction of a crime and resulting imprisonment

without further detail—would balance these conflicting interests. App. at 472.

       We endorse the District Judge’s careful approach. Cf. Old Chief v. United States,

(1997) (mandating similar approach under Rule 404 in a prosecution for a

crime that includes felony-convict status as an element, and explaining that in certain

circumstances the admission of evidence pertaining to the name or nature of a conviction

runs afoul of a Rule 403 prejudice balancing). The District Court properly construed

Rule 609 and acted well within the discretion that Rule confers.

                                           III.

       Perryman next objects to the introduction of photographs depicting the tractor-

trailers involved in the accident. Specifically, he argues that, because the photographs did

not reveal any damage to the vehicles and because the jury lacked the expertise required

to assess the extent of personal injuries that might have been caused in spite of the

absence of physical damage to the vehicles, the admission of the photographs was so

prejudicial as to be an abuse of the District Court’s discretion. To be clear, Perryman

asks us to conclude that the District Court abused its discretion by admitting into evidence

photographs of the actual vehicles involved in the accident that gave rise to this

dispute—his lawsuit for damages arising from the accident.

       Rule 403 codifies the evidentiary principle that the probative value and prejudicial

effect of offered evidence must be weighed in determining its admissibility. Under this



                                              5
rule, evidence is excluded only if its prejudicial effect substantially outweighs its

probative value.3 See, e.g., United States v. Universal Rehabilitation Services (PA), Inc.,

, 664–65 (3d Cir. 2000). We have explained that the rule implements a

presumption in favor of admissibility. 

that the District Court failed to adhere to Rule 403 by

admitting the photographs is far off the mark. Surely photographs demonstrating that the

vehicles involved in the accident sustained no physical damage are highly probative in a

case in which, as here, the parties dispute the extent and cause of alleged personal

injuries. Nor is it clear how Perryman was prejudiced by their introduction unless he is

erroneously asserting some right to keep from the jury details of the very accident that

spawned his suit. Far from finding an abuse of discretion by the District Court, we

wonder if the Court could have defensibly ruled otherwise.

       Perryman also argues that Fed. R. Evid. 701 prohibited the District Court from

allowing the photographs to be introduced. Rule 701, entitled “Opinion Testimony by

Lay Witnesses,” applies when a “witness is not testifying as an expert.” We fail to see

how this rule governing testimonial evidence of a layperson’s opinion bears any relevance

to the District Court’s decision to admit photographic evidence. Unfortunately,




  3
    We emphasize yet again that, because of his presence in the courtroom, “[t]he trial
judge, not the appellate judge, is in the best position to assess the extent of the prejudice
caused a party by a piece of evidence.” United States v. Long, 

, 767 (3d Cir.
1978).

                                              6
Perryman’s brief offers little insight to this end. It seems to equate the jury’s deliberative

process—as influenced by the photographic evidence—with opinion testimony by a non-

expert witness and argues that Rule 701 confines not only the scope of admissible

testimony in this context but also, by extension, the type of questions that can properly be

left to the jury to answer. While this metaphorical reasoning is theoretically interesting,

we discern no basis to adopt it. We thus find no error in the District Court’s admission of

the photographs.

                                             IV.

       Perryman next asserts that the Court erred by denying his motion for post-trial

relief and sanctions on the ground of his “fraud against the court” theory. This fraud is

alleged to have occurred when Miller perjured himself before the jury. Perryman argues

that the District Court should have granted him a new trial and imposed sanctions against

Miller when it was revealed in open court that Miller had lied in order to conceal the fact

that he had been incarcerated. As explained by the District Court, it allowed Perryman to

impeach Miller by admitting evidence of his prior conviction and incarceration.4 App. at

872. Perryman nonetheless asserts that he was prejudiced by Miller’s exposed perjury.

The District Court considered and rejected this argument. For the reasons it expressed,

we do the same.




  4
    The District Court further concluded that, although the jury heard evidence of the
perjury, it did not appear to assign significant value to it. App. at 876.

                                              7
       We also conclude that there is no basis upon which to support Perryman’s

argument that the District Court abused its discretion by denying his motion for sanctions

under Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1).

                                            V.

       For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment of the District Court.




                                             8