Opinions of the United
2006 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


9-20-2006

USA v. Dean
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 05-4648




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                                           NOT PRECEDENTIAL

     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
          FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

                    __________

                    No. 05-4648

                     _________

         UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                         v.

                 MICHAEL DEAN,
                                    Appellant

                    __________

   On Appeal from the United States District Court
             for the District of Delaware
              (D. Del. Crim. No. 04-106)
      District Judge: Honorable Kent A. Jordan
                     __________

    Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
               September 15, 2006
                  ___________

Before: SLOVITER, WEIS and GARTH, Circuit Judges
            (Filed: September 20, 2006)




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                                         _________

                                         OPINION
                                         _________

Garth, Circuit Judge:

       Michael Dean appeals his sentence as unreasonable. We have jurisdiction pursuant

to 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a)(1) (authorizing the appeal of sentences “imposed in violation of

law”). See United States v. Cooper, 

, 327-28 (3d Cir. 2006).1 For the reasons

stated below, we will affirm.


                                              I

       On April 22, 2005, Dean pleaded guilty to the two indicted offenses of distribution

of more than five grams of cocaine base (crack cocaine). App. 6, 8-9; 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1).

A United States Probation Officer subsequently prepared a Presentence Investigation Report

(“PSR”). The PSR discussed both Dean’s personal background, including a history of drug

and alcohol abuse and the fact that his IQ indicated he “functions in the borderline range of

intelligence,” see PSR ¶¶ 71-73, 78, as well as his extensive criminal record, comprised

mostly of narcotics convictions, see PSR ¶¶ 24-57, and recommended a sentence pursuant

to the sentencing guidelines. PSR ¶ 96. According to the PSR, Dean was subject to a base

offense level of 32 under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1. PSR ¶ 13. After a three-point adjustment for



       1
       The government’s argument that we lack jurisdiction to review a sentence for
unreasonableness is foreclosed by our opinion in Cooper.

                                              2
acceptance of responsibility pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1, Dean’s adjusted offense level was

29. PSR ¶¶ 19-20. However, because he qualified as a Career Offender under U.S.S.G. §

4B1.1 due to prior drug trafficking convictions, his offense level ultimately rose to 31. PSR

¶¶ 21-23. With a Criminal History Category of VI, the PSR calculated the guideline range

to be 188 to 235 months’ imprisonment. PSR ¶ 86.

       Dean offered several arguments to the District Court in favor of a sentence shorter

than that recommended in the PSR. First, he submitted a sentencing letter and the report and

testimony of Dr. Allen Tepper, a psychologist, chronicling in more detail the disadvantages

Dean faced in his childhood and adolescence, including a teenaged mother, no contact with

his father, an early addiction to drugs and alcohol, and illiteracy resulting from learning

disabilities, limited education, and borderline mentally retarded intelligence. Letter 1-3;

Report 7-8; App. 12-30. Dean emphasized that his criminal history was almost entirely non-

violent and was in large part due to a longstanding drug addiction for which the criminal

justice system had not provided treatment in any of his previous periods of incarceration.

Letter 9.

       Second, Dean maintained that the “100-to-one ratio” for offenses involving powder

cocaine versus crack cocaine produced unwarranted sentencing disparities, as repeatedly

noted by the Sentencing Commission.2 Letter 5-9.



       2
        The “100-to-one ratio” is shorthand for the fact that one hundred times more powder
cocaine than crack cocaine is required for an equivalent mandatory minimum sentence. See 21
U.S.C. § 841.

                                              3
       Third, Dean argued that his sentence should not be calculated using the Career

Offender provisions, because (i) several years had passed between the convictions qualifying

him for Career Offender treatment and the present conviction, App. 37; (ii) the purity of the

drugs involved here was relatively low, App. 36; and (iii) Dean was, he contended, not a “big

drug dealer,” App. 36. Finally, Dean asserted that the fact that he was over forty years old

merited leniency. App. 48.

       At a sentencing hearing on October 3, 2005, the District Court judge sentenced Dean

to 188 months’ incarceration. App. 53.



                                               II


       This Court’s inquiry into the reasonableness of a criminal sentence proceeds in two

parts. See United States v. Cooper, 

, 329-32 (3d Cir. 2006). First, we ask

whether the sentencing court gave “meaningful consideration” to the factors enumerated in

18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). 

(citation omitted). While it is not necessary for the sentencing

court to “make findings as to each of the § 3553 factors if the record makes clear the court

took the factors into account in sentencing,” a mere “rote statement” of the sentencing factors

is insufficient in the event that a party has presented the court with a “‘ground of recognized

legal merit (provided it has a factual basis).’” 

States v. Cunningham, 

, 679 (2005)).

       The second step of our inquiry is to ask whether the sentencing court, having


                                               4
considered the relevant factors, reasonably applied them to the circumstances of the case. 

A great deal of deference to the sentencing court is appropriate here. See 

is not how we ourselves would have resolved the factors identified as relevant by

section 3553(a) . . . Rather, what we must decide is whether the district judge imposed the

sentence he or she did for reasons that are logical and consistent with the factors set forth in

section 3553(a).’”) (quoting United States v. Williams, 

, 481 (7th Cir. 2005)).

It is the party challenging the sentence that bears the burden of showing unreasonableness.

       The record here reveals that the District Court did give “meaningful consideration”

to the § 3553(a) factors. First, as required by § 3553(a)(4), it calculated the sentencing range

established by the guidelines. App. 43 (stating that the guidelines range is 188 to 235 months’

incarceration). The District Court then acknowledged that it was not obligated to impose a

sentence within that range. App. 43-44 (“I’m sure based on what you have told me already

that you will argue for 188 months or fewer. And I’m prepared to hear whatever you want

to say on that front.”).

       The District Court proceeded to consider and then formally reject Dean’s arguments

concerning the sentencing disparity for powder and crack cocaine offenses and the

application of the Career Offender provisions, reasoning that because of Dean’s lengthy

“record of repeated offenses,” it was appropriate in this case to defer to the policy judgments

made by Congress as reflected in the Career Offender sentencing range. App. 43. The District

Court continued to tailor the sentence to this particular defendant by sentencing him to the

                                               5
shortest sentence within the guidelines range, because of Dean’s “redeeming qualities” and

troubled background, and Dr. Tepper’s testimony that Dean functions best “within the

institutional setting.” App. 50-51. The District Court further noted that he would recommend

that the Bureau of Prisons make educational and vocational programs available to Dean,

giving him the opportunity to lead a “meaningful and productive” life upon his release from

prison. App. 51.

       Having concluded that the District Court did exercise its discretion here, we further

find that it exercised its discretion in a reasonable manner, that is, that the sentence was

imposed “‘for reasons that are logical and consistent with the factors set forth in section

3553(a).’” 

(quoting 

).


                                            III

       For the above reasons, we will affirm the sentence.




                                             6