Plaintiffs William Anderson and Barry Breslin appeal from a final order of the District Court dismissing their civil RICO complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. Anderson and Breslin's extremely detailed twelve-page complaint alleges a convoluted conspiracy involving coercion, intimidation, and power struggles among competing factions in the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT), arising from the rivalry between the late John Morris, former principal officer of Teamsters Local 115, and James Hoffa, the president of the IBT. Anderson and Breslin are Morris loyalists whose opposition to Hoffa allegedly cost them their jobs as special coating operators at Kurz-Hastings, a Local 115 Teamsters shop in Philadelphia. Defendants are Brian Kada and Paul Vanderwoude, Local 115 members allegedly involved in cigarette smuggling, drug sales, illegal gambling, and extortion; Jack Ayling, a member of Teamsters Local 107 who was also allegedly involved in Local 115's racketeering; James Hoffa, president of the IBT; Thomas Kohn, an attorney who numbers the IBT among his clients; and the IBT itself.

The critical issue on appeal is the existence vel non of a proximate causal relationship between the alleged racketeering acts and the claimed injury, which is necessary to satisfy the RICO standing requirement. See 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c). The appeal thus requires us to explore some of the contours of that doctrine. Because we conclude that the proximate cause test is not met, we will affirm the order of the District Court dismissing the complaint.1

Because this is an appeal from a Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal, we treat all of the allegations in the complaint as true. See Hishon v. King & Spalding, 467 U.S. 69, 73, 104 S. Ct. 2229, 81 L. Ed. 2d 59 (1984); Malia v. Gen. Elec. Co., 23 F.3d 828, 830 (3d Cir.1994). We describe in the margin those allegations that are most essential to the plaintiffs' RICO theory, which tell a seamy and confusing story of union corruption and power struggles.2

As the detailed description suggests, plaintiffs allege that the defendants were involved in a protean racketeering conspiracy. The true gravamen of plaintiffs' allegations, however, is that two of the defendants, Ayling and Kada, committed wire fraud by placing telephone calls to IBT investigator Thomas Schatz in which they made various false accusations against Morris, Anderson, and Breslin's brother Michael. Schatz included these accusations in a report to the IBT. According to plaintiffs, Hoffa relied on this report in imposing an emergency trusteeship on Local 115, and Kurz-Hastings relied on the trusteeship notice in terminating plaintiffs' employment. Plaintiffs allege that these acts of wire fraud, as well as other acts of intimidation and coercion, constitute predicate offenses under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Acts, 18 U.S.C. § 1961-1968 (RICO).

At the outset, we judicially notice the fact that a panel of this Court has approved the IBT's decision to impose a trusteeship on Local 115. See Morris v. Hoffa, 361 F.3d 177 (3d Cir.2004). We found there that Hoffa's investigation had discovered evidence that Morris and other members of his faction had committed violent attacks against union members (including Kada), and that Morris had been involved in "financial malpractice," nepotism, threats, assaults, extortion, and embezzlement. Id. at 183-84. The panel therefore had no difficulty in finding that the emergency trusteeship was justified.

Defendants moved to dismiss the complaint under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). The District Court found that, even if plaintiffs could show that defendants violated RICO, their allegations were insufficient to create standing for a civil RICO action, and therefore granted the motion to dismiss. Plaintiffs timely appealed.

The civil RICO statute allows "[a]ny person injured in his business or property by reason of a violation of section 1962 of this chapter [to] sue therefor in any appropriate United States district court." 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c). Section 1962, in turn, provides in relevant part that:

(c) It shall be unlawful for any person employed by or associated with any enterprise engaged in, or the activities of which affect, interstate or foreign commerce, to conduct or participate, directly or indirectly, in the conduct of such enterprise's affairs through a pattern of racketeering activity or collection of unlawful debt.

(d) It shall be unlawful for any person to conspire to violate any of the provisions of subsection (a), (b), or (c) of this section.

18 U.S.C. § 1962(c)-(d). The term "racketeering activity" is defined in 18 U.S.C. § 1961(l) to include a long list of state and federal crimes, among them the wire fraud alleged here.

The District Court dismissed the suit on the grounds that plaintiffs' allegations do not give rise to standing under § 1964(c), which requires a plaintiff to show (1) that he was injured (2) by reason of a violation of § 1962. Civil RICO "standing" is usually viewed as a 12(b)(6) question of stating an actionable claim, rather than as a 12(b)(1) question of subject matter jurisdiction. See Maio v. Aetna, Inc., 221 F.3d 472, 482 n. 7 (3d Cir.2000).

In Holmes v. Sec. Investor Prot. Corp., 503 U.S. 258, 268, 112 S. Ct. 1311, 117 L. Ed. 2d 532 (1992), the Supreme Court interpreted § 1964(c) to mean that a RICO plaintiff must show that defendant's RICO violation was not only a "but for" cause of his injury, but also that it was the proximate cause. Then, in Beck v. Prupis, 529 U.S. 494, 507, 120 S. Ct. 1608, 146 L. Ed. 2d 561 (2000), the Court held "that a person may not bring suit under § 1964(c) predicated on a violation of § 1962(d) for injuries caused by an overt act that is not an act of racketeering or otherwise unlawful under the statute." The Court held that a plaintiff needed to allege that he or she was injured by "an act that is independently wrongful under RICO," id. at 505-06, 120 S. Ct. 1608, and not merely by a non-racketeering act in furtherance of a broader RICO conspiracy.

The plaintiff in Beck was the president of an insurance company, some of whose directors and officers were engaged in financial fraud. Id. at 498, 120 S. Ct. 1608. On discovering this activity, Beck contacted regulators to attempt to correct the fraud. Id. The defendant conspirators then hired a consultant to write a false report suggesting that Beck was remiss in his duties, and the board of directors fired him upon receiving this report. Id. Beck alleged that the conspirators committed several violations of § 1962(a)-(c); moreover, he claimed that his termination was an overt act of a § 1962(d) conspiracy, and therefore gave rise to a § 1964(c) cause of action. The Supreme Court disagreed, finding that only a direct § 1962(a)-(c) act of racketeering could serve as a predicate for a civil RICO suit.

The District Court read Beck, and Shearin v. E.F. Hutton Group, Inc., 885 F.2d 1162 (3d Cir.1989), to stand for the proposition that "there is an insufficient nexus between the injuries caused by employment termination and a § 1962 violation to satisfy the proximate cause requirement of § 1964(c) standing."3 We think that this is too broad a reading of those cases; it is possible that a predicate act of racketeering that directly caused a plaintiff to lose his job could create civil RICO standing.

Nonetheless, the District Court was surely correct to follow Beck as a factually analogous precedent. In Beck, as here, the plaintiff described a complex pattern of racketeering, but alleged only one act that directly harmed him: his termination. But whereas the defendants in Beck apparently controlled the board of directors that fired the plaintiff, and their falsified report was directly relied on by the board, defendants here had no connection to Kurz-Hastings, and their alleged falsehoods were filtered through the following long chain of intervening causes.

Kurz-Hastings did not rely directly on Ayling's or Kada's statements in firing Anderson and Breslin; in fact, Kada's statement did not mention the plaintiffs at all. Rather, Schatz, a non-party, used their statements as but one source for his own report. According to the pleadings, Hoffa then relied in part on that report in imposing an emergency trusteeship-a trusteeship which, as noted above, a panel of this Court has already found to have been proper, and which was based on significant evidence of violence and corruption. See Morris v. Hoffa, supra, 361 F.3d at 183-84. Kurz-Hastings then relied on the Notice of Trusteeship in firing the plaintiffs. This chain of causation is far more attenuated than that involved in Beck, where the Supreme Court found no proximate cause and therefore no RICO standing. We are therefore satisfied that the District Court was justified in relying on Beck to dismiss plaintiffs' complaint.

The proximate cause factors discussed in Steamfitters Local Union No. 420 Welfare Fund v. Philip Morris, Inc., 171 F.3d 912 (3d Cir.1999), also undermine the plaintiffs' case. In Steamfitters, we found that antitrust standing principles have been incorporated into civil RICO standing doctrine, and adopted antitrust standing jurisprudence to more fully explore the RICO proximate causation requirement. See id. at 921, 932. Citing Associated Gen. Contractors, Inc. v. Calif. State Council of Carpenters, 459 U.S. 519, 103 S. Ct. 897, 74 L. Ed. 2d 723 (1983) (AGC), we set out six factors to be considered in the antitrust standing analysis:

(1) the causal connection between defendant's wrongdoing and plaintiff's harm; (2) the specific intent of defendant to harm plaintiff; (3) the nature of plaintiff's alleged injury...; (4) "the directness or indirectness of the asserted injury"; (5) whether the "damages claim is ... highly speculative"; and (6) "keeping the scope of complex antitrust trials within judicially manageable limits," i.e., "avoiding either the risk of duplicate recoveries on the one hand, or the danger of complex apportionment of damages on the other."

Steamfitters, 171 F.3d at 924 (citing AGC, 459 U.S. at 537-38, 540, 542-44, 103 S. Ct. 897).

The Steamfitters factors also support the District Court's decision to dismiss this action: (1) the causal connection between wrongdoing and harm is attenuated, as several independent causes (Schatz's report, the imposition of the trusteeship, and Kurz-Hasting's own decision to fire the plaintiffs) intervened between defendants' alleged fraud and plaintiffs' termination; (2) there is little indication of specific intent to harm plaintiffs, as the alleged wire fraud was apparently intended to attack Morris, not the plaintiffs, and Kada's phone call did not even mention Anderson or Breslin; (3) the nature of the injury, job loss, is one that has been found not normally to create RICO standing in Beck and Shearin; (4) the injury is extremely indirect; (5) the damages claim is not speculative insofar as plaintiffs claim lost wages, but it would be difficult to determine to what extent plaintiffs' job loss was due to the alleged RICO acts and to what extent it was due to intervening factors; and (6) while there is little danger of duplicate recovery, there is significant danger of duplicative litigation, as this lawsuit appears to be at least in part an attempt to relitigate the trusteeship dispute that this Court settled in Morris v. Hoffa, supra.

Thus we conclude that, under both the Supreme Court's RICO standing decision in Beck and our proximate cause analysis in Steamfitters, Anderson and Breslin have failed to allege facts sufficient to support a civil RICO cause of action with regard to the wire fraud that supposedly led to their termination from Kurz-Hastings.4

Although plaintiffs claim not only that they were injured in losing their jobs, but also that they were "injured by the corruption of their local," this corruption is not a cognizable injury that can create RICO standing. Maio, 221 F.3d at 483 ("[A] showing of injury requires proof of a concrete financial loss and not mere injury to a valuable intangible property interest.") (quoting Steele v. Hospital Corp. of Am., 36 F.3d 69, 70 (9th Cir.1994)). Plaintiffs point to no concrete losses, financial or otherwise, stemming from the alleged corruption of their local.

Plaintiffs also argue that the District Court erred in dismissing their suit with prejudice, but rather should have allowed them leave to amend their complaint. We review this decision for abuse of discretion. Gay v. Petsock, 917 F.2d 768, 771 (3d Cir.1990). Plaintiffs concede that they should not have been allowed to amend if amendment would be futile. See In re NAHC, Inc. Sec. Litig., 306 F.3d 1314, 1332 (3d Cir.2002) ("We have made it clear that an amendment would be futile when `the complaint, as amended, would fail to state a claim upon which relief could be granted.'"). They argue, however, that they could have amended the complaint to "articulate the nexus between the wire fraud and decision by Kurz-Hastings to terminate plaintiffs," by adding allegations, based on the deposition of Vic Franz, a Kurz-Hastings foreman, that Anderson and Breslin were fired only because of the false statements about them, allegedly supplied by Kada's and Ayling's telephone calls, which were contained in the notice of trusteeship.

Such an amendment could not have saved Anderson and Breslin's complaint. As we noted above, see supra Part II, the chain of causation was simply too attenuated to create civil RICO standing. Even assuming that Kurz-Hastings did take Kada's and Ayling's accusations into account in deciding to fire the plaintiffs, there are still at least three independent decisions-by Schatz, a non-party; by Hoffa, whose decision has been ratified by this Court, see Morris v. Hoffa, supra; and by Kurz-Hastings, a non-party-that intervened between the alleged wire fraud and plaintiffs' ultimate injury. Beck and Steamfitters make it clear that plaintiffs' proposed amendment would not be enough to demonstrate that the racketeering acts proximately caused their injury, and thereby to create civil RICO standing. An amendment would therefore have been futile, and the District Court did not abuse its discretion in denying leave to amend.

The Order of the District Court dismissing the complaint will be affirmed.