Opinions of the United
2006 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


9-15-2006

USA v. Pryor
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 05-1468




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                                           NOT PRECEDENTIAL

      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
           FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT



              Nos. 05-1468 and 05-3337



          UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                          v.

                   NAIM PRYOR,
                          Appellant in No. 05-1468

                         and

              STACEY CRITTENTON,
                        Appellant in No. 05-3337


    On Appeal from the United States District Court
        for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. No. Crim. Nos. 03-cr-00349-1 and 03-cr-00349-2)
  District Judge: Hon. Harvey Bartle, III, Chief Judge



     Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                September 14, 2006

Before: SLOVITER, WEIS and GARTH, Circuit Judges

             (Filed: September 15, 2006)



                      OPINION
SLOVITER, Circuit Judge.

                                             I.

       In November 2002, Philadelphia Police Officer William Golphin saw Appellant

Naim Pryor park a white Acura coupe near the Blue Nile Bar in west Philadelphia.

Golphin watched Pryor exit the Acura, enter the bar, return to the Acura accompanied by

two men, and retrieve a plastic baggie from the driver’s side door. From inside the

unmarked van where he was conducting surveillance, Golphin saw Pryor remove several

small bundles and give them to one of the men in exchange for cash.

       Shortly thereafter, Golphin witnessed Pryor lift his shirt, pull a black handgun

from his waistline, and put the gun in the trunk. Golphin then saw Pryor retrieve from the

trunk a plastic baggie containing objects Golphin believed to be cocaine base (“crack”),

enter the car, and begin to drive away. Some minutes later, Philadelphia police officers

stopped the Acura. As Philadelphia Police Officer Victor DaVilla and Sergeant Paul

Brown approached the Acura, DaVilla saw a person in the front passenger seat of the

vehicle, later determined to be Appellant Stacey Crittenton, shove an object later

determined to be a baggie filled with crack into a passenger-side door compartment.

       Police drove Appellants to the police station, impounded the Acura, and searched

Appellants. They recovered several hundred dollars in cash from each. Officers also

recovered from Crittenton, inter alia: (1) a plastic baggie with the image of a red apple on

it containing seven heat-sealed packets later determined to contain heroin, (2) a piece of

paper with the word “smacc” on it, (3) a pager, and (4) six red-tinted ziploc packets later

                                             2
determined to contain crack. Police recovered packets of crack and heroin from the

Acura’s center console. Police recovered from the trunk: (1) a shopping bag containing a

handgun (loaded with one live round in the chamber and seven live rounds in the

magazine), (2) a cardboard box containing equipment commonly used in the sale of

drugs, (3) baggies containing heroin and quinine, (4) ziploc baggies, (5) twenty-eight

glass jars later determined to contain marijuana, and (6) a gas and an electric bill each in

the name of Naim Pryor. Five-and-a-half months later, in May 2003, ATF Special Agent

Vitzthum searched the Acura again and found a red-apple baggie and a slip of paper with

“smacc” and the pager number associated with the pager that had been found on

Crittenton’s person.

       In May 2003, a grand jury charged Pryor and Crittenton with conspiracy to

distribute cocaine, crack, heroin, and marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846 (count

one), and with possession with intent to distribute those same drugs and aiding and

abetting such possession in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 841(b)(1)(c) (counts

two to five). The indictment also charged Pryor with possession of a firearm by a

convicted felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) (count six) and charged that Pryor

“knowingly used, and carried a firearm . . . during and in relation to a drug-trafficking

crime” in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1) (count seven). App. at 706. Pryor and

Crittenton proceeded to jury trial.

       In June 2004, the jury found both Pryor and Crittenton guilty on counts one

through five. The jury found Pryor guilty on count six. Whether the jury found Pryor

                                              3
guilty on count seven is a matter of dispute in the present case.

       Crittenton was sentenced in December 2004, one month before the decision in

United States v. Booker, 

(2005). He appealed his sentence to this court, but

we remanded this appeal to the District Court for resentencing in light of Booker. In July

2005, Crittenton was resentenced to 180 months’ imprisonment, three years’ supervised

release, and a $500 special assessment. He timely filed this appeal.

       Pryor was sentenced in January 2005, shortly after Booker was decided, to 120

months’ concurrent imprisonment on counts one to six, five years’ consecutive

imprisonment on count seven, six years’ supervised release, and a $400 special

assessment. He timely filed this appeal.

                                             II.

       We exercise plenary review of the Government’s argument that Crittenton waived

his right to the present appeal. See Gibbs v. Cross, 

, 964 (3d Cir. 1998).

Following the Supreme Court’s landmark decision in Booker, this court sent notices to

appellants in all pending cases requesting response as to whether they wished to challenge

both their convictions and sentences or only their sentences. However, no such notice

was sent to Crittenton. Instead, Crittenton filed an unopposed motion for summary action

and remand for resentencing under Booker before any notice could be issued. In that

motion, Crittenton made no comment as to whether or not he intended to challenge his

conviction. On May 10, 2005, we entered an order stating:

              Appellant’s unopposed motion for summary remand is

                                              4
              granted. Appellant challenges [his] sentence but not [his]
              conviction under United States v. Booker, 

              (2005), and we have determined that the sentencing issues
              Appellant raises are best determined by the District Court in
              the first instance. Accordingly, we vacate the sentence and
              remand for resentencing in accordance with Booker.

United States v. Crittenton, No. 04-4717 (3d Cir. May 10, 2005).

       The Government relies on United States v. Pultrone, 

(3d Cir. 2001),

to support its argument that Crittenton’s failure to present objections to his conviction at

the time he filed his motion for summary remand constituted a waiver of any challenge to

his conviction. However, unlike Crittenton, Pultrone voluntarily moved to dismiss his

own appeal and the case proceeded in this court to full briefing and resolution on the

merits of the government’s cross-appeal. United States v. Pultrone, No. 97-1271 (3d Cir.

Aug. 19, 1997) (order granting appellant’s request to withdraw appeal); United States v.

Pultrone, No. 97-1327 (3d Cir. Mar. 9, 1998) (unpublished opinion vacating sentence and

remanding); see 

(“[B]ecause Pultrone abandoned his appeal, no

other aspect of his conviction or sentence was at issue.”). In the present case, Crittenton

did not withdraw his appeal, and we did not review the merits of an appeal by either

party. United States v. Crittenton, No. 04-4717 (3d Cir. May 10, 2005).

       After Crittenton’s motion for summary remand, this court routinely instructed

parties that a motion seeking summary remand for resentencing under Booker must state

that only the sentence and not the conviction was being challenged. Crittenton did not

have the benefit of such notice. Given the confusion surrounding Booker and the fact that


                                              5
this court had no procedure in place for post-Booker review at the time Crittenton filed

his motion, we conclude that Crittenton did not waive the present challenge to his

conviction.

                                            III.

       Appellants make three major arguments on appeal. First, Pryor argues that the

District Court violated his Fifth Amendment right to be tried only on the grand jury’s

charges when the Court instructed the trial jury on a different offense under 18 U.S.C.

§ 924(c) than that contained in count seven of the indictment. A constructive amendment

occurs where a defendant is deprived of his or her “substantial right to be tried only on

charges presented in an indictment returned by a grand jury.” United States v. Syme, 

, 149 (3d Cir. 2002) (citation omitted). Such a “constructive amendment to the

indictment constitutes ‘a per se violation of the fifth amendment’s grand jury clause.’”

agree that we review this constructive amendment issue for plain

error.1 Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b). Ordinarily, the defendant must establish that: (1) the court

erred and (2) the error was “plain” (i.e., obvious) under the law at the time of review, and

(3) the error affected his or her substantial rights. See Johnson v. United States, 

, 467 (1997); United States v. Olano, 

, 733-35 (1993). However, where

the district court erred by constructively amending an indictment, such error is “presumed


                    1
                       Present counsel took over for trial counsel at Pryor’s
              sentencing hearing.

                                             6
prejudicial in the plain error context” and the Government bears the burden of proving the

absence of the third element (i.e., the Government must show that the constructive

amendment did not affect the defendant’s substantial rights). United States v. Syme, 

, 151, 154 (3d Cir. 2002). “An error affects substantial rights when it is

prejudicial and affects the outcome of district court proceedings.” United States v. King,

, 193 (3d Cir. 2006) (citing United States v. Davis, 

, 164 (3d

Cir. 2005)). Where plain error has affected substantial rights, this court, in its discretion,

may award relief in favor of the defendant where the error “seriously affects the fairness,

integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” 

(citation

omitted). We will refer to this discretionary determination as the fourth prong of plain

error analysis.

       At the time of the alleged offense, § 924(c)(1)(a) provided that:

              [A]ny person who, during and in relation to any . . . drug
              trafficking crime . . . uses or carries a firearm, or who, in
              furtherance of any such crime, possesses a firearm, shall
              [receive additional punishment].

(emphasis added). This statute therefore provided for two separate offenses: (1) the “use”

or “carrying” of a firearm “during and in relation to” a drug-trafficking crime, and (2) the

“possession” of a firearm “in furtherance” of a drug-trafficking crime. In the present

case, the Government “readily concedes” the first two prongs of plain error analysis, i.e.,

“that the [D]istrict [C]ourt erred in instructing the jury on the elements of ‘possession’

and ‘in furtherance of,’ rather th[a]n the elements of ‘use or carry’ and ‘during and in


                                               7
relation to’” under § 924(c)(1)(a), and that the error was “obvious.”2 Appellee’s Br. at

25; accord 

(“The [D]istrict [C]ourt . . . mistakenly instructed the jury regarding a

separate prong of Section 924(c).” ).

       Pryor argues that the error conceded by the Government in the present case is

“structural.” Reply Br. at 6. Where an error is structural, it normally “constitute[s] per se

reversible error even under plain error review.” 

n.10; see Arizona

v. Fulminante, 

, 310 (1991). In Syme, this court noted that “it is doubtful

that constructive amendments are structural errors” but we failed to decide that question

because the Government in that case could not rebut the presumption that the constructive

amendment there affected Syme’s substantial rights. 

156 n.10.

       The Government makes two arguments to rebut the presumption that the District

Court’s constructive amendment of the grand jury charge affected Pryor’s substantial

rights. First, the Government argues that the “during and in relation to” element of §

924(c)(1)(a) is always satisfied by a jury finding that the defendant committed the offense

“in furtherance” of drug-trafficking (i.e., “in furtherance” is, under any circumstances, a

more stringent standard). We have acknowledged that “Congress may well have intended

‘in furtherance’ to impose a more stringent standard than ‘in relation to.’” United States


                    2
                         The Government argues that “for these reasons the
             [D]istrict [C]ourt’s erroneous instructions did not constructively
             amend the indictment.” Appellee’s Br. at 32. However, it is
             unclear how the Government can make this claim after conceding
             that the jury was charged on an offense other than that contained in
             the indictment.

                                              8
v. Loney, 

, 287 (3d Cir. 2000); see also United States v. Combs, 

, 932 (6th Cir. 2004) (noting “in furtherance” standard is a “slightly higher standard”

and “encompass[es] the ‘during and in relation to’ language”). Although we refrain from

reaching the question whether the “in furtherance” standard always encompasses the

“during and in relation to” language, in the present case there is no circumstance in which

the defendants could have acted “in furtherance” of drug distribution without acting

“during and in relation to” that distribution.

       Second, the Government argues that the “uses or carries” element of § 924(c)(1)(a)

is satisfied, under the facts of the present case, by the jury’s finding that the defendant

“possess[ed]” a gun in furtherance of drug trafficking. The District Court instructed the

jury that possession includes both actual possession (e.g., holding a gun on one’s person)

and constructive possession (e.g., exerting dominion and control over a gun). In United

States v. Muscarello, 

(1998), the Supreme Court held that “carries” includes

both actual possession of a firearm on one’s person and constructive possession of a

firearm in a vehicle, even if the firearm is in the trunk or a locked glove compartment. 

Relying on Muscarello, the Government argues that the jury could not have

concluded that Pryor possessed the gun without carrying it because all of the evidence

pointed to Pryor’s possession of the gun either on his person or in the trunk of the Acura.

       We agree with the Government that, given the evidence in the record, a jury

finding that Pryor possessed the firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime

necessarily subsumed a finding that Pryor carried the firearm during and in relation to that

                                                 9
crime. For that reason, if the District Court gave proper instructions to the jury about the

possession-in-furtherance prong, there was no violation of Pryor’s substantial rights.

       Pryor argues in his reply brief, however, that the District Court failed to properly

instruct the jury. He contends that the District Court did not make entirely clear that

“carrying” a firearm “in relation to” requires “that the carrying be non-accidental and not

a coincidence.” Reply Br. at 12; see United States v. Williams, 

, 371-72 (3d

Cir. 2003). The District Court instructed, in relevant part:

               To prove that the defendant possessed a firearm in furtherance
               of a drug trafficking offense the Government must prove that
               the defendant possessed a firearm that further advanced,
               promoted or helped forward one or more of the drug
               trafficking crimes charged . . . .

App. at 664. Pryor argues that therefore the jury was instructed that “‘in furtherance’

means the firearm had the effect of aiding the offense, whether or not the defendant

intended it to do so . . . .” Reply Br. at 13.3

       As in Johnson, where the district court failed to submit the element of materiality

to the jury, the District Court’s alleged failure to instruct the jury on the element of intent

in the present case may or may not amount to a “structural error.” See Johnson, 

                       As Pryor recognizes, the mens rea element to which he
             refers is present in both the “possesses” and “carries” prongs of
             § 924(c)(1)(a). See United States v. Sparrow, 

, 853-
             54. (Reply Br. at 13 n.5) (mere presence of a firearm insufficient;
             rather, the evidence must show that, as to the particular defendant,
             the circumstances and details of his or her possession of the firearm
             were such that they helped advance the drug trafficking offense).

                                                  10
at 469. However, “we need not decide that question because, even assuming that the

failure to submit [intent] to the jury ‘affected substantial rights,’ it does not meet the final

requirement” of plain error analysis. 

conclude that the forfeited error

“‘seriously affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings’” in

this case. 

(quoting 

).

       The evidence that the gun’s presence in the trunk was non-accidental and not a

coincidence was overwhelming. See 

Pryor argues that accidental presence of

the gun is possible because the jury could have credited the testimony of his fiancee that

she “did not know” if Pryor or her brother had put the gun in the trunk, and therefore the

jury could have entertained a reasonable doubt as to whether Pryor had any intent to

“carry” the gun “in relation to” the drug distribution offense found by the jury to have

occurred – i.e., given the opportunity to use the gun to protect himself from an attempted

robbery, he would not have done so.4 This argument is far-fetched. On this record, there

is no basis for concluding that the District Court’s error “seriously affected the fairness,

integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.”5

       Appellants’ second major argument on appeal is that the prosecutor committed


                    4
                      The jury found that Pryor possessed the gun, so Pryor
             does not, and indeed cannot, argue that he did not know the gun
             was in the trunk.
                    5
                      Crittenton argues that his case should be remanded for
             resentencing if we hold that the District Court’s constructive
             amendment constituted reversible plain error. Because we do not
             so hold, we need not address this argument.

                                               11
reversible misconduct by eliciting testimony from Police Detective Gaul, an expert

witness, about the relationship between drug dealing and violence that overstepped the

District Court’s ruling restricting such testimony, and by making inappropriate statements

in summation about this relationship. In response to defense objections about Gaul’s

testimony, the Court ruled, “Why don’t we limit it to the question, in his experience is it

common for those who are dealing in drugs to carry weapons? . . . [A]sk him that and ask

him the answer is yes or no. Let’s . . . leave it at that . . . .” App. at 438-39. Because the

Appellants failed to object to the prosecutor’s allegedly improper questioning of Gaul

after the Court’s ruling, we review for plain error. We also review the prosecutor’s

summation statement for plain error because there was no objection. United States v.

Moore, 

, 263 (3d Cir. 2004).

       “In order to demonstrate prosecutorial misconduct under a plain error standard, the

review must reveal egregious error or a manifest miscarriage of justice.” United States v.

Brennan, 

, 182 (3d Cir. 2003) (quoting United States v. Brown, 

, 458) (quotation marks omitted). We have carefully reviewed the questioning and

summation alleged by Appellants to demonstrate misconduct, and conclude that any

misconduct arguably therein falls far short of “egregious error” or “manifest miscarriage

of justice,” especially in light of the District Court’s curative instruction to the jury to

“disregard . . . any inference that there’s any violence in this matter.” App. at 484; see

Greer v. Miller, 

, 766 n.8 (1987).

       In their third major argument, Appellants contend that the trial court committed

                                               12
plain error in violation of Federal Rule of Evidence 704(b) when it allowed Police

Detective Gaul to opine on the “purpose” for which Appellants possessed the controlled

substances in the present case. Appellants argue that this testimony impermissibly

presented to the jury expert opinion going to an element of the drug distribution charge –

i.e., the defendants’ mental state.

       Rule 704(b) states,

              No expert witness testifying with respect to the mental state or
              condition of a defendant in a criminal case may state an
              opinion or inference as to whether the defendant did or did
              not have the mental state or condition constituting an element
              of the crime charged or of a defense thereto. Such ultimate
              issues are matters for the trier of fact alone.

In addition to an expert’s actual testimony, this court held in United States v. Watson, 

(3d Cir. 2001), that “Rule 704(b) may [also] be violated [by a] prosecutor’s

question [when it] is plainly designed to elicit the expert's testimony about the mental

state of the defendant.” 

(citations omitted).

       Many of the statements alleged by Appellants to be reversible plain error explicitly

referred to items in evidence as being “consistent with” drug distribution. Such testimony

is not prohibited by Rule 704(b). United States v. Davis, 

, 179 (3d Cir.

2005). However, two of Gaul’s statements did not include the words “consistent with.”

First, Gaul stated, “In my opinion, the narcotics and all the paraphernalia in reference to

this investigation shows that the purpose for these are for distribution to sell,” App. at

429. Second, Gaul stated, “[W]hen I form an opinion I take in the factors of the totality


                                              13
of the circumstances and [rubber bands next to drug paraphernalia and drugs are] just one

more [of the factors] that form[ my] opinion that the drugs were possessed with the

purpose for distribution,” App. at 446-47.

       Gaul’s choice of words does not necessarily suggest that he was opining on

Appellants’ intent. His statements could equally suggest merely that an array of drugs

and paraphernalia such as that found in the present case is consistent with drug

distribution. As such, any error in allowing the statement was not “plain,” such that the

District Court should have noticed the putative Rule 704(b) problem absent defense

counsel’s objection. Similarly, the prosecutor’s questions were not plainly designed to

elicit testimony about Appellants’ mental state. See 

. Moreover,

we conclude that there was no violation of Appellants’ substantial rights because the

absence of Gaul’s statements would not have led to a different trial outcome.

                                             IV.

       For the reasons set forth above, we will affirm the judgments of conviction.




                                             14