Opinions of the United
2006 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


9-6-2006

Tobias v. PPL Elec Util Corp
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 05-2907




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                                                NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEAL
                           FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT


                                     No. 05-2907


                                 RICHARD TOBIAS,

                                                Appellant

                                           v.

                 PPL ELECTRIC UTILITIES CORPORATION;
          PPL CORPORATION; EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLAN BOARD OF
              PPL CORPORATION AND PPL RETIREMENT PLAN



                    On Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                             (D.C. Civil No. 03-cv-05861)
                        District Judge: Hon. Juan R. Sanchez


                    Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                   March 31, 2006

                   BEFORE: SMITH and COWEN, Circuit Judges,
                        and ACKERMAN*, District Judge

                              (Filed: September 6, 2006)




*Honorable Harold A. Ackerman, Senior United States District Judge for the District of
New Jersey, sitting by designation.
                                        OPINION


COWEN, Circuit Judge.

       Richard Tobias appeals from a judgment entered by the District Court following a

bench trial in favor of defendants PPL Electric Utilities Corporation, PPL Corporation,

Employee Benefit Plan Board of PPL Corporation, and PPL Retirement Plan (collectively

defendants or “PPL”) in his suit under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act

(“ERISA”), 29 U.S.C. §§ 1001-1461, and the District Court’s denial of his motion for a

new trial and to alter or amend judgment pursuant to Federal Rule 59(a). For the reasons

stated below, we will affirm.

                                             I.

       Because we write for the parties, we recite only those facts necessary to our

analysis. Richard Tobias is a former employee of PPL, where he worked for forty-two

years until his retirement on April 1, 2003. In the spring of 2002, Tobias worked as a

Right of Way Agent in PPL’s Field Services Department and was assigned to the West

Division. At that time, he was the most senior Right of Way Agent employed by PPL.

       During the spring of 2002, PPL implemented the Operational Improvement

Assessment Separation Program (“OIA”), a workforce reduction program which provided

enhanced early retirement benefits to selected separating employees. The OIA was

intended to “improve productivity while reducing costs,” and, to that end, the company




                                             2
predicted that it would “result in a reduction of the number of employees at the Company

as well as a reduction in contractors, including consultants.” (App. at 326.)

       In furtherance of the OIA, each business line reviewed its staffing requirements

and organizational structure. Based upon that review, the business line managers then

recommended the elimination of specific work or functions to the appropriate company

president or vice president and the Vice President of Human Resources. The OIA plan

document instructed that “[w]hen the elimination of positions has been approved,

representatives from Human Resources and managers from the company or departments

involved will meet to develop a plan for the necessary staffing changes.” (Id. at 327.)

Specifically, with regard to the process of selecting incumbents for separation, the OIA

plan document provided, in relevant part:

       (a)      For incumbents in an identified grouping of related positions as
                determined by the company, management may canvass employees to
                determine whether they have an interest in separating from
                employment. . . . If there are too many interested employees within
                an identified group, the employees with the most company service
                will be selected. If there are not enough employees interested in
                separation within the group, a selection process will be implemented
                within that group to determine the remaining separations.

       (b)      A selection process, which includes an interview, will be used whenever the
                business line determines that canvassing for interest in separation from
                employment is not desirable or when staffing requirements were not met
                through the canvassing process.

(Id. at 328.)

       The OIA plan document further provided an appeal process for challenges

concerning whether the selection procedures had been followed. The three-member

                                              3
appeal panel consisted of the Vice President of Human Resources, the Director of

Business Ethics and Compliance, and the Deputy General Counsel. The plan document

stated that “[i]f the appeal panel determines that the established procedures were not

followed, it will instruct the business line to correct any deviations from the procedures.”

(Id. at 329.) The decision of the appeal panel was final. (Id.)

       Thomas Stathos, a PPL manager, was responsible for carrying out the OIA

selection process for the employees in the Field Services Department. At the time of the

selection process, all of the Right of Way Agents were assigned to one of two

geographical divisions, specifically the East Division or the West Division. In

approaching the process, Stathos grouped the Right of Way Agents by geographical

division, which resulted in the creation of two groups of Right of Way Agents rather than

one.

       Based upon staffing needs, PPL management decided to terminate the services of a

contractor in the West Division, and eliminate one Right of Way Agent position in the

East Division. The termination of the contractor’s services saved costs for the company

since contractors could not be beneficiaries under the OIA. Following a canvassing

process for the East Division, PPL offered an OIA separation package to East Right of

Way Agent Barrie Perilla, who accepted the offer and separated from PPL.

       None of the Right of Way Agents in the West Division were canvassed or selected

for OIA separation. Tobias had six more years of company service than the East Right of



                                             4
Way Agent who separated from PPL under the OIA. Tobias’ appeal to the three-member

Appeal Panel was denied.

       Stathos was also responsible for implementing the OIA process for the Foresters in

the Field Services Department. Like the Right of Way Agents, Foresters were assigned to

either the East Division or the West Division. Unlike his approach with the Right of Way

Agents, Stathos did not group the Foresters by geographical division, but, instead,

grouped all of the Foresters together in a single group for OIA selection and canvassing

purposes.

       On October 1, 2003, J. Frank Michael, Jr., a Field Location Coordinator, retired

from PPL. He was given separation benefits under the OIA despite the expiration of the

OIA at the end of 2002.

                                             II.

       Following a bench trial, we review a district court’s conclusions of law de novo

and its factual findings for clear error. Kosiba v. Merck & Co., 

, 64 (3d Cir.

2004). We review a district court’s evidentiary rulings principally for an abuse of

discretion. Stecyk v. Bell Helicopter Textron, Inc., 

, 412 (3d Cir. 2001). A

district court commits an abuse of discretion when its action was “arbitrary, fanciful or

clearly unreasonable.” 

internal quotation marks omitted). We will not

disturb a district court’s exercise of discretion unless “no reasonable person would adopt

the district court’s view.” 

internal quotation marks omitted).

                                             III.

                                              5
                                             A.

       Before addressing Tobias’ arguments on appeal, we must first consider PPL’s

preliminary argument that it was acting as an employer, not as a fiduciary under ERISA,

with regard to its decisions challenged on appeal.

       When an employer makes decisions about the design of an early retirement benefit

plan, it functions as an employer and not as an administrator and, thus, is not acting as a

fiduciary under ERISA. Noorily v. Thomas & Betts Corp., 

, 158 (3d Cir.

1999). Similarly, when a plan gives an employer discretion to make business decisions

implementing the plan’s terms, the employer is not acting as a fiduciary when it makes

those business decisions. Id.; Berger v. Edgewater Steel Co., 

, 918 (3d Cir.

1990). Thus, for example, in Noorily, we held that an employer was not acting in a

fiduciary capacity when it denied severance benefits under a plan that gave the employer,

through its terminating manager, discretion to determine when an award of benefits was

. Similarly, in Berger, we held that an employer was not

acting in a fiduciary capacity when it determined, according to the plan’s terms, that the

early retirement of certain employees was not in the company’s 

. Likewise, in Trenton v. Scott Paper Co., 

, 809-10 (3d Cir. 1987),

we concluded that an employer was not acting in a fiduciary capacity when it designed

and implemented an accelerated retirement program, which gave the company the

authority to make personnel decisions, such as which plants needed fewer employees.



                                              6
       On the other hand, when the employer is merely administering the plan and paying

out benefits, it acts as a fiduciary and must act in the interest of the plan’s participants.

. “In sum, then, the employer acts as a fiduciary when

administering a plan but not when designing or making business decisions allowed for by

a plan, even though in all three situations its determinations may impact on its

employees.” 

said that the determination as to whether an employer acts in

the capacity of a business manager or an administrator involves a “sensitive analysis.”

Nazay v. Miller, 

, 1329 (3d Cir. 1991).

       Here, Tobias does not challenge the company’s design of the reduction-in-force

program. He also does not challenge the terms of the OIA selection process themselves,

which gave PPL the discretion to place “incumbents in an identified grouping of related

positions as determined by the company.” (App. at 328.) He does, however, challenge

PPL’s decisions implementing those terms with respect to the Right of Way employees in

the Field Services Department. Tobias submits that all of the Right of Way Agents

should have been grouped together because all of the Right of Way Agent positions entail

the same job responsibilities. Tobias asserts that PPL abused its discretion when it

grouped the Right of Way Agents by geographical division.

       The determination of whether the grouping of related positions was a corporate

matter or the act of a fiduciary depends upon the particular facts and circumstances of this

case. We find it significant that individual business line managers had the authority to

determine, and did determine, all of the grouping decisions, subject to the approval of the

                                               7
manager of corporate staffing. There is no indication in the record that the Employee

Benefit Plan Board had any authority to override these company determinations.

Moreover, the OIA plan document did not prescribe any special rules for the grouping of

related positions, but left the matter to the discretion of these company managers.

       Based upon these facts, we view the grouping determinations as an essential step

in the company’s overall business assessment plan, requiring some knowledge on the part

of the decision-makers as to the staffing needs of the business line in question.

Conversely, we do not view the grouping task as a mere administrative benefits decision.

Indeed, as we stated in Trenton, “it defies common sense to suggest that a corporation

must allow a retirement board to make personnel decisions such as determining which

[departments] need fewer 

.

       Nevertheless, because we do not think that this issue, which is fact-specific and

involves a “sensitive analysis,” 

, was adequately noticed and

briefed by the parties, and for the sake of completeness, we will assume that PPL acted as

a fiduciary with respect to the decisions challenged on appeal.



                                             B.

       Tobias argues on appeal that the District Court applied an insufficiently heightened

arbitrary and capricious standard or, alternatively, applied the correct standard of review

but reached the wrong result. We disagree, as to both arguments.

                                             1.

                                             8
       Under the arbitrary and capricious standard, a court may overturn a decision of a

plan administrator only if it is “without reason, unsupported by substantial evidence or

erroneous as a matter of law.” Abnathya v. Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 

, 45 (3d

Cir. 1993) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). “This scope of review is

narrow, and the court is not free to substitute its own judgment for that of the defendants

in determining eligibility for plan benefits.” 

internal quotation marks

omitted).

       In Firestone Tire and Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 

(1989), the Supreme

Court instructed that “if a benefit plan gives discretion to an administrator or fiduciary

who is operating under a conflict of interest, that conflict must be weighed as a factor in

determining whether there is an abuse of discretion.” 

(citation and internal

quotation marks and brackets omitted). Based upon that instruction, in Pinto v. Reliance

Standard Life Ins., 

(3d Cir. 2000), we adopted a sliding scale approach to

cases involving an apparent conflict of interest, 

“calibrating the intensity of our

[arbitrary and capricious] review to the intensity of the conflict,” 

       Thus, we have held that when an employer is directly funding a portion of the plan

and would thereby stand to benefit financially from the denial of a current employee’s

claim, a “somewhat heightened” standard of review applies. Smathers v. Multi-Tool,

Inc./Multi--Plastics, Inc. Employee Health and Welfare Plan, 

, 199 (3d Cir.

2002). Such a case presents a conflict of interest that, although not extraordinary,

warrants a “more penetrating review of [an] administrator’s decisionmaking process.” 

applying the sliding scale approach, a court may also take into account the

sophistication of the parties, the information accessible to the parties, and the particular

financial arrangement involved. 

. It is also relevant whether the

claimant seeking benefits was then the fiduciary’s employee, as to whom there are

conflict-mitigating factors such as loss of morale and higher wage demands, or a former

employee, as to whom those mitigating factors are not present. 

.

Finally, “demonstrated procedural irregularity, bias, or unfairness in the review of the

claimant’s application for benefits” warrants a heightened standard of review. 

       In this case, defendants paid the enhanced early retirement benefits out of PPL’s

general corporate funds, and defendants stood to benefit from separating an employee

with less company service. These circumstances alone warrant a slightly heightened

arbitrary and capricious standard. 

.

       However, there are no other circumstances tending to heighten the standard of

review. At the time of the implementation of the OIA, Tobias was a current employee of

PPL and continued to work there for almost another year, which presented conflict-

mitigating factors for PPL. Moreover, although PPL grouped the Right of Way Agents

differently than it grouped the Foresters, there were no specific rules relating to the




   1
     Because a court may consider unfairness and bias in applying the sliding scale
approach to the standard of review, the District Court did not err in noting that there was
no evidence of any company animosity toward Tobias.
                                              10
grouping of related positions, and, thus, we find no procedural irregularities or unfairness

particular to Tobias’ situation.

       Based upon these circumstances, and in accordance with Pinto and Smathers, we

will apply a somewhat heightened arbitrary and capricious standard of review. In

reviewing PPL’s decisions, we will keep in mind its financial interest, and will conduct a

“more penetrating review” of the decision-making process than we would normally

conduct under the arbitrary and capricious standard. 

                                             2.

       Applying the slightly heightened arbitrary and capricious standard, we conclude

that PPL’s grouping of the Right of Way Agents based upon geographical assignment

survives scrutiny. As noted above, there were no specific rules relating to the grouping of

related positions, and the grouping decision was committed to the discretion of the

company. PPL’s decision to create two groupings of Right of Way Agents reflected the

two geographical regions for their work assignments. Thus, there was a reasonable basis

underlying its decision to divide the Right of Way Agents into two groups.

       Furthermore, there is nothing in the OIA plan document that precluded the creation

of multiple groupings within the same job function. The only requirement articulated in

the OIA plan document was that each identified grouping consist of related positions, as




                                             11
determined by the company. Since each of the Right of Way Agent groupings consisted

only of related positions, the OIA requirement was clearly satisfied.2

       For these reasons, we conclude that PPL’s grouping of Right of Ways Agents

survives the slightly heightened arbitrary and capricious standard.

                                              C.

       Tobias also argues on appeal that the District Court abused its discretion in

excluding evidence concerning J. Frank Michael, Jr.’s separation from PPL. According

to Tobias, although plan administrators paid enhanced early retirement benefits to

Michael, PPL later filled his position. Tobias argues that this evidence is relevant to his

position that the plan administrators did not make decisions in accordance with the OIA’s

cost-saving purpose or on a consistent basis.

       After considering the proffered evidence, we find no abuse of discretion with

respect to the District Court’s evidentiary ruling. PPL’s alleged staffing decisions with

regard to Michael’s position have little to no relevance to the denial of benefits in this

case. The undisputed record shows that Michael, a former PPL Location Field

Coordinator (“LFC”), was not employed as a Right of Way Agent and did not work in the

Field Services Department. In addition, a different set of decision-makers were



   2
     We note that PPL provided an additional reason for its decision to divide the Right of
Way Agents into two separate groupings. As explained by Stathos, the decision saved the
company the expense of later relocating an agent from one division to the other.
However, we agree with Tobias that the argument is tenuous because the Foresters were
not divided into two groupings despite the same possible relocation expense.
                                             12
responsible for the reductions in the LFC business line. For these reasons, we cannot

conclude that the District Court’s exclusion of evidence relevant to Michael’s separation

was clearly unreasonable.

                                              D.

       Tobias’ final argument on appeal is that the District Court erred in failing to adhere

to the doctrine of the law of the case. Tobias posits that the District Court’s findings in its

final Memorandum and Order in favor of defendants conflict with its earlier findings in

the summary judgment order. We reject his argument.

       “The law of the case doctrine limits the extent to which an issue will be

reconsidered once the court has made a ruling on it.” Fagan v. City of Vineland, 

, 1290 (3d Cir. 1994). “The law of the case [doctrine] operates only to limit

reconsideration of the same issue.” 

the doctrine does not preclude a trial

judge from “clarifying or correcting an earlier, ambiguous ruling.” 

summary judgment order, the District Court considered PPL’s contention

that its decisions implementing the OIA plan were business decisions outside of the scope

of ERISA. In rejecting that contention, the District court stated that the plan “does not

purport to reserve the right to pick and choose among employees to whom the benefit

would be offered.” (App. at 32.) Later, in its final Memorandum and Order, the District

Court stated that “[t]he OIA retained in PPL Electric the discretion to create groupings of

related employees in any way it chose and then to decide what its staffing needs were in

each grouping.” (Id. at 16.)

                                              13
       We do not read these statements to be mutually exclusive or in direct conflict with

each other. While the OIA plan did not give PPL unbridled discretion to pick and choose

the employees to whom the early retirement benefits would be offered, it clearly gave the

company discretion to determine groupings of related employees and assess its staffing

needs for each grouping. Moreover, the District Court’s allegedly inconsistent ruling was

not determinative since the District Court ultimately reviewed the actions of PPL as a

fiduciary under ERISA. For these reasons, we conclude that the District Court did not

violate the doctrine of the law of the case.

       For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the District Court entered on May 19,

2005, will be affirmed.




                                               14