Filed: Sep. 16, 2005
Latest Update: Mar. 02, 2020
Summary: Opinions of the United 2005 Decisions States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit 9-16-2005 Advanced Tubular v. Solar Atmospheres Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential Docket No. 04-2016 Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2005 Recommended Citation "Advanced Tubular v. Solar Atmospheres" (2005). 2005 Decisions. Paper 541. http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2005/541 This decision is brought to you for free and
Summary: Opinions of the United 2005 Decisions States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit 9-16-2005 Advanced Tubular v. Solar Atmospheres Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential Docket No. 04-2016 Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2005 Recommended Citation "Advanced Tubular v. Solar Atmospheres" (2005). 2005 Decisions. Paper 541. http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2005/541 This decision is brought to you for free and o..
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Opinions of the United
2005 Decisions States Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit
9-16-2005
Advanced Tubular v. Solar Atmospheres
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential
Docket No. 04-2016
Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2005
Recommended Citation
"Advanced Tubular v. Solar Atmospheres" (2005). 2005 Decisions. Paper 541.
http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2005/541
This decision is brought to you for free and open access by the Opinions of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit at Villanova
University School of Law Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in 2005 Decisions by an authorized administrator of Villanova
University School of Law Digital Repository. For more information, please contact Benjamin.Carlson@law.villanova.edu.
NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
No. 04-2016
ADVANCED TUBULAR PRODUCTS, INC.,*
Appellant
v.
SOLAR ATMOSPHERES, INC.
(* Pursuant to Clerk’s Order of 6/16/04)
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. No. 03-cv-00946)
District Judge: Hon. Berle M. Schiller
Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
September 12, 2005
Before: SLOVITER, BARRY and SMITH, Circuit Judges
(Filed: September 16, 2005)
OPINION
SLOVITER, Circuit Judge.
This case comes to us on appeal by Advanced Tubular Products (Tubular)
from an order of the District Court granting summary judgment to defendant Solar
Atmospheres (Solar). On appeal, we must determine when the contract between the two
parties was formed and whether the contract included Solar’s “Terms of Sale.” We must
also decide whether the limited remedies available to Tubular under Solar’s terms failed
in their essential purpose and thus barred summary judgment. Lastly, we must determine
whether Solar fraudulently induced Tubular to enter into the contract and whether the
“gist of the action” doctrine bars Tubular’s fraud claim.
I.
Tubular was a Kentucky corporation that manufactured stainless steel tubing.
Originally, the majority of the company’s business was derived from the automotive
industry but in 2000/2001 Tubular decided to begin selling tubing to the oil and gas
industry. As a result, Tubular contacted Solar regarding Solar’s ability to provide heat
treatment for Tubular’s stainless steel tubing. Tubular met with Solar and discussed the
demands of the particular heat treatment application needed for the job. This treatment
included the specification standard known as ASTM A789. After being informed of the
need to use ASTM A789, Solar assured Tubular that it was familiar with the process and
that “they could handle it.” App. at 2.
On February 19, 2001, Tubular sent Solar three sample coils of tubing, labeled
2
“sample,” to Solar for treatment. These sample tubes were heat treated by Solar and then
sent back to Tubular to be tested. After receiving the heat treated samples from Solar,
Tubular tested them for “sigmaphase” (improper heat treatment) at “a variety of points
through the coil.” App at 113. After the February 19, 2001 shipment, Tubular sent
another two sets of “sample” coils to Solar to be heat treated and then returned for testing.
After conducting these tests, Tubular was satisfied that Solar could perform the work, and
on March 19, 2001, Tubular began shipping larger quantities of tubes to Solar and
omitting the “sample” label.
On February 20, 2001, the day after Tubular sent its first shipment of sample coils,
Solar faxed a quotation for the price of its heating services and mailed a hard copy of the
quotation along with the Terms of Sale to Tubular. The faxed quotation referred to the
Terms of Sale but did not include them. The Terms of Sale included a limitation of
liability and remedies. The limited liability provision stated that “seller’s liability shall
not exceed twice the amount of seller’s charges for services performed on any
material . . . except by written agreement signed by an officer of seller.” App at 3.
After Solar treated the non-sample tubes, Tubular sent them to Tubeco, Inc., which
in turn sold them to a contractor in Texas. Shortly thereafter, Tubular was informed that
the tubing was brittle and failed as a result of improper “sigmaphase.” App. at 6.
Because of this failure, Tubular’s customers refused to pay Tubular and Tubular alleges
that as a result it went out of business.
3
Tubular brought suit against Solar in the United States District Court for the
Eastern District of Pennsylvania based on diversity jurisdiction, alleging breach of oral
contract and fraudulent misrepresentation arising out of the services provided by Solar.
Solar filed a motion to dismiss, asserting that the contract between the parties limited
liability to an amount less than $75,000 and thereby divested the District Court of
jurisdiction. On September 24, 2003, the Court denied the motion without prejudice
based on the need for further discovery. Limited discovery regarding the contract
formation was taken after which Solar again moved for summary judgment.
Thereafter, the District Court granted Solar’s motion for summary judgment. The
District Court found that the limited liability clause was a term of the contract. According
to the District Court, the Terms of Sale were incorporated by reference in the quotation
sent by Solar and Tubular manifested its assent to these terms when it repeatedly sent its
tubing to Solar for heat treatment. The District Court further found this type of limited
liability clause is the type routinely enforced between sophisticated parties and that it was
reasonable. Therefore, the District Court held that it was an enforceable part of the
contract.
The District Court also held that Tubular’s claim that Solar fraudulently induced it
to enter into the contract was barred by the “gist of the action” doctrine. Under this
doctrine, a plaintiff is barred from bringing a tort claim when such a claim is merely
another way of stating the party’s breach of contract claim or when the success of such a
4
claim is wholly dependant upon the terms of the contract. See Sunquest Info. Sys., Inc. v.
Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 40 F. Supp. 2d 644, 651 (W.D. Pa. 1999). The District Court
held that under Pennsylvania law the “gist of the action” doctrine may not apply to claims
of fraud in the inducement, but that Tubular’s claim was not one of fraudulent
inducement but “a question of performance of the contract,” i.e., whether Solar in fact
properly heat treated the coils. App. at 13-14. Therefore, the Court concluded that the
gist of the action doctrine barred Tubular’s fraud claim.1
II.
Tubular raises three issues on appeal. First, Tubular argues that the contract with
Solar was formed before it received Solar’s Terms of Sale. Therefore, Tubular contends,
the terms were not part of the original contract and that they could not have subsequently
become part of the contract because they materially altered the bargain. Accordingly,
Tubular argues that the District Court erred in determining that the terms were part of the
contract. In addition, Tubular argues that the District Court erred in granting summary
judgment because the limited remedy failed in its essential purpose. Lastly, Tubular
argues that the District Court erred in finding that its fraud claim was barred by the “gist
of the action” doctrine.
1
We have jurisdiction to review the District Court’s order
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Our review of the District Court’s
entry of summary judgment is plenary. Watson v. Eastman Kodak
Co., 235 F.3d 851, 854 (3d Cir. 2000).
5
A.
The District Court found that the Terms of Sale were included in the contract
because they were incorporated by reference in the February 20, 2001 offer. That finding
suffers from the fact that the faxed offer did not actually include a copy of the Terms of
Sale. However, because we agree with Solar that the contract was not formed until
March 19, well after Tubular received the terms, we conclude that Tubular was bound by
the limited liability provision.
It is undisputed that the first set of tube coils were sent on February 19, a day
before Solar faxed its offer, and that these coils were labeled “sample.” It is clear that
Solar’s ability to effectively heat treat the sample tubes was a condition precedent to
Tubular’s acceptance of Solar’s offer. Once Solar had satisfied this condition precedent
by effectively heat treating the sample tube coils, Tubular accepted Solar’s offer by
shipping non-sample tube coils on March 19. Accordingly, because Tubular had received
the terms of sale by that date and because there is no record of any objection,2 the Terms
of Sale were part of the contract.
B.
According to Tubular, summary judgment was inappropriate because there is a
2
Bitterman testified that he did object by letter when he
finally read the terms of sale, but there is no record of this letter.
In any event, Tubular continued to send coils for heat treatment
even after Bitterman’s “objection.”
6
question of fact concerning whether the limited liability clause failed in its essential
purpose of providing an effective remedy. Pennsylvania courts have routinely upheld
limited liability clauses as codified in 13 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 2719. In Valhal Corp. v.
Sullivan Assocs., Inc., 44 F.3d 195 (3d Cir. 1995), we stated that limitations on liability
are a “fact of everyday business and commercial life” and concluded that “[s]o long as the
limitation which is established is reasonable and not so drastic as to remove the incentive
to perform with due care, Pennsylvania courts uphold the limitation.”
Id. at 204.
Cases that have disregarded such clauses based on a failure of essential purpose
have typically been cases where the remedy was limited to repair or replacement or
refund of the purchase price. In the former situation, courts have found a remedy fails in
its essential purpose when the seller is unable to repair or replace the product. See Webco
Indus., Inc. v. Thermatool Corp., 278 F.3d 1120, 1131 (10th Cir. 2002); Lewis
Refrigeration Co. v. Sawyer Fruit, Vegetable & Cold Storage Co.,
709 F.2d 427, 431-32
(6th Cir. 1983). In the latter situation, courts have held that a remedy fails in its essential
purpose when the remedy is limited to the purchase price for a defect that was not
discoverable within a reasonable period after receipt of shipment. See Neville Chem. Co.
v. Union Carbide Corp.,
422 F.2d 1205 (3d Cir. 1970); Fiberglass Component Prod., Inc.
v. Reichhold Chems., Inc.,
983 F. Supp. 948 (D. Colo. 1997); Earl M. Jorgensen Co. v.
Mark Constr., Inc.,
540 P.2d 978 (Haw. 1975). Neither situation is applicable here. The
remedy here was not limited to repair and replacement and, more importantly, although
7
the defect was not discovered within a short time after shipment, this possibility was
reasonably contemplated by the parties. Solar expressly advised Tubular that “even after
employing all the scientific methods known to seller, hazards still remain in providing
process services.” App. at 92. Accordingly, Tubular was aware of the possibility that a
defect would not be discoverable upon receipt of shipment. If Tubular had found the
remedy unacceptable it should have notified Solar when it received the Terms of Sale.3
Therefore, because the remedy was twice the purchase price and Tubular was aware of
the possibility of an undiscoverable problem, we conclude that the remedy was
reasonable, especially given the relative inexpensiveness of the service provided by Solar
compared to the limitless liability Tubular posits.
C.
According to Tubular, the District Court erred in finding that Tubular’s fraud
claim was barred by the gist of the action doctrine. The gist of the action doctrine bars
tort claims:
(1) arising solely from a contract between the parties; (2)
where the duties allegedly breached were created and
grounded in the contract itself; (3) where the liability stems
from a contract; or (4) where the tort claim essentially
duplicates a breach of contract claim or the success of which
is wholly dependent on the terms of a contract.
3
Solar’s Terms of Sale informed Tubular that it could
request additional insurance by “notify[ing] Solar Atmospheres,
Inc. in writing on [the] purchase order, if additional parcel or
carrier insurance is required above the standard limit.” App. at 90.
8
eToll, Inc. v. Elias/Savion Adver., Inc., 811 A.2d 10, 19 (Pa. Super. 2002) (internal
citations and quotations omitted). Although Pennsylvania courts have recognized that the
gist of the action doctrine may not cover fraud in the inducement, they have held that this
doctrine unquestionably applies to fraud in the performance of a contract.
Id. at 17, 20.
We find no merit to Tubular’s claim that it was fraudulently induced. Solar’s treatment of
the samples demonstrates that it could effectively heat treat the tube coils. Therefore,
Tubular was not fraudulently induced into entering the contract. The fact that Solar then
subsequently failed to effectively heat treat the non-sample coils is simply a breach of
contract and any fraud claim is barred by the gist of the action doctrine.
III.
For the reasons set forth, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.4
4
The District Court granted the motion for summary
judgment because it concluded that “the limited liability provision
applies to the contract” and therefore Tubular’s “maximum
possible recovery of approximately $27,000.00 falls below the
jurisdictional amount required by 28 U.S.C. § 1332.” App at 14.
However, in determining whether the party asserting the
jurisdiction of the court has met the amount in controversy
requirement, “the sum claimed by the [party asserting the
jurisdiction] controls if the claim is apparently made in good faith.”
State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Powell, 87 F.3d 93, 96 (3d Cir.
1996) (quoting St. Paul Mercury Indem. Co. v. Red Cab Co., 303
U.S. 283, 288 (1938)). Tubular’s claim for damages exceeding the
amount in controversy was not unreasonable, and we conclude that
the District Court erred in dismissing the case on jurisdictional
grounds. Nonetheless, we will affirm the grant of summary
judgment.
9
